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Organized a putch agains the SDP, the other extremist group that rivaled the Nazis. With this opposition out of the way, it was much easier for the Nazis to become more popular.

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Never had a clear plan of what he would do after electing Hitler. He was the last person who could keep Hitler in check, but he died in 1934.

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No single party ever held an absolute majority of Reichstag seats during the Weimar period. This meant that no party was able to form a government on its own.

To form a government and push through legislation, parties had to group together to form a voting majority. There were several of these coalitions, or voting blocs, during the life of the Weimar Republic. The political turmoil of the 1920s meant they were fragile and unstable. A contentious bill or measure could put the coalition at risk of fracture and collapse. The fragility of these coalitions made the task of the chancellor enormously difficult.

Some parties, particularly those on the radical fringes, either refused to participate in Reichstag coalitions or entered them reluctantly or insincerely. Right-wing parties, for example, were reluctant to participate in coalitions with the large Social Democratic Party (SPD).

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The second Reich started after 1871 was strongly militaristic and empire-based. Power was mainly given to the Kaiser and the chancellor and although there was a Reichstag, they had significantly less power than the Kaiser. The rule was authoritarian and saw a lot of success militarily which had expanded the countries borders quite a lot. This example of success proved to be quite inspirational to nationalists and militarists during the failure of the Weimar.

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Article 48, misused/abused as early as Ebert (60 times 22-23). More relied on than the actual Reichstag. Day of sitting in Reichstag decreased and uses went up.

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Allowed president full power, Hindenburg was senile and easy to persuade, allowed his advisors and son (Oskar von Hindenburg) to hold power

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He favored a more authoritarian government, which was why he failed to support the Müller (SPD) government in 1930.

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Thought he could control Hitler by appointing him chancellor, especially after the November 1932 election when Hitler's support started to recede. This was a flawed line of thinking, as all it did was give Hitler more power.

"Hitler's appointment was quite unnecessary... The Nazis could not have threatened the state if they had been denied power. Their movement was waning, a further period of frustration would have finished them off."
-Nicholls

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Claimed the Great Depression was beneficial to the Nazi Party in the statement "Good, very good for us"

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"Young men were waking up to another workless empty day"- Christopher Kherwood (lived in Berlin during major parts of the Great Depression)

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The devastating socioeconomic state caused deep resentment among the population and increased the amount of violence in the streets.

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Due to the fact that German goods were not in high demand anymore workers were fired and unemployment figures rose to 1/3 of the German population being registered as unemployed in 1932. This was beneficial to the rise of Nazis as this was a demographic which they targeted. Johannes Zahn said ' an unemployed man either joined the communists or became an SA man'. This further relates to them having to pick a side now they are unemployed and have nowhere else to turn to.

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Brurning feared hyperinflation so proposed an increase in taxes and reduced wages which was rejected by the Reichstag, but was ultimately overruled by Hindenburg and ended up as a failure contributing to conflict within the parties.

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Germany was heavily reliant on the American economy at this time with loans having been established through the Dawes plan of 1924 and the Young Plan of 1929. This meant that when America experienced the Wall Street Crash they could demand the money back from Germany and asked them to begin payments within 90 days. Germany  couldn't rely on other countries to aid support in paying these loans as they too were experiencing an economic crisis.

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Schleicher lost the left wing and alienated the elite, in which both groups had huge influences on who was appointed, and were both now in more favour for a Hitler-Papen government

"The ruling elites of the Second Reich showed themselves to be neither willing nor able to initiate the transition towards modern, social and political conditions when this had become necessary"
- Hans-Ulrich Wehier, SHP book

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Source 9.26, Pg. 159, Nicholls, SHP Book

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Source 9.26, Pg. 159, Nicholls, SHP Book

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" [Hitler] appointment was quite unnecessary... the Nazi's could not have threatened the state if they had been denied power. Their movement was waning, a further period of frustration might have finished them off"

- Schleicher was worried about the power of the Nazi's and the danger of a civil war. He tried to tame them by including them in the government, but that too back-fired.
- He believed that he could use the Nazi's for his own purpose
- November 1932 elections: Von Papen and Hindenburg were originally not going to hold the election, but Schleicher insisted to prevent a Civil War.

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- He relied solely on presidential decrees, so never fully tried to make much change.
- He refused to increase tariffs/taxes on food imports, in which angered the influential Prussian landowners which served to help Hitler's negotiations. This caused Hindenburg having to dismiss Schleicher and turn to Papen and Hitler for he apparently had no other choice.

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He tried to tame the Nazi's into a coalition with the SPD under his control by appointing Gregor Strasser, a left-wing Nazi, as Vice chancellor. However, Hitler demanded and won, in which Strasser resigned, meaning Schliecher could never be in control.
This whole situation was sought to prevent the laws annd constitution under the Reichswehr, which was the unified armed forces of the Weimar Republic from 1919-35.
Within the councillorship, Schliecher was mainly focused on wanting to heavily include the army into the government, and make them the centre of power rather than trying to make the country stable.

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The dismissal of Von Papen which caused him to want revenge and so allied with Hitler, and eventually got Hindenburg to dismiss Von Schliecher and appoint Hitler, making Von Papen the Vice chancellor.

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Invoked use of article 48 of the Weimar constitution repeatedly (Chancellor Von Papen asked that it be used over 40 times), undermining the democratic aspect of the constitution.

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To the end of Von Papen's run as chancellor, the elite discussed a possible new government , and Schacht and industrial leaders asked Hindenburg for a government led by Hitler. Hindenburg said, only if Hitler could get a Reichstag majority.

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rapidly growing working class in these conditions lead to marxism. An Anti-Socialist Law had been in place until the 1890s forcing the workers’ movement underground. This made imprisoned martyrs of its leadership and encouraging the still young socialist party to adopt an uncompromising, revolutionary Marxist position. Capitalism as it developed in Germany, the Marxists argued, could not be reformed– it had to be overthrown. Partly as a result of their illegality, the socialists created an elaborate set of institutions to provide a parallel social and cultural life for its members.

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This German route to modernity, what German historiography terms Sonderweg, meant that the traditional authoritarian elite expected to manage modernisation without giving up power. The great industrialists in Germany like Krupp behaved like medieval feudal barons seeking to control all aspects other workers lives and banning trade unions. At the top of society, judges, police chiefs and state civil servants shared the outlook of Junker military elite. And below them the former soldiers who enjoyed a right to state employment as postmen and policemen brought their military mentality with them. This broad interest group constituted a very powerful force for social conservatism and dominated Germany through to the 1930s, as neither the war nor revolution had seriously weakened them.

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During the November elections of 1932, Von Papen and Hindenburg were originally not going to hold a new election, however Schliecher was afraid that this would cause a Civil War, so persuaded to hold the new elections. This however, was unlikely to solve anything

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In Germany, the success of Prussian militarism in the 1860s had given the military a prestige and socio-political significance that did not exist in states to the west of Germany.

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The government found it hard to borrow money as some potential German investors had lost their savings in the crisis of 1923 and the lack of demand for German goods meant that industries had laid off workers, causing unemployment to rise to over 5 million by 1932, about a third of the working population.

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It was designed to deal with emergency situations, but allowed the chancellor to grant dictatorial powers to the president. Chancellor Von Papen had to ask President  Paul von Hindenburg to invoke the article over 40 times. This reinforced the idea of strong single leader in Germany.

It also enabled the President to make laws without the consent of the Reichstag.

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Because of the instability of the Reichstag due to proportional representation, the president became a powerful figure in the German government, with considerable influence. The president appointed the chancellor of the Reichstag (usually from the majority party) but could also dismiss him. There were frequent changes of chancellor, not just as a result of elections but also in between elections. Between February 1919 and May 1926 there were eight chancellors.

As commander-in-chief of the armed forces, in an emergency, the president could use the army to put down an attempted revolution, and suspend the constitution and rule by personal decree. This was to ensure that the government could still operate in a time of crisis.

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Lifted the ban off of the SA, and agreed to Hitler's demand for a new election

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The coalition government found it hard to agree on an plan of action to address the crisis so the German people were looking for another other option. Hitler and the Nazis filled the vacuum.

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When Germany signed the Versailles Treaty with its arms limitations, loss of land, reparations and ‘war guilt’ clause, it created a legacy of being associated with defeat. Hitler, a former soldier who had fought and awarded a medal in World War I, constantly referred back to the treaty and how unfair the terms had been. He believed the ‘stab in the back’ idea that Germany had not lost the war as no enemy soldier had even set foot on German soil, but that the German army had been sold out by the government who had ended the war too soon.

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Schliecher, who once supported Bruning, turned against him, for he felt that his opposition towards Nazis was wrong, and that some cooperation was needed. However, once he was appointed chancellor he developed Bruning's land resettlement schemes, which upset the agrarian elite.

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Confucianism (places particular value on hierarchy and obedience to authority)

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Implemented harsh austerity measures such as tightening of credit and rolling back all wage increases, which pushed millions of Germans into poverty. Disgruntled citizens flocked to the NDSAP in a backlash to Bruning's governance and led to a massive loss of parliamentary support in the Reichstag.
Bruning announced his cabinet's resignation on 30 May 1932, after his policies of distributing land to unemployed workers in order to appease them led him into direct conflict with the President and the aristocratic Prussian land owners (Junkers), the President had refused to sign further decrees because of Bruning's governance.The Junkers later provided financial support to the NDSAP.

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Legitimation crisis refers to a decline in the confidence of state institutions or leadership. People no longer feel that the state is capable of doing what it is supposed to do: to protect and respect the interests of the citizens. As a consequence the government loses its authority. The term was first introduced in 1973 by Jürgen Habermas, a German sociologist and philosopher.

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- Led massive campaigns against the Weimar regime
- Tried to disrupt the Reichstag
- Nazi's violently attacked their opponents

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Was a great influence on Hindenburg, was responsible for the dismissal of Von Papen and Bruning, and tried to gain support from the Gregor Strasser wing of the Nazi Party and trade unions

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In 1933 did a deal with Hitler to become his deputy if Hitler was appointed chancellor. In turn, Von Papen helped persuade Hindenburg to replace Schliecher with Hitler

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Relied on presidential decrees to govern, and had little political experience

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-favored strong leadership

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Tried to use the Depression for political gain 

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Tried to use the Depression for political gain 

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Brunning believed he could use the depression to facilitate a regime change as well as altering the terms of German reparations.

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"If public security and order are seriously disturbed or endangered within the German Reich, the President of the Reich may take measures necessary for their restoration, intervening if need be with the assistance of the armed forces."

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Proportional representation is an electoral system in which the number of seats held by a political group or party in a legislative body is determined by the number of popular votes received.

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Bruning did not have a working majority in the Reichstag due to his extremely unpopular austerity measures. Bruning introduced a 'Presidential Government' where the Reichstag was increasingly bypassed and laws were instead passed through an over reliance on presidential decree provided to by the constitution. This is regarded as the beginning of the end for Weimar Democracy, setting a precedent of authoritarianism which Hitler later used to solidify his power.

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-little history of democracy (2nd reich)
-militaristic history (Prussia)

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The Great Depression brought Extremists into power so people turned against communism and towards the only other option to prevent it.

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He was easily influenced especially by Junkers, Von Papen and his son Oskar. He was unreliable as a leader, and wasn't equipped to deal with a threat such as Hitler.

"...was senile and easily manipulated by Junkers, industrialists and militarists."
-E. Anderson

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-treaty of versailles
-inflation
-power vacuum