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Online fraud is the act of online deception towards another individual in order to achieve some sort of gain. Motivations behind online fraud may be to a financial gain, identity theft or even investment fraud. Victims can be tricked by an email, a phone call or even a pop up to give up their sensitive information, giving the perpetrators the chance to take advantage of the victim.

Financial fraud occurs when an individual is able to illegally take control or possess another individual’s financial transactions or financial information in order to attempt to steal money from them. One type of financial fraud is credit card fraud, where perpetrators steal another individual’s physical credit card and uses it for their own transactions. A person may be scammed into giving away financial information through false emails or false websites. A scammer can also take advantage of the lack of security you may have connected to your bank account, giving them enough resources to hack in and use your money. Any individual with any financial background is liable of being risk of financial fraud. Scammers also may tend to use other individuals bank information to make minor purchases, so it takes the victim a long time to realise that unauthorised payments are being made on their credit card. Scammers may also call individuals to posing as their bank provider, causing fear and forcing them to give their credit card information over.

Another way where online fraud is recognised is the act of identity theft. Identity theft is where a person steals the personal information of another individual and poses as them usually aiming for a financial gain. By these individuals taking possession of a victim’s identity, they are able to get loans, apply for benefits and create fake documents. Criminals can use scams such as phishing in order to gain the information they need to steal an individual’s identity. Phishing is where cybercriminals pose as a professional business such as a bank or phone company in order to gain someone’s personal sensitive information for their own personal gain. It is quite damaging for a victim when their identity is being stolen, they may suffer immense financial loss and it may take a while for them to gain full control over their own identity again.

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The Sharing of non- consensual images is a privacy issue which can be defined as intimate images which are captured and distributed without the consent of the individual in the image. Intimate images are defined under Australian Law as nude images, genitals whether it’s with or without underwear, bare breast or a sexual activity performed in private. Unfortunately, the sharing of non- consensual images occurs quite often typically amongst females. This can be a danger to those individuals being exposed and can have quite an imprinting effect on those involved. Motivations behind sharing non- consensual images can vary depending on those involved but some include, revenge porn, humiliation, intimidation or blackmail. Those who share these images are usually people the victim knows or has been involved with and by threatening to share these images, they are able to gain power over the individual by threatening to expose them. A person who had their personal images shared can damage the individual by creating psychological harm, harm to their reputation, as well as causing physical harm towards themselves. Even if an image is taken with consent, it does not mean that consent was given to have that image distributed.

Another major issue which is tied in with the sharing of non- consensual images is the possession or distribution of child pornography. Child pornography is sexual material which directly exploits a child. Sexual material can be defined as a nude images or material of the child performing a sexual activity. Having the possession of child pornography is illegal in Australia and any individual found with such material will be charged and punished accordingly. If an individual is found distributing child pornography they will be charged and sentenced to serve time in jail. Holding consensual images of an individual who is under age is treated very critically and the individual guilty of the crime will remain in the sex offender register for life. A person who is found guilty of holding child pornography can be affected career wise as they will hold a permanent criminal record and will not be allowed to work or volunteer at any job which involves a child. Records show that there has been a rise in cases involving the sexual exploitation of a child and is treated seriously in most countries.

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Cyber Terrorism is the act of violence or harm towards a group of individuals in order to achieve a political gain or fear amongst society. A main motivation of cyber terrorists is to wreak havoc amongst individuals. Cyber Terrorism is all performed online. Cyber Terrorism crime can occur against businesses, individuals, organisations or even against the government. As we are a modernised society, almost every individual in the world uses technology in their day to day lives. Millions of data is collected daily which reflects the personal lives of every individual. Humans are extremely dependant on technology and that is major reason as to why cyber Terrorism is a major threat to society.

Every business or government entity that uses technology, is at risk of being hacked and victimised to cyber terrorism. Cyber Terrorism may be the alternative choice for those who want to inflict maximum damage, so they are able to remain anonymous. As the world is forever evolving, humans are continuing to rely on technology for their day to day life. As technology is developing the threat of cyber terrorism continues to increase. Hackers and Cyber terrorists differ as hackers usually tend to cause personal attacks to acquire a financial gain whereas a cyber terrorist may use the information they illegally obtained to cause maximum damage to many people as possible. Therefore, cyber terrorists can be defined as a greater threat than the modern- day hacker. Hackers can become a cyber terrorist in time, with the right motivation.

A person who is not motivated by terrorist organisations and acts alone in wreaking havoc amongst society in order to create terror is known as a Lone Wolf Terrorism. In recent years, it is seen that the Lone Wolf terrorism trend has increased and is the fastest evolving form of terrorism. Lone wolf terrorism is seen as a great threat and by adding the internet to the mix, it is quite dangerous for society. These individuals work independently on the dark web, planning their attacks and executing them to achieve a sense of power or political gain. That begs the question as to whether cyber terrorists are a threat to society. The simple answer would be yes, as no threat can be taken lightly, and any act of terrorism needs to be addressed.

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Hacking is the action of an individual taking over or attempting to take over another person’s private network system for their own personal gain. There are three main types of hackers that have their own particular set of skills. They are known as Black Hat hackers, Grey Hat hackers and White hat hackers. A White Hat hacker, also known as an Ethical hacker, is a hacker who has permission to hack into a particular security system in order to test its capability. White Hat hackers use their skills for positive intentions. A Grey Hat hacker may bend and break the rules whilst applying their hacking skills in order to achieve their goal. Grey Hat Hackers do not bitter intentions. On the other hand, Black Hat Hackers use their skills to break the law and violate and exploit another individual’s privacy for their own personal gain. Black Hat Hackers are described as the criminals of the hacking world due to their wicked intentions.

Black Hat Hackers tend to use doxing as a tool to torment their victims. Doxing is where hackers take possession of an individual’s sensitive personal information and revealing it online. Personal information can include but is not limited to full real name, address, phone number, passwords, workplaces, financial information and so on. Doxing may be done someone a victim may know in order to achieve some sort of revenge. Another example of some sort of hacking is swatting. Swatting is a situation where a hacker tricks emergency services into dispatching police and other emergency services to a scene, usually another individuals address. Swatters deceive emergency services by false bomb threats, false hostage, and other false violent situations, which force police and other services to respond immediately. Swatters are able to gain personal information of their victims by doxing and using that personal information to send emergency services. A hacker main motive may typically be to gain a sense of power over other’s, but hackers may also have their own personal motive for what they do. A Hacker’s actions can have a dangerous effect on victims by exploiting their personal information or even tricking individuals in order to steal from them. Anyone can be at risk of getting hacked and it is crucial to be careful what pop ups you click on and be careful what information you give out to people because these are the resources hackers can use to deceive you

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Drug Cryopts Markets is a rapidly growing anonymous online platform where individuals are able to buy illicit drugs illegally. Cryptomarkets allow a sense of safety for both buyers who are the ones purchasing the product and vendors, the ones selling the product, by ensuring that the identities of both parties are hidden, and the transaction can remain untraceable. Popular types of drugs such as cannabis, ecstasy, cocaine, methamphetamine and heroin are the main products which are sold on these drug cryptomarkets. The first drug cryptomarket which proved to be a popular online platform was introduced in 2011 and was known as The Silk Road. The Silk Road was a platform disguised as Ebay and took over the traditional street drug deals. The Silk Road used Bitcoin for buyers to purchase the illegal drugs. The reason Bitcoin was used in these transactions was to ensure the buyers confidentiality whilst purchasing these illegal drugs. Bitcoin is the most popular currency used in the dark web for that very reason. Founder of the Silk Road, Ross Ulbricht, was arrested in 2013 and found guilty on multiple charges relating to the Silk Road and was sentenced to life in Prison. The Silk Road was shut down by the FBI in 2013 after it was found that there was close to one billion dollars in sales, with Ulbricht taking millions of profits. Following the FBI’s efforts to shut Silk Road down, Silk Road 2.0 emerged with the same intentions as the original. A year after Silk Road 2.0 was shut down and in 2017 Silk Road 3.0 emerged. The Silk Road successfully made its way into modern day drug trade.

Research has found that till this day, there are over 20 known drug cryptomarkets. It has also been found that there has been a major spike in drug cryptomaket sales due to increasing access for buyers, allowing vendors to expand business due to the worlds continuous development and modernisation. In Australia particularly, research has found that the reasons that vendors have switched to the dark web for their business was to increase their safety and help to mask their identity from law enforcement and buyers. Australia is known to be number one in online drug trades due to more Australian vendors on the dark web. The illicit drugs sold by Australian vendors are seen to be at a higher price than those sold by foreign countries, due to Australia’s increase in boarder line security, making it a risk to bring the drugs into the country. Although the distribution of drugs is completely illegal in Australia, online drug trades are safer and more convenient for both buyers and vendors, therefore explaining the growth of the online drug trade.