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1. The search for routes around Islamic empires for the spice trade drove Europeans to seek different routes by voyaging across the Atlantic.
2. Their quest for profit led the Spanish to sample and export a wide range of calorie-rich crops from the Americas. Some, like corn, would have a global effect.
3. Resulting hybrid recipes in the 1500s around the world often combined ingredients from the Americas with those from Afro-Eurasia.
4. This was a widespread exchange, of people, plants, animals, and other materials (like silver).

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1. The Middle East was almost entirely ruled by the Ottoman Empire until the creation of a national-state system in the region in the aftermath of WW1
2. With the conquest of Constantinople in the mid-15th century, the Ottomans inherited the remnants of the Byzantine Legacy to become one of the super-powers of the Early Modern World
3. The Ottomans were initially one of many Turcoman chiefdoms of Central Asian origin in the 13th-century Anatolia
4. The Turcomans had gradually settled alongside long-established Greek, Armenian, Kurdish, Jewish, and Turkic populations
5. The Ottomans battled with all these political formations and expanded their territories in all directions
6. During the reign of Orhan (1324-1362), they conquered the Byzantine
7. Orhan gradually gave Bursa a culturally Ottoman character, building mosques, bath-houses, educational institutions, and public kitchens

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Sweetness and Power: The Sugar Plantation Complex 1506-1627

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Sweetness and Power: The Sugar Plantation Complex 1506-1627

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1. Sugar cane was domesticated first in Papua New Guinea and spread to China, India, and Middle East before reaching Europe.
2. Thrives in hot, wet climates and were very labor intensive to grow. Europeans grew sugar primarily in the Caribbean and South America by using slaves from the Middle Passage.
3. Middle Passage was the 7 week long voyage across the Atlantic ocean in horrible conditions which was used to transport slaves to the Americas. Majority of slaves were sent to sugar plantations in the Caribbean and Brazil.
4. French and English used military force in the 1600's to obtain the Caribbean sugar plantations which would become known as the "Sugar Islands". Sugar remained a luxury until the 1700s and English sugar production would later on shape the American Colonial revolution.

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 Food Mercantilism in the New Era: Spice Wars and Sugar Plantations

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 Food Mercantilism in the New Era: Spice Wars and Sugar Plantations

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1. Food Mercantilism exploited colonies to benefit the European Colonizers.
2. Sugar plantations used slave labor to harvest and produce sugar.
3. the Dutch East India Company created the world's 1st monopoly and engaged in violence to dominate the spice trade.
4. Involved the Dutch fighting the Portuguese to gain an empire off of the Portuguese.

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Ming Dynasty lost control of China in 1600s.
When taxes were paid in silver, silver lost its value.
To pay soilders guarding the borders against multiple raiders required higher taxes for peasants.
Hongwu Emperor shifted the food of the country towards more southern traditional chinese homestyle cooking. Eating fresh food, especially grain, was key to preserving ones qi life force.
Zheng He took a large fleet of ships on expeditions to extend food trade and tribute system of China.

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1. Coffee brought socialization together.
2. In terms of the European- possibly one of the most important import.
3. Everyone was drinking it! All social classes got involved.The first caffeine that was introduced to the area. Europe
4. Coffee was revolutionary- it brought radical changes. Social status, empires, etc.
5. Obstacles did come about with the use of coffee- in Mecca Gov. Kha'ir Bey thought it was an intoxicator (immoral behavior). He attempted to have people killed over it - Sultans however overturned - they used it!
6. People in power like in Ottomon -coffee houses these social gathering places first-ever besides their mosques provided places for conversation and possible revolt start to occur so many leaders became suspect and antsy about these coffee houses.

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* Golden Age of French Haute Cuisine (fine food)(french cafe)
*LaVarenne Cookbook - french identity - departed from spice heavy to herbs- sauces- no secrets- shared these with the world
*Gastronomy - an art of cooking/Chefs leaving wealthy homes to open their own rest.
*Revolutionary break from old ways of cooking to new ways-
*Cooking appliance, range top - temp control changed so much in ability to prepare these buttery creations.
Cookware- went from the round kettles to flat bottoms- revolutionary as well.
*modern restaurants, Palais- Royale(made a lot of millionaires) - this did include more middle classes (social) but considered still on upper side - brought people together- always concerned however with losing control and power when people gathered.
* changes in science, tech, trade, and service the ways we served-sold, no longer one menu item or order delivered in any liking-
*strong interest in higher- quality foods
End point - Foods can be and are revolutionary.

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Creole Rebels and Their Food: The Fuel for Atlantic Revolutions

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Creole Rebels and Their Food: The Fuel for Atlantic Revolutions

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1. Haitian revolution was the 1st successful slave revolt in world history.
2. Cuisine of Haiti is part of Afro-Caribbean traditions.
3. The French Code Noir made slaves legal property (1685).
4. During the French revolution, French people did not want free black people to have the same status as the whites in Saint-Domingue.
5. In 1793 the french declared the slaves in Saint-Domingue free to defend the island from being taken away.
6. Creole cuisines are a blend of Pre-Colonial and Colonial foods.

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Middling Cuisines: Rise of Middle Class Food Culture

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Middling Cuisines: Rise of Middle Class Food Culture

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- Mughlai Cuisine was a hybrid blend of diverse Turko-Persian and Indian influences. The culture was quite prosperous, but traditional religious taboos prohibited certain foods
- The mismanagement of the expanding Mughal empire prompted the intervention of the British East India Company, which turned the region into an exploited colony for food exports
- The anglo-Indian Company colonists failed to respect the cultural food taboos of the indigenous population, sparking a wide-scale revolt and the collapse of the East Indian Company

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Alcohol in the Early twentieth Century (Russian Revolution/WWI)

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Alcohol in the Early twentieth Century (Russian Revolution/WWI)

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1. During WW1 (1914-18) anti-alcohol reformers expected alcohol to undermine the physical fitness of military recruits and believed that alcohol consumption impaired their ability to aim weapons or follow duty.

2. It was normal to rationalize alcohol consumptions to military soldiers because often times battlefield sources of water were often polluted.

3. The Russian government ordered the vodka shops to close all shops during the 1st world war to preserve the grain of food instead of making vodka.
4. Banning vodka damaged the war effort and undermined political stability.
5. The ban on vodka production and sales expanded under the Russian communist to include criminalizing the consumption of vodka.
6. Greater numbers of women workers spending on alcohol made western cultures more broadly accepting of women drinking in public.

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*Scientific advances in farming
-better equipment e.g. seed drill
-4 crop rotation(helped retain good soil , more efficient and better overall nutrition results with more variety being produced.

-selective breeding (animals)
-Irish potato famine(vulnerable to a blight so this resulted in millions of deaths in the 1840's.
* supply goes down prices elevate= starvation for many
This revolution responded to recurrent famines so expanded the role of farmers as merchants, entrepreneurs and scientists to help with this problem.

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Depression Era Cuisine and Uncle Spam Goes to War

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Depression Era Cuisine and Uncle Spam Goes to War

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- The Great Depression started by the NYSE crashing in 1929, which had a worldwide effect due to the US having many global investments.
- Governments made programs to help the public. The US created work programs which gave work to the unemployed and groups like the Civilian Conservation Corps which provided food to young workers. USSR's Five Year Plan to boost it's farms failed as the government forced farmers to work and sell under certain rules.
- Hunger strikes became widely popular to influence political change.
-Nazi Germany in WW2 intentionally starved enemy armies and civilians (Operation Hunger) to weaken them, and after invading countries took slave workers to farm for them.
- The US ramped up industrial production, and developed Spam as well as other canned good which was pivotal in supplying nutrional food to soldiers.

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Cold War Food Fights and  Decolonization 

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Cold War Food Fights and  Decolonization 

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-The Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union, an ideological struggle between capitalism and communism that overshadowed the second half of the twentieth century, began in earnest with a food fight over the city of Berlin.
- This food fight almost started WWIII
- Decolonization coincided with the new Cold war between the Soviet Union and the United States. It was integral to the Cold War confrontation and the struggle for ideological supremacy in the wider world

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Free Trade, Fair Trade, and The Green Revolution

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Free Trade, Fair Trade, and The Green Revolution

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- The green revolution was about trying to get food for everyone
- There was a push for using science to get the most out of growing, Rockefeller foundation financed wheat research during this time
- It ended with a large advancements in farming technologies that proved to be effective like pesticides, machines, high yielding crop varieties, and better management
- Capitalism made free trade possible with other countries
- Europeans made agreements with the United States to buy/sell goods without a tax in order to build back an economy which benefitted both