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Produce actions opposite of cholinergic agents (cholinergic-blocking agents, anticholinergics, muscarinic blockers)

Atropine: reversal of adverse muscarinic effects and treatment of cholinergic agent poisoning including overdose of bethanechol, Urecholine®️, cholinesterase inhibitors, accidental ingestion of certain types of mushroom or pesticides, used for effects on CNS rather than autonomic actions.

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Produce characteristic symptoms of the rest/digest response.

Indirect acting: neostigmine, Prostigmin®️, treats myasthenia gravis (stimulates muscle contraction and reverse muscle weakness) and increases urination, inhibits the action of acetylcholinesterase allowing Ach to last longer and exhibit its effects, non selective and effects all Ach sites

Direct acting: bethanechol, Urecholine®️, increases urination by binding to cholinergic receptors to produce rest and digest effects

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Adrenergic antagonists, produce actions opposite of sympathomimetics.

Alpha 1: causes vasodilation that lowers blood pressure (doxazosin, Cadura®️)

Alpha 2:

Beta 1: decrease rate and force of heart contractions (selective: atenolol, Tenormin®️; non selective, beta1 and beta2: propranolol, Inderal®️)

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Stimulation of the SNS, produces classic symptoms of fight/flight response (adrenergic agents).

Alpha 1: treatment of nasal congestion, hypertension, causes mydriasis (Phenylephrine, Neo-synephrine®️)

Alpha 2: treatment of hypertension (Clonidine, Catapres®️)

Beta 1: treatment of cardiac arrest, heart failure and shock (Dobutamine, Dobutrex®️)

Beta 2: treatment of asthma and premature labor contractions (albuterol, Proventil®️)

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Alpha 1: found predominantly on smooth muscle membranes of the arteries, veins, sphincters of the urinary and GI tract. When stimulated, causes vasoconstriction and dilation of pupils.

Alpha 2: activated by NE and EPI to initiate negative feedback loop and decrease release of additional NE.

Beta 1: found on cardiac and some smooth muscle, stimulated by NE or EPI to increase heart rate and contractility

Beta 2: found on smooth muscle of coronary and skeletal muscle blood vessels and bronchiolar smooth muscle, when stimulated by EPI produces vasodilation and bronchodilator to increase blood flow to skeletal muscle and heart, delivers more oxygen to the lungs, uterine relaxation

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Ach is also released in this system (from spinal nerves at the ganglia) but NE (released at the postganglionic nerve endings) is the main neurotransmitter.

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Nicotinic: found in post ganglionic neurons which result in stimulation of smooth muscle and glandular secretions

Muscarinic: located on the cell membranes of the visceral organs and glands; target: anything other than the heart causing smooth muscle stimulation and secretions from the glands.

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Is the parasympathetic neurotransmitter (referred to as cholinergic) and is released at both the ganglia and the postganglionic nerve endings

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Consists of all skeletal muscle, which is under voluntary control

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All nervous tissues outside the CNS: motor neurons carry signals from the brain to the body and sensory neurons carry signals from the body to the brain.

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Also known as the thoracolumbar division or the fight or flight system.

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The Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS)

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The Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS)

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Also known as the craniosacral division or the rest and digest system.

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Also known as the visceral system, controls all involuntary responses of organs, glands and smooth muscles

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Brain and spinal cord