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Paranormal and Pseudoscience Assignment 2 Reflection Cassandra Arndt

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Similarly to the Spectre of Newby Church, the Tulip Staircase Ghost was photographed by Reverend Ralph Hardy in 1966. There is an appearance of a ghost grasping the railing on the right side of the image. Although many skeptics questioned its authenticity, many officials including experts from Kodak said the photo was not manipulated in any way (http://www.ghost-story.co.uk/index.php/ghosts/ghost-photos/129-the-tulip-staircase-ghost-photo-greenwich-england).

The Tulip Staircase Ghost is a phenomenon that is still yet to be explained, even experts seem to be puzzled by the ghostly figure. Therefore, many believe in the presence of ghosts in the Tulip Staircase because it is unexplained. Again, there is a possibility that it could be real which perpetuates belief. Patternicity could also be a factor, where the viewers see a figure when it is actually the architecture of the building or lighting/shadows. In addition, experts seem to believe this image is authentic, this further generates belief due to the red flag of appeal to authority. Many will be more inclined to believe in the image if it has been checked by experts of Kodak (a famous camera company).

Image Source:
(http://www.ghost-story.co.uk/index.php/ghosts/ghost-photos/129-the-tulip-staircase-ghost-photo-greenwich-england)

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Snapchat has become a popular application for people to share images of their faces with funny filters, however; many have caught “ghosts” in images. When selecting a certain filter that allows for a second face, people have experienced the filter appearing when they are alone and attribute this to ghosts (http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/weird-news/ghost-snapchat-users-horror-after-8847700).

Some flaws within these images are that Snapchat’s algorithm constantly searches for something it thinks is a face. Therefore, certain shadows or furniture will be “face-like” enough for the filter to be applied (http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/weird-news/ghost-snapchat-users-horror-after-8847700). So this does not indicate that a spirit is nearby, but rather objects in the background appear to the application as another person. A reason for belief is definitely simplicity because it is easier to believe ghosts are nearby then researching the possible technical aspects of the Snapchat application.

Image Sources:
(http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/weird-news/spooky-snapchat-post-leave-you-8157587)
(http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/weird-news/ghost-snapchat-users-horror-after-8847700)

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Below is a photo known as the “Spectre of Newby Church”, the image was photographed in 1963 by Reverend K.F. Lord. The reverend claimed that the “ghost” figure was not there before the picture was taken. Many criticized the image to have been subject to double-exposure and/or was manipulated in some way. However, scientists confirmed that it was completely authentic and that the Spectre stands 9 feet tall (http://www.paranormal-encounters.com/wp/the-specter-of-newby-church/).

If scientists thoroughly examined the image, and no manipulation was present many will credit the unexplained to their belief. Ghosts still have yet to be proven to exist, so this image further drives its unknown nature (http://web.randi.org/swift/ghost-faq-facts-and-fiction). The possibility of ghost existence convince many to believe and as this image seems to be authentic, it influences many to believe in the Spectre. Another possible reason for belief is patternicity and that we automatically see a figure, when it could have been a smudge or other environmental factors when the picture was taken. Some comments from the image describe that the figure could have derived from the architecture in the background or even candle wax (http://www.paranormal-encounters.com/wp/the-specter-of-newby-church/).

Although the image was checked by scientists, it does not mention the depth the scientists went through. There still could be possible flaws in the image considering the quality of the camera, lighting or if there was a smudge/dirt on the lens.

Image Source:
(http://www.paranormal-encounters.com/wp/the-specter-of-newby-church/)

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This particular object discusses a collection of Mexican ghost legends or folk tales that are still relevant in Mexican culture today. The spiritual world and ghosts are so important to Mexican heritage that they dedicate November 1st to the “Day of the Dead” (http://www.mexconnect.com/articles/3928-tricksters-avengers-and-guardian-spirits-mexican-ghosts).

As these ghost legends are so deeply connected to the Mexican culture, it is clear that belief closely resonates with ideology and the red flag of ideological support. For example, the first lore of “Hombrecito” mentions that if someone sees his ghost it foretells catastrophes and dangerous situations. However, this story is not relevant in other places of the world and is only significant to their beliefs and development of their culture. Another reason for their belief is agenticity that these spirits have control and power in the universe, and directly affect their lifestyle (http://www.michaelshermer.com/2009/06/agenticity/).

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The child, they said, was old enough to collect leña - kindling - from the rugged Chiapas hillsides and to mount and ride a burro. His peasant parents called him "hombrecito" - "little man" - and trusted him to care for the few chickens and goats that provided the family with sustenance.

One moonless night, awakened by the barking of dogs, he crept past his sleeping brother and sisters to investigate the commotion. How long he was gone depends upon who is telling the story but the boy returned trembling and screaming about horrible, evil things out there in the dark.

For weeks - months - he refused to leave the family's tiny thatched hut after nightfall. Nor could he explain what the "horrible evil" was, only that it was there and he was mortally afraid of it. Finally his father, exasperated by the little hombrecito's fear, took him out of the hut and up the hillside to prove to him that no horrible, evil things existed in the dark.

Again the stories vary. Some say there was a flash of lightning, others the howls of wolves or the leap of a jaguar. The father, startled, turned, momentarily losing his grip on the boy's hand.

The boy vanished.

The father spent the rest of the night and the days following calling and searching but the homebrecito of the family didn't appear.

At least not in human form.

Residents of that part of Chiapas still catch sight of his ghost. Many insist that it is important to heed his appearances because he foretells disasters and other horrible events: hurricanes, fires, contagious diseases. Or, more recently, criminal or drug dealer attacks.

Like many Mexican ghosts (of which there are hundreds) the hombrecito neither is good nor evil: He merely is.

Throughout the Western Hemisphere, pre-European inhabitants incorporated the existence of non-corporal forms into their daily lives. Ghosts, spirits and those thought to have died but who have retained earthly forms appear constantly in both Mexican folk tales and in nineteenth-, twentieth- and twenty-first-century Mexican literature. So prevalent is the belief in otherworldly contacts that, throughout Mexico, families, churches, businesses and politicians celebrate November 1 as "El Dìa de los Muertos" - the Day of the Dead.

The Evil Priest of Mexico

Frequently ghosts of persons who died violently remain on earth to guard treasures or haunt the places where they were last seen. A victim of the "Evil Priest" is one of these.

According to accounts passed orally from one generation to another several hundred years ago, this evil priest hoarded the gold coins given to his church as offerings. When one of his parishioners learned of the thefts he confronted the priest and demanded that he return the coins. The priest killed him and draped his skeleton over the buried chest in which the treasure was hidden.

On his deathbed, the priest recanted and confessed his sins, including the thefts and slaying. A caretaker overhead the confession and unearthed the chest but - as he tried to open it - a glowing ghost emerged from the skeleton. The caretaker dropped his shovel and tools and fled, so frightened by the apparition that he refused to reveal where or why he had seen it.

Some storytellers insist that other adventurers who attempted to uncover the treasure disappeared and never were heard from again.

La Llorona

Priests, good and evil, frequently appear in ghost reports. So do beautiful woman betrayed by husbands or lovers.

One of the latter, "La Llorona" ("The Weeper"), driven mad after her partner abandoned her, killed their two children and for more than two centuries has wandered the countryside seeking them. Or, according to some versions, kidnapping young children to take their places.

Baja California's Roadside Seductress

A mysteriously beautiful woman appears beside a highway in Baja California Sur and disappears after motorists who give her a ride crash into cliffs or roll down canyons. Whether she was betrayed by a husband or lover seems not to be known.

There seems to be nothing ghostlike about her appearance - or her seductiveness - when she is offered a ride.

When questioned "What were you doing out there, beside the highway, alone?" she merely smiles and whispers, "I'll tell you later." But later for the driver is a disaster, not a rendezvous.

The Ghostly Nurse

The ghost of a beautiful Mexico City nurse is more benevolent.

She fell in love with a young doctor and was certain the romance that united them would last forever. But she didn't know that the doctor was engaged to wealthy heiress.

One day he left "to attend to family business" in another part of Mexico, "business" that turned out to be his honeymoon. The news so devastated the jilted nurse that she could neither eat nor sleep and she wasted away despite all attempts to revitalize her.

She continues to haunt the hospital in which she worked and often heals patients assigned to the room in which she died.

Consuelo

Other ghosts seem merely to want companionship, like Consuelo, who died before she was able to attend her first grand ball and reappears where a young lover or husband has gone to divert himself without his partner. Only he can see her as they whirl around the dance floor together, however; to others he seems to be dancing alone.

The Ghost of Pancho Villa

The ghosts of priests and deceased monks commonly protect believers and ward off evil. The ghosts of military heroes and political figures also abound, particularly during national elections. They cast hundreds of ballots, usually for incumbents, even though no one sees them vote.

The ghost of controversial revolutionary hero Pancho Villa thunders through northern Mexico waving a pistol and riding a jet black horse. For years, a myth circulated that Villa had not died and that another person's body had been placed in his grave. He was seen in Sonoloapa, in Torreón, in San Pedro de las Colonias, in Chihuahua. Finally, it became apparent that a living man could not appear so frequently in so many places. It had to be his ghost.

Some historians believe that Villa had his head shaved and the map of his most extravagant treasure tattooed on his scalp. After his death, grave robbers decapitated his corpse to learn where this wealth was buried. The headless Villa rampages after them seeking the missing part of his anatomy.

The ghost Villa is also said to be a seducer, as is the mischievous Don Ludo, who reputedly steals young women's maidenheads while they are sleeping. Like many otherworldly creatures he can alter his appearance and become young and handsome or appear disguised as a bird or a cat.

During his days of revolutionary banditry Villa sacked the British- and United States-owned mines of Durango and Chihuahua, emptied state treasuries and leveled the richest haciendas that existed in Mexico at that time.

When drinking or boasting about his exploits, he would throw off hints about hidden treasures: ten million in gold in Pulpito Pass concealed beneath the corpses of the ten men who helped bury the cache; even more in a cave in the Barranca de Cobre in the Sierra Madre; almost as much in Maniquipa Canyon in Chihuahua; and at least as much buried on the slopes of Mount Franklin, visible from El Paso, Texas.

Not only Villa's ghost guards these treasures but also the ghosts of those who were murdered to keep from revealing the hiding places.

Villa's friend Trillo Torres of Parral apparently knew of at least one of these locations. Torres told treasure seekers that the way to one of his lost fortunes was marked by the blood of the Indians that Villa hired to haul and bury the gold, then had executed. Torres refused to attempt to retrieve the treasure because the ghosts of the Indians surge from the rugged canyon in the form of vampire bats to attack those who come close to the treasure.

The Ghosts of Yucatan

Unlike Villa, the avenging spirits of the Yucatàn are not precisely ghosts but gremlin-like apparitions called aluxes (pronounced "alushes"). Several years ago while I was attending a cookout in an impoverished little town in the center of Mexico's Yucatán peninsula, several locals told me they had seen dwarflike creatures less than a meter tall splashing in the rain or antagonizing and frightening dogs.

These aluxes are guardians of the crops and play malicious tricks on those who do not believe in them. They love sweets and insist on recompense - cakes, jellied fruit, honey - for the protection they offer. Not only that, but they can drive humans insane with their laughter and babbling.

Many Yucatecos insist that aluxes inhabited Yucatán for thousands of years before the first humans arrived; an older participant at the carne asada declared they could bring rain, start or end insect plagues and cause the earth to shake. Still another averred that they loved to play tricks but couldn't be tricked in return because they could read a person's intentions.

Not all Yucatecos or visitors to the state believe in their existence, however. Apparently a tourist named William Ditchbrun was one of these.

A few years ago Ditchbrun failed to return from a guided tour to the archeological site Uxmal. Three days later, hypothermic, exhausted and suffering a broken ankle, the sixty-nine-year-old Englishman told rescuers he'd been led astray by child-like voices that kept calling to him. He'd followed them into the rugged mountains, aware that they belonged to tiny figures whose presence he could sense but couldn't see. They wouldn't let him sleep, chattering at him in mocking voices. They threw tiny pebbles at him and when he almost had caught up with them he tripped and broke his ankle. Only then did they leave him alone.

Cemetery Ghosts

Many Mexican ghosts do not leave the places they lived or died.

So replete with ghosts is Guadalajara's Panteón de Belén that visitors can take nightly tours through the array of monuments and tombstones to catch sight of them or feel their presence.

The ghost of Juan Soldado visits his final resting place in a cemetery in the border city of Tijuana.

Strange glowing and the sounds of laughter emanate at night from panteones in many parts of the country, particularly in Veracruz and Oaxaca.

In fact, midnight in almost any rural Mexican cemetery will make a believer out the most dubious adventurer for the emotions that the wind, the mist, earthly and unearthly noises and changes of light can bring.

"It is best to bring gifts with you," a Oaxacan neighbor of mine advised, "otherwise..."

He left the rest to my imagination. I always take something with me when I visit a church, or graveyard, or abandoned settlement.

They could be someone's home.

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Tricksters, avengers and guardian spirits: Mexican Ghosts

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The child, they said, was old enough to collect leña - kindling - from the rugged Chiapas hillsides and to mount and ride a burro. His peasant parents called him "hombrecito" - "little man" - and trusted him to care for the few chickens and goats that provided the family with sustenance.

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Post #6: Ariana Grande's Ghost Experience 

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Post #6: Ariana Grande's Ghost Experience 

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Famous pop-singer Ariana Grande claimed to have her own ghost/demon experience when she visited Stull Cemetery in Kansas City. She apparently photographed three demon-like faces, and was even haunted by a moving, “massive black matter”. She did not entice it or threaten it so it left after she woke up the next day (http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/11/05/ariana-grande-demon_n_4221025.html).

As Ariana Grande is a famous celebrity and is loved by many adoring fans of all ages, she is encouraging the red flag of appeal to authority. She clearly believes in demons and ghosts and has the ability as an authoritative figure to convince her fans to believe. Although the picture was never shown, the “faces” she could have been due to her finding a pattern in the image, when it could have been statues, plant-life, or bugs in the camera. Another reason for her belief could be agenticity, because she described them as “textbook demons” and that she knew that the black matter “feeds on fear”. She attributes these ghosts or demons to having some sort of authority and speaks as if they have a place/control in this world (http://www.michaelshermer.com/2009/06/agenticity/).

In terms of limitations or flaws, the image was never shown so it is very difficult to believe its authenticity. Currently, Ariana only has a personal story and no actual proof that these demons existed. Furthermore, her ghost story was only revealed a few months after her first album release. This could also be a self-promotional piece to gain more attention and sales for her music. Lastly, she refers to the demons being “textbook”, however; this is extremely vague as there have been numerous representations of demon/ghost-like figures.

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Well, this is weird.

Ariana Grande, the 20-year-old your daughter/niece/teenybopper neighbor adores, graces the cover of Complex magazine's December 2013/January 2014 issue. And in the interview, she described an unusual encounter with the supernatural.

I've had a ghost/demon experience. We were in Kansas City a few weeks ago and went to this haunted castle and were so excited. The next night we wanted to go to Stull Cemetery, which is known as one of the seven gates to hell on Earth.

I felt this sick, overwhelming feeling of negativity over the whole car and we smelled sulfur, which is the sign of a demon, and there was a fly in the car randomly, which is another sign of a demon. I was like, "This is scary, let's leave." I rolled down the window before we left and said, "We apologize. We didn't mean to disrupt your peace." Then I took a picture and there are three super distinct faces in the picture -- they're faces of textbook demons.

I was going to sleep about two weeks ago. I had just gotten off the phone and as soon as I closed my eyes I heard this really loud rumble right by my head. When I opened my eyes it stopped immediately, but when I closed my eyes it started again with whispers. Every time I closed my eyes I started seeing these really disturbing images with, like, red shapes. Then I opened my eyes and got back on the phone and was like, "I'm really scared and I don't want to go to bed tonight." And then I scooched over to the left side of my bed, because that's where the best service is in my room, and there was this massive black matter.

It was like a cloud of something black right next to me. I started crying. I was on the phone like, "What do I do, what do I do?" and they said, "Tell it to eff off." I thought, I'm not going to do that. It's going to upset it, so I'm just going to chill and not feed into it because all it wants is fear. It feeds on fear. I watched it move to the front of my bed and then I fell asleep on the phone. I woke up and it was gone.

Perhaps even weirder, Grande is not the first pop star to open up about such experiences. Ke$ha, Miley Cyrus and Demi Lovato have all confessed to encounters with the other realm. (Though their stories consist of ghosts and haunted houses, not so much malevolent demons.)
For more with Grande, head over to Complex.com.

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celebrities who believe in the supernatural

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Ariana Grande Is Certain She Had A Strange Encounter With A Demon

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Well, this is weird. Ariana Grande, the 20-year-old your daughter/niece/teenybopper neighbor adores, graces the cover of Complex magazine's December 2013/January 2014 issue. And in the interview, she described an unusual encounter with the supernatural. I've had a ghost/demon experience. We were in Kansas City a few weeks ago and went to this haunted castle and were so excited.

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Post #5: The Winchester House Sightings 

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Post #5: The Winchester House Sightings 

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The Winchester House in San Jose, California is known to be one of the most spirit inhabited buildings. It was rumoured that Sarah Winchester was plagued by good and bad ghosts which caused her to design the mansion in this way (http://www.winchestermysteryhouse.com/thehouse.cfm). It led to columns being designed upside down, staircases that lead to the ceiling, and doors that lead to nowhere. It became a symbol and known as “the house built by spirits” (http://www.winchestermysteryhouse.com/thehouse.cfm). My connection in particular, is a collection of ghost sightings and interactions from the home during Winchester House tours. Many claim to have seen Sarah's ghost, a man in overalls or other black silhouettes. Visitors have also heard voices, knocking, felt cold or were “touched” by ghosts.

For this object, there are a lot of reasons for belief and red flags present. Firstly, many visitors touring the Winchester House will have confirmation bias. When they are touring the sight, they are expecting to “see” or “feel” a ghost. So these people will dismiss anything that does not fit within their belief and will believe a normal coincidence must be ghost-related (Reasons For Belief and Red Flags Summary Page.docx). For example, a review stated “During the behind the scenes tour I threw up. I had encountered a very strong paranormal unwelcomed attack” (http://www.winchestermysteryhouse.com/sightings.cfm?startrow=51). It seems extremely unlikely that this was a paranormal attack, but rather he/she just felt ill that day. Another apparent red flag is mystical energy, as many reviews stated that certain rooms in Winchester House have an odd feeling in them. For example, “I felt these strange energy swirling around my head. It was like being in a mini tornado”(http://www.winchestermysteryhouse.com/sightings.cfm?startrow=226). This “energy” factor attempts to create more belief in ghost presence at the Winchester House, when it actually has no meaning (Reasons For Belief and Red Flags Summary Page.docx).

Furthermore, some reasons for belief are patternicity and the unexplained. Many have claimed they have seen silhouettes or shadow figures, which could have been from an object in the house and not a ghost. Lastly, as ghosts are an unknown aspect and we are unsure of their existence, it sways many to believe that it is real.

The Winchester House’s main motivation is to make money, therefore; the sightings section influences people to visit. Having this section available, flooded with positive reviews is great for business and draws attention from ghost believers.

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Post #4: Susan Rowlen's Explanation For Why People See Spirits 

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Post #4: Susan Rowlen's Explanation For Why People See Spirits 

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This video is a discussion with psychic medium Susan Rowlen, discussing why people can see spirits and why others cannot. Apparently those with anxiety have higher sensory awareness and it is easier for these people to sense ghosts. She also describes a time where she was contacted by a spirit to save the spirit's living friend from cancer. She encourages the viewers to open their minds and not be afraid of being able to sense spirits (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9KOFEwgrJIQ).

For this object, I feel as though one reason for belief is emotional connection. Susan tries to connect with people who suffer with anxiety and relate it to paranormal abilities or a “gift”. As she describes the connection she had to the lady with cancer, it perpetuates belief by creating an emotional situation. It may force those in similar situations to contact her to get in touch with their dead loved ones as well. Another factor of belief is the unexplained, it is still undetermined whether ghosts exist (http://web.randi.org/swift/ghost-faq-facts-and-fiction) so it may influence people to think that they have paranormal abilities and can sense them. Some flaws in this video, is that the testimonial has the possibility of being fake to persuade the audience to believe her. The view count is also quite low, so her credibility of being a “psychic medium” does not seem as legitimate as some other more popular figures.

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psychic medium - why can people see spiri

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PSYCHIC MEDIUM - WHY CAN PEOPLE SEE SPIRITS?

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PSYCHIC MEDIUM - WHY CAN PEOPLE SEE SPIRITS? Why can certain people see spirits and others can't? Today I will go over this topic and what I like to tell people. Subscribe - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCpTG... Facebook - https://www.facebook.com/susan.rowlen... Twitter - https://twitter.com/susanrowlen Website - https://www.susanrowlen.com

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Oprah discusses her own ghost experience when she had a fellow cast member, Akosua Busia stay at her home. Oprah claims that she saw a clear figure move across the room when she woke up from a paralyzed-like sleep in the middle of the night. Apparently her friend Akosua, fought the ghost all night and forced it into Oprah’s room (https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=1&v=yM9IEgyVGGg).

As previously discussed in class, Oprah is one of the most influential people in the world and is definitely an authoritative figure capable of swaying the thoughts of her viewers. According to Brian Dunning, she definitely demonstrates the red flag of appeal to authority as her viewers will “uncritically accept every word the world’s wealthiest woman says” (https://youtu.be/bVs4j3HLmY4?t=5m19s). During a deep sleep it is possible that Oprah was dreaming or hallucinating. According to Live Science, “hypnopompic hallucinations hit during the waking-up process. People report hearing voices, feeling phantom sensations and seeing people or strange objects in their rooms” (http://www.livescience.com/12868-top-10-spooky-sleep-disorders.html). It is more likely that Oprah suffered from this than a ghostly experience, however; it is simpler to believe in ghosts. Another flaw could be that it is entertainment television and this story is just to generate attention and increase viewership ratings. Oprah has no proof of the actual occurrence aside from her personal story, so it is difficult to judge its authenticity.

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Oprah's Spine-Tingling Encounter with a Ghost | The Oprah Winfrey Show | Oprah Winfrey Network

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In this after-the-show moment, Oprah Winfrey shares her thoughts on the supernatural, and recounts a paranormal encounter that she had in her very own home. For more on #oprahwinfreyshow, visit http://bit.ly/1ODj0x7 Find OWN on TV at http://www.oprah.com/FindOWN SUBSCRIBE: http://bit.ly/1vqD1PN Download the Watch OWN App: http://bit.ly/2hr1nX2 Download the OWN Bold Moves App: http://bit.ly/2hglOIa About OWN: Oprah Winfrey Network is the first and only network named for, and inspired by, a single iconic leader.

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The video is a collection of clips from the Ghost Adventures’s TV Show. There are many cases where the three men have images of ghosts, sense ghosts with EMF detectors, are touched by ghosts, or even hear ghosts calling out. They are undoubtedly strong paranormal believers and want to deliver proof to their audience that ghosts exist.

However, it is clear that the red flag of confirmation bias is strong factor in this show. Both the men and the viewers are solely looking for ghosts, so any indication (e.g. sound, movement) is an apparent sign of a spirit.  Most of the buildings they enter are very old and have weak structures, I believe many of these “ghost signs” are a result of creaky furniture or animals who inhabit the building. The show also uses scientific-sounding language in a proof of verbosity- like way, by claiming that infrared cameras can capture “ghost matter” and ectoplasm in ghosts. Some flaws are that this is an entertainment show and the cast is motivated by money. Reactions can be heighted, and pictures/videos/sounds can be manipulated to raise ratings and viewership.

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Post #1 Title: Ghosts: Assignment 2 - Paranormal and Pseudoscience (GNED-1512)

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Post #1 Title: Ghosts: Assignment 2 - Paranormal and Pseudoscience (GNED-1512)

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Created By: Cassandra Arndt, Working Individually.

Background Image Source:
(http://www.pcdesktopbackgrounds.com/ghost-desktop-computer-wallpaper-background-and-animated-gif/)