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			Biofield Treated 3-Nitroacetophenone | Science Publishing Group
		
	

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			Biofield Treated 3-Nitroacetophenone | Science Publishing Group
		
	

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Nitroacetophenone is an organic compound used as an intermediate for the synthesis of pharma ceutical agents. The aim of this study was to evaluate the i mpact of biofield energy treatment on the physical, thermal and spectral properties of 3-NAP.

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			Science Journal of BioScience | TrivediScience
		
	

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			Science Journal of BioScience | TrivediScience
		
	

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Study an open access journal of Mahendra Kumar Trivedi on finding antibiogram, biochemical reactions and genotyping characterization of biofield treated staphylococcus aureus.

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Copyright © 2012 -- 2018 Science Publishing Group - All rights reserved. Use of this Web site signifies your agreement to the terms and conditions.

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			Biofield Energy | Antibiogram Pattern of Shigella flexneri
		
	

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			Biofield Energy | Antibiogram Pattern of Shigella flexneri
		
	

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Shigellosis is a major public health burden in India and its neighboring countries due to infection of Shigella species. Mahendra Trivedi and Team investigates the effect of biofield treatment on Shigella flexneri.

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			The Impact of Biofield Treatment on Human Brain Tumor Cells
		
	

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			The Impact of Biofield Treatment on Human Brain Tumor Cells
		
	

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Glioblastoma is the most common subtype of primary brain tumor in adults. Mahendra Trivedi and Team evaluate the impact of biofield treatment potential on human GBM and non-GBM brain cells.

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			Biofield | Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Enterobacter Cloacae
		
	

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			Biofield | Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Enterobacter Cloacae
		
	

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Mahendra Trivedi and Team research work investigates the influence of biofield treatment on Enterobacter cloacae against antimicrobial susceptibility.

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Mahendra Kumar Trivedi, Shrikant Patil, Harish Shettigar, Sambhu Charan Mondal and Snehasis Jana*

DOI: 10.4172/2155-9597.1000241 ISSN: 2155-9597
Citation
Trivedi MK, Patil S, Shettigar H, Mondal SC, Jana S (2015) In vitro Evaluation of Biofield Treatment on Enterobacter cloacae: Impact on Antimicrobial Susceptibility and Biotype. J Bacteriol Parasitol 6: 241. doi:10.4172/2155-9597.1000241
Abstract
This research work investigated the influence of biofield treatment on Enterobacter cloacae (ATCC 13047) against antimicrobial susceptibility. Two sets of ATCC samples were taken in this experiment and denoted as A and B. ATCC A sample was revived and divided into two parts Gr. I (control) and Gr. II (revived); likewise, ATCC B was labeled as Gr. III (lyophilized). Group II and III were given with biofield treatment. The control and treatment groups of E. cloacae cells were tested with respect to antimicrobial susceptibility, biochemical reactions pattern and biotype number. The result showed significant decrease in the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of aztreonam and ceftazidime (≤ 8 μg/mL), as compared to control group (≥ 16 μg/mL). It was observed that 9% reaction was altered in the treated groups with respect to control out of the 33 biochemical reactions. Moreover, biotype number of this organism was substantially changed in group II (7731 7376) and group III (7710 3176) on day 10 as compared to control (7710 3376). The result suggested that biofield treatment had an impact on E. cloacae with respect to antimicrobial susceptibility, alteration of biochemical reactions pattern and biotype.

Keywords: Antimicrobial susceptibility; Biofield treatment; Enterobacter cloacae ; Biochemical reaction; Biotyping
Introduction
Antimicrobial therapy is indicated in virtually all Enterobacter (EN) infections. The most EN species are either very resistant to many antimicrobial agents or it can develop resistance during antimicrobial therapy hence, the choice of appropriate antimicrobial agents is complicated [1]. Enterobacter cloacae, ATCC 13047 (American type culture collection) is a clinically significant Gram-negative, facultatively-anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium. E. cloacae is a member of the normal gut flora of humans and is not usually a primary pathogen. It is sometimes associated with urinary tract and respiratory tract infections [2]. Many of the EN species have multiple antibiotic resistance that are undetectable in in vitro, which makes it difficult to treat in patients those are infected with this microbes. Based on existing literatures it was clearly mentioned that the organism E. cloacae had its resistance to aminopenicillins, aztreonam and broadspectrum cephalosporins [3]. The organisms are capable of overproducing AmpC β-lactamases by derepression of a chromosomal gene conferring the antibiotic resistance [4].

A well-known physiologist, Willem Einthoven, in 1903 had developed electrocardiography (ECG) to measure the biofield of human body. Thus, human has the ability to harness the energy from environment or universe and can transmit into any living or nonliving object(s) around the Globe. The objects always receive the energy and responding into useful way that is called biofield energy and the process is known as biofield treatment. Afterward, the Harold Saton Burr, had performed the detailed studies on the correlation of electric current with physiological process and concluded that every single process in the human body had an electrical significance. Recently, it was discovered that all the electrical process happening in body have strong relationship with magnetic field as required by Ampere's law, which states that the moving charge produces magnetic fields in surrounding space [5,6]. Thus, the human body emits the electromagnetic waves in form of bio-photons, which surrounds the body and it is commonly known as biofield. Therefore, the biofield consists of electromagnetic field, being generated by moving electrically charged particles (ions, cell, molecule etc.) inside the human body. Mr. Mahendra Trivedi's biofield treatment (The Trivedi Effect®) has been known to transform the structural, physical and chemical properties of materials in several fields like materials science [7-14], agriculture [15-17], microbiology [18-20] and biotechnology [21,22].

Biofield phenomena, it may act directly on molecular structures, changing the conformation of molecules in functionally significant ways. Besides, it may transfer bioinformation interacting directly with the energy fields of life, which is known as the biofield [23]. Due to the clinical significance of this organism, we had decided a detailed investigation was required after biofield treatment against E. cloacae. In the present work, we evaluated the effects of biofield treatment on E. cloacae in relation to antimicrobials susceptibility and biotyping based on various biochemical reactions.
Materials and Methods
The E. cloacae (ATCC 13047) with two sets A and B were procured from MicroBioLogics, Inc., USA, in two different sealed packs and stored with proper storage conditions until further use. All the tested antimicrobials and biochemicals were procured from Sigma-Aldrich. After that, following parameters were evaluated in all the groups such as changes in antimicrobial susceptibility, biochemical reaction and biotype number on MicroScan Walk-Away ® (Dade Behring Inc., West Sacramento, CA, USA) using Negative Breakpoint Combo 30 (NBPC 30) panel.
Study design
Two ATCC samples (ATCC A and ATCC B) of E. cloacae were grouped (Gr.) and subjected to biofield treatment. ATCC A sample was revived and divided into two parts Gr. I (control) and Gr. II (revived); likewise, ATCC B was labeled as Gr. III (lyophilized). The treatment groups (II and III) were in sealed pack and handed over to Mr. Trivedi for biofield treatment under laboratory conditions. Mr. Trivedi provided the treatment through his energy transmission process to the treated groups (Gr. II and Gr. III) without touching the samples. After treatment, all treated samples were stored for analysis. Gr. II was assessed at two time point on day 5 and 10 and Gr. III was assessed on day 10. Finally, all the groups (control and treated) were investigated for antimicrobial susceptibility, biochemical reactions pattern and biotyping.
Investigation of antimicrobial susceptibility
Investigation of antimicrobial susceptibility of E. cloacae was carried out with the help of automated instrument, MicroScan Walk-Away ® using Negative Breakpoint Combo 30 (NBPC 30) panel. The tests carried out on MicroScan were miniaturizations of the broth dilution susceptibility test that have been dehydrated. Briefly, the standardized suspension of E. cloacae were inoculated, rehydrated, and then subjected to incubation for 16h at 35°C. The detailed experimental procedures and conditions were followed as per the manufacturer's instructions. The qualitative antimicrobial susceptibility pattern (S: Susceptible, I: Intermediate, IB: Inducible β- lactamase and R: Resistant) and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) were determined by observing the lowest antimicrobial concentration showing inhibition of growth [24].
Biochemical Reaction Studies
The study of biochemical reactions of E. cloacae was determined by MicroScan Walk-Away ®, system where, interpretation of biochemical reactions for microbial identification of Gram-negative organism in high accuracy. Table 1 contains the list of biochemicals, used for the biochemical reactions of E. cloacae [24].

Table 1: Effect of biofield treatment on Enterobacter cloacae to the biochemical reaction pattern.
Biotype number
The biotype number of E. cloacae was determined on MicroScan Walk-Away ® processed panel data report with the help of biochemical reactions data [24,25].
Results Assessment of antimicrobial susceptibility
The outcome of qualitative susceptibility pattern and MIC of tested antimicrobials after biofield treatment to E. cloacae are summarized in Tables 2 and 3. The data were analyzed and compared with respect to control. The treated cells of E. cloacae showed an alteration of antimicrobial sensitivity as 14.29% in the treated group III on day 10 as compared with control. The effect of biofield treatment had revealed that the combination of ticarcillin/k-clavulanate converted from R → I corresponding MIC (>64 to 60 μg/mL) on all the treated cells with respect to control.

Table 2: Antibiogram of Enterobacter cloacae: effect of biofield treatment on antimicrobial susceptibility.

Ciprofloxacin and ceftazidime were converted from I → S and I → IB. The corresponding MIC values of these were 16 to ≤ 8 μg/mL and 2 to ≤ 1 μg/mL respectively on lyophilized treated cells but remained same in revived treated group with respect to control (Table 2).

The antimicrobial sensitivity both qualitative and quantitative assessment were significantly changed in the case of aztreonam and ceftazidime as compared with respective control group, showed in Tables 2 and 3. Cefotaxime was converted from IB → I and corresponding MIC value was ≤ 8 to 32 μg/mL in revived treated group but remained same in lyophilized treated group. Others antimicrobials did not showed any changes with respect to biofield treatment in all the groups.

Table 3: Effect of biofield treatment on Enterobacter cloacae to minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of tested antimicrobials.
Organism identification by biochemical reactions
The specific biochemicals showed some changes against E. cloacae after biofield treatment are presented in Table 3. Esculin hydrolysis was altered positive (+) to negative (-) reaction in Gr. III but remained same response in Gr. II with respect to control. Similarly, indole and lysine were changed from negative (-) to positive (+) reaction in revived treated group (Gr. II) but remain unchanged in lyophilized treated group (Gr. III) on day 10 with respective to control. Overall, 9% biochemical reactions were altered due to biofield treatment out of 33 biochemicals with respect to control.
Organism identification by biotype number
Based on the results from biochemical reactions, there were no changes in biotype in group II on day 5 as compared to control. However, the significant changes were observed in the biotype number of E. cloacae in the both group II and III at day 10 as compared to control (Table 4).

Table 4: Effect of biofield treatment on biotype number of Enterobacter cloacae.
Discussion
The existing literatures clearly mentioned that the organism E. cloacae has revealed its resistance to aminopenicillins, aztreonam and broad-spectrum cephalosporins [3]. In this experiment, the biofield treated lyophilized form of microbe showed very satisfactory result both qualitative as well as quantitative aspect by lowering the MIC value (≤8 μg/mL) of aztreonam and ceftazidime as compared to untreated group (Tables 2 and 3). According to Joseph et al., the isolated E. cloacae has resistant to particular antibiotics such as tobramycin and amikacin [4]. In this experiment the data showed the susceptibility of these antibiotics against E. cloacae .

In presence of indole the microbe E. cloacae produced biochemical reactions i.e. , negative to positive reactive in group II on day 10. The mechanism behind is that the organism can split tryptophan to form the compound indole. The positive effect directly proved that the microbe is gram negative rods shaped. The following biochemicals were remain unchanged to the strain of E. cloacae upon biofield treatment such as nitrate, citrate, Voges-Proskauer, ornithine, arginine, ONPG and OF/G. After comparison the percentage responses of 33 biochemical reaction pattern against E. cloacae was 9.0% with respect to control.

Biotype numbers of particular organisms were arrived after interpreting the results of the biochemical reactions. The biotype numbers then led to the particular organism identification. In this experiment, biotyping was performed using automated systems, had found significant changes in the biofield treated groups as II and III on day 10. The biotype number of E. cloacae , which had changed from 7710 3376 (control) to 7731 7376 and 7710 3176 for treated Gr. II and Gr. III on day 10, respectively (Table 4).

Due to microbial resistance to a single drug or multiple drugs, invention of an effective antimicrobial therapy for the human-wellness is urgently required. However, due to some limitation of science, the progress of new medications is slow and very challenging for scientists. Therefore, the multidrug resistant is becoming a major threat over the community. Our present research study reported that biofield treatment could change the susceptibility pattern of microbes from intermediate to susceptible and also resistance to susceptible. As a result, the microbe that was intermediate/resistance responsiveness to a particular antimicrobial now converted into completely susceptible/ intermediate respectively with the same antimicrobial after biofield treatment. This may be due to change in microorganism at enzymatic and/or genetic level, which may act on receptor protein. While altering receptor protein, ligand-receptor/protein interactions may change, that could lead to show the different phenotypic characteristics [26]. Based on these results, it is hypothesized that, biofield treatment has the opportunity to be a fast, convenient and cost effective alternative approach to combat multidrug resistance with the use of existing antimicrobial therapy in near future.
Conclusions
Altogether, the biofield treatment altered the resistance property of a few antimicrobials against E. cloacae . It has been observed that there was an alteration in phenotype characteristics of E. cloacae . Mr. Trivedi's biofield treatment could be applied to improve the sensitivity of antimicrobials against E. cloacae resistance and an alternative therapeutic approach to combat against antimicrobial resistance.
Acknowledgement
Authors gratefully acknowledged the whole team of PD Hinduja National Hospital and MRC, Mumbai, Microbiology Lab and also thanks to Trivedi science, Trivedi testimonials and Trivedi master wellness for their support.
References
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2. Barnes BJ, Wiederhold NP, Micek ST, Polish LB, Ritchie DJ (2003) Enterobacter cloacae ventriculitis successfully treated with cefepime and gentamicin: case report and review of the literature. Pharmacotherapy 23: 537-542.
3. Conceição T, Faria N, Pimentel M, Soveral G, Duarte A, et al. (2004) New chromosomal AmpC beta-lactamase in Enterobacter cloacae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 48: 1437.
4. Mezzatesta ML, Gona F, Stefani S (2012) Enterobacter cloacae complex: clinical impact and emerging antibiotic resistance. Future Microbiol 7: 887-902.
5. Hammerschlag R, Jain S, Baldwin AL, Gronowicz G, Lutgendorf SK, et al. (2012) Biofield research: a roundtable discussion of scientific and methodological issues. J Altern Complement Med 18: 1081-1086.
6. Movaffaghi Z, Farsi M (2009) Biofield therapies: biophysical basis and biological regulations? Complement Ther Clin Pract 15: 35-37.
7. Trivedi MK, Tallapragada RM (2008) A transcendental to changing metal powder characteristics. Met Powder Rep 63: 22-28, 31.
8. Dabhade VV, Tallapragada RR, Trivedi MK (2009) Effect of external energy on atomic, crystalline and powder characteristics of antimony and bismuth powders. Bull Mater Sci 32: 471-479.
9. Trivedi MK, Tallapragada RM (2009) Effect of super consciousness external energy on atomic, crystalline and powder characteristics of carbon allotrope powders. Mater Res Innov 13: 473-480.
10. Trivedi MK, Patil S, Tallapragada RM (2012) Thought intervention through biofield changing metal powder characteristics experiments on powder characteristics at a PM plant. Future Control and Automation LNEE 173: 247-252.
11. Trivedi MK, Patil S, Tallapragada RM (2013) Effect of biofield treatment on the physical and thermal characteristics of silicon, tin and lead powders. J Material Sci Eng 2: 125.
12. Trivedi MK, Patil S, Tallapragada RM (2013) Effect of biofield treatment on the physical and thermal characteristics of vanadium pantaoxide powders. J Material Sci Eng S11: 001.
13. Trivedi MK, Patil S, Tallapragada RM (2014) Atomic, crystalline and powder characteristics of treated zirconia and silica powders. J Material Sci Eng 3: 144.
14. Trivedi MK, Patil S, Tallapragada RM (2015) Effect of biofield treatment on the physical and thermal characteristics of aluminium powders. Ind Eng Manage 4: 151.
15. Shinde V, Sances F, Patil S, Spence A (2012) Impact of biofield treatment on growth and yield of lettuce and tomato. Aust J Basic Appl Sci 6: 100-105.
16. Sances F, Flora E, Patil S, Spence A, Shinde V (2013) Impact of biofield treatment on ginseng and organic blueberry yield. AGRIVITA J Agric Sci 35: 1991-8178.
17. Lenssen AW (2013) Biofield and fungicide seed treatment influences on soybean productivity, seed quality and weed community. Agricultural Journal 8: 138-143.
18. Trivedi M, Patil S (2008) Impact of an external energy on Staphylococcus epidermis [ATCC -13518] in relation to antibiotic susceptibility and biochemical reactions-An experimental study. J Accord Integr Med 4: 230-235.
19. Trivedi M, S Patil (2008) Impact of an external energy on Yersinia enterocolitica [ATCC -23715] in relation to antibiotic susceptibility and biochemical reactions: An experimental study. Internet J Alternat Med 6: 2.
20. Trivedi M, Bhardwaj Y, Patil S, Shettigar H, Bulbule A (2009) Impact of an external energy on Enterococcus faecalis [ATCC-51299] in relation to antibiotic susceptibility and biochemical reactions - An experimental study. J Accord Integr Med 5: 119-130.
21. Patil SA, Nayak GB, Barve SS, Tembe RP, Khan RR (2012) Impact of biofield treatment on growth and anatomical characteristics of Pogostemon cablin Benth. Biotechnology 11: 154-162.
22. Altekar N, Nayak G (2015) Effect of biofield treatment on plant growth and adaptation. J Environ Health Sci 1: 1-9.
23. Rubik B (1994) Manual healing methods. Alternative medicine: expanding medical horizons, Washington, DC, US Government Printing Office, NIH Publication No. 094-066.
24. Fader RC, Weaver E, Fossett R, Toyras M, Vanderlaan J, et al. (2013) Multilaboratory study of the biomic automated well-reading instrument versus MicroScan WalkAway for reading MicroScan antimicrobial Susceptibility and identification panels. J Clin Microbiol 51: 1548-1554.
25. Gomaa FM, Tawakol WM, Abo El-Azm FI (2014) Phenotypic and genotypic detection of some antimicrobial resistance mechanisms among multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolated from immunocompromised patients in Egypt. Egypt J Med Microbiol 23: 111.
26. Lindstrom E, Mild KH, Lundgren E (1998) Analysis of the T cell activation signaling pathway during ELF magnetic field exposure, p56lck and [Ca2+]i-measurements. Bioeletrochem Bioenerg 46: 129-137.
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investigation of antimicrobial susceptibility of e. cloacae

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E. Cloacae Biochemical Characteristics, Antimicrobial Susceptibility & Biotyping

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Mahendra Kumar Trivedi, Shrikant Patil, Harish Shettigar, Sambhu Charan Mondal and Snehasis Jana* DOI: 10.4172/2155-9597.1000241 ISSN: 2155-9597 Citation Trivedi MK, Patil S, Shettigar H, Mondal SC, Jana S (2015) In vitro Evaluation of Biofield Treatment on Enterobacter cloacae: Impact on Antimicrobial Susceptibility and Biotype. J Bacteriol Parasitol 6: 241.

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			Antibiogram Analysis on Biofield Treated Pseudomonas fluorescens
		
	

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			Antibiogram Analysis on Biofield Treated Pseudomonas fluorescens
		
	

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The aim of the study was to evaluate the impact of Mr. Trivedi’s biofield energy treatment on Psedomonas fluorescens for antimicrobial sensitivity, minimum inhibitory concentration, biochemical reactions, and biotype number.

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			Analysis of Biofield Treated Nocardia Otitidis | TrivediScience
		
	

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			Analysis of Biofield Treated Nocardia Otitidis | TrivediScience
		
	

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The present work evaluates the effect of biofield energy treatment on antibiogram, genotype and phylogenetic analysis of nocardia otitidis.

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			Study - Biofield Energy Influence on Barium Oxide & Zinc Sulfide
		
	

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			Study - Biofield Energy Influence on Barium Oxide & Zinc Sulfide
		
	

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The study by Mahendra Trivedi & Team to evaluate the impact of biofield energy treatment on physical and structural characteristics of barium oxide and zinc sulfide.

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Mahendra Kumar Trivedi , Rama Mohan Tallapragada , Alice Branton , Dahryn Trivedi , Omprakash Latiyal and Snehasis Jana *

DOI: 10.4172/2469-410X.1000122 ISSN: 2469-410X
Citation
Trivedi MK, Tallapragada RM, Branton A, Trivedi D, Latiyal O, et al. (2015) Influence of Biofield Treatment on Physical and Structural Characteristics of Barium Oxide and Zinc Sulfide. J Laser Opt Photonics 2:122. doi:10.4172/2469-410X.1000122
Abstract
Barium oxide (BaO) and zinc sulfide (ZnS) are well known for their applications in electrical, optical and chemical industries. The present study was aimed to evaluate the impact of biofield treatment on the structural and physical properties of BaO and ZnS powder. The study was carried out in two groups, one was set to control, and another group was subjected to Mr. Trivedi's biofield treatment. Control and treated samples of BaO and ZnS were analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and surface area analyzer. XRD data showed that lattice parameter and unit cell volume of BaO powder were reduced upto 0.42% and 1.26%, respectively as compared to control. Whereas, density of treated BaO was increased upto 1.27% as compared to control. Besides, the unit cell volume was changed in treated ZnS from -0.55 to 0.24% as compared to control that led to change in density from -0.24 to 0.55% after biofield treatment. However, the crystallite size was substantially increased upto 40.5% and 71.4% in treated BaO and ZnS, respectively as compared to control. FT-IR data exhibited that absorption peaks at wavenumber 862/cm (control) was shifted to 858/cm in treated BaO. Upward shifting of absorption peaks corresponding to Zn-S stretching bond was observed in treated (617/cm) as compared to control (592/cm). Furthermore, surface area result showed that it was reduced by 4.32% and 2.1% in treated BaO and ZnS powder, respectively as compared to control. Hence, these, findings suggest that biofield treatment has altered the structural and physical properties of BaO and ZnS powders.

Keywords: Biofield treatment; Barium oxide; Zinc sulfide; Particle size; Surface area; Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
Introduction
Metal oxides and sulfides are considered as one of interesting class of ceramics due to their versatile applications [1-5]. Zinc sulfide (ZnS) and barium oxide (BaO) gain attention among the researchers due to their unique optical and electrical properties and wide applications in electrical industries. ZnS exist as zinc blend structure (wurtzite crystal structure), whereas BaO exists as rock salt type. Recently, researchers had developed the self-cleaning techniques using barium oxide, in which coal gas provides the power directly to solid oxide fuel cells [6]. This is a cleaner and efficient way to generate electricity from coal reserves. Further, the BaO is hygroscopic in nature which enables it to use for chemical reactions on anode surface [1]. ZnS possess a particular place due to its application as wide band gap semiconductors, blue light emitting diodes (LEDs), and electroluminescent devices [7-9]. It also become promising material for various other fields such as solar cell, phosphor etc. Currently, there are several methods of producing the metal oxides and sulfides powder such as sol gel chemical bath deposition technique, pulsed-laser deposition vacuum arc deposition and chemical vapor deposition [10-14]. Furthermore, it is well known that electrical, magnetic, and optical properties of ceramics are directly related to its density, crystal structure, crystallite size, and physical parameters [15-17]. After considering the applications and properties of BaO and ZnS, authors wanted to investigate an alternative and economically viable approach that could be beneficial to modify the physical and structural properties of these powders.

Research converging from many fields of investigation indicates that the human body is a complex energy system. It has been demonstrated that short lived electrical events or action potential exist in several type of mammalian cells such as neurons, muscle cells, and endocrine cells [18]. For instance, the cells present in central nervous system of human body communicate with another by means of electrical signals that travel along the nerve processes. Thus, human has ability to harness the energy from environment or universe and can transmit into any living or nonliving object around the Globe. The object(s) always receive the energy and responds in a useful way that is called biofield energy and this process is termed as biofield treatment. Mr. Trivedi's unique biofield treatment is known as The Trivedi Effect® . Mr. Trivedi's biofield treatment has significantly transform the characteristics of various living and non-living things using his biofield treatment. Biofield treatment has substantially altered the atomic, crystalline, physical properties in various metals and ceramics [19-24]. In addition, biofield treatment has also transform the molecular and cellular characteristics microbiology [25-27], biotechnology [28,29], and agriculture [30-32]. In metals and ceramics the biofield treatment has shown the excellent results at physical, thermal, and atomic level. In addition, the biofield treatment had increased the particle size by six fold and enhanced the crystallite size by two fold in zinc powder [19]. Based on the outstanding results achieved by biofield treatment on different materials and considering the industrial significance of BaO and ZnS, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the impact of biofield treatment on physical and structural properties of BaO and ZnS.
Experiment
The BaO and ZnS powders used in present experiment were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. Each powder samples were divided into two groups, referred as control and treatment. Control group was remained as untreated and treatment group received Mr. Trivedi's biofield treatment.
Biofield treatment
The treatment group was handed over in sealed pack to Mr. Trivedi for biofield treatment under standard laboratory condition. Mr. Trivedi provided this treatment through his energy transmission process to the treatment group without touching the samples. After that, both control and treated samples were characterized by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Surface area analyzer.
X-ray diffraction study
XRD analysis of control and treated samples were performed using Phillips, Holland PW 1710 XRD diffractometer, which had a copper anode with nickel filter. The wavelength of X-ray radiation used 1⋅54056 Å. Data obtained from the XRD was in chart form of intensity vs.2θ°, with a detailed Table 1 containing d value (Å), number of peaks, peak width 2θ°, peak count, relative intensity of peaks, etc. Further, lattice parameter and unit cell volume were computed using PowderX software. Weight of the unit cell was calculated as, atomic weight multiplied by the number of atoms present in a unit cell. Density of the unit cell was computed as follows:

Crystallite size (G) was calculated as follow:

Crystallite size (G)=k λ/b Cosθ.

Where, λ is the wavelength of X-ray (=1.54056 Å) and k is the equipment constant (=0.94).

Besides, the percent change in the lattice parameter was calculated using following equation:

Where A Control and A Treated are the lattice parameter of control and treated sample respectively. Similarly, the percent change in all other parameters such as unit cell volume, density, and crystallite size were calculated.
FT-IR analysis
FT-IR analysis of BaO and ZnS samples were performed on Shimadzu, Japan, FT-IR Spectrometer with frequency range of 400-4000/cm.

Table 1: X-ray diffraction analysis of BaO and ZnS powder.
Surface area analysis
The surface area was measured by the Surface area analyzer, Smart SORB 90 based on Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), which had a detection range of 0.2-1000 m ²/g. Percent change in surface area was calculated using following equations:

Where, S Control and S Treated are the surface area of control and treated samples respectively.
Results and Discussion X-ray diffraction study
XRD patterns of control and treated BaO samples are presented in Figures 1a-1e. The XRD pattern exhibited peaks at 2θ=13.90°, 18.88°, 22.83°, 25.58°, 26.82°, 29.82°, 30.83°, 34.58° in control; 19.06°, 22.09°, 24.76°, 26.16°, 26.53°, 26.78°,27.97°, and 32.4° in T1; 19.07°, 22.10°, 24.78°, 26.14°,26.73°, 27.98°, and 32.42° in T2; 19.05°, 22.06°, 24.67°, 26.08°,26.70°, 27.91°, and 32.35° in T3; 19.09°, 22.09°, 24.70°, 26.12°, 26.77°, 27.91°, and 32.35° in T4. Further, XRD patterns of control and treated ZnS samples are presented in Figures 2a-2e. Control sample showed XRD peaks at 2θ=28.62°, 33.14°, 47.58°, and 56.42°. Whereas treated sample showed peaks at 2θ=28.61°, 33.18°, 47.5°, and 56.50° in T1; 28.62°, 33.12°, 47.59°, and 56.37° in T2; 28.58°, 33.1°, 47.58°, and 56.41° in T3; 28.74°, 33.25°, 47.77°, and 56.50° in T4. Furthermore, the various parameters of unit cell of BaO and ZnS were computed using PowderX software using above XRD peaks, which are presented in Table 1. Moreover, the percent change in lattice parameter; unit cell volume, density, and crystallite size as compared to control are illustrated in Figures 3-6. Data exhibited that the lattice parameter in treated BaO was significantly reduced by 0.42, 0.42, 0.41, and 0.32% in T1, T2, T3 and T4 respectively, as compared to control (Figure 3). This reduction of lattice parameter led to decrease the unit cell volume of treated BaO by 1.26, 1.26, 1.22, and 0.98% in T1, T2, T3 and T4 respectively, as compared to control (Figure 4). Furthermore, this reduction in unit cell volume resulted into increase in density by 1.27, 1.27, 1.23, and 0.98% in T1, T2, T3 and T4 respectively, as compared to control (Figure 5). It is well known fact that the density is inversely proportional to volume of a substance for a given mass. The reduction in volume of unit cell and increase in density suggest that BaO lattice was contracted after biofield treatment. It is previously reported that internal strain in ceramics can be produced through high temperature, doping, and milling [33,34]. In addition, it is also reported that some material respond to electric and magnetic field in form of strain such as piezoelectric material [35]. Thus, it is hypothesized that biofield treatment might transfer the energy in form of electromagnetic waves, which consist of electric and magnetic field and that field may push the positive barium ion and negative oxygen towards each other. Hence, the movement of both ions toward each other may lead to reduced lattice parameter. XRD data of ZnS showed that the percent change in lattice parameter was -0.08 and 0.18% in T2 and T4 respectively, whereas no change was found in T1 and T3, as compared to control. Percent change in unit cell volume of treated ZnS was 0.24 and -0.55 in T2 and T4 respectively, as compared to control. This change in unit cell volume led to change the density by -0.24 and 0.552% in T2 and T4 respectively, as compared to control. These changes in lattice parameter suggest that both kind of stress: compressive and tensile possibly applied through biofield treatment. In addition, result also indicated that the permanent lattice strain probably induced in BaO and ZnS crystals through biofield treatment. Furthermore, data exhibited that crystallite size was change from 66.5 nm (control) to 35.9, 93.4, 93.4, and 93.4 nm in treated BaO samples T1, T2, T3, and T4, respectively. Percent change in crystallite size of treated BaO was -46% in T1 and 40.5% in T2, T3 and T4 as compared to control (Figure 6). This indicates that crystallite size of treated BaO was increased in three out of four sample tested. Nevertheless, the crystallite size in treated ZnS was substantially increased from 35.6 nm (control) to 61, 42.7, 61, and 47.4 nm in T1, T2, T3 and T4 respectively (Table 1), as compared to control. It indicates that crystallite size was increased by 71.4, 20, 71.4, and 33.4% in T1, T2, T3 and T4 respectively, as compared to control (Figure 6). Overall data suggest that crystallite size was increased in both BaO and ZnS powder after biofield treatment. Similar results of increase in crystallite size in silicon dioxide and antimony had been reported by our group in previous studies [36,37]. Furthermore, it is well known that the crystallite size of ceramics powder increased with increase in temperature [38]. Furthermore, it is assumed that internal strains present in treated powder made dislocations to move unhindered that results into reorient the planes on either side of the crystallite boundaries. Further, this reorientation of neighboring planes into same planes may lead to increase crystallite size. Moreover, it is also reported that alteration in crystallite size in ZnS leads to change the energy band gap [39]. Hence it is assumed that band gap in treated ZnS sample may be changed after biofield treatment. Moreover, based on the above findings in XRD analysis, control, T1 and T2 were analyzed using FT-IR.

Figure 1a: XRD pattern of control BaO sample.

Figure 1b: XRD pattern of biofield treated BaO sample (T1).

Figure 1c: XRD pattern of biofield treated BaO sample (T2).

Figure 1d: XRD pattern of biofield treated BaO sample (T3).

Figure 1e: XRD pattern of biofield treated BaO sample (T4).

Figure 2a: XRD pattern of control ZnS sample.

Figure 2b: XRD pattern of biofield treated ZnS sample (T1).

Figure 2c: XRD pattern of biofield treated ZnS sample (T2).

Figure 2d: XRD pattern of biofield treated ZnS sample (T3).

Figure 2e: XRD pattern of biofield treated ZnS sample (T4).

Figure 3: Percent change in lattice parameter in treated BaO and ZnS as compared to control.

Figure 4: Percent change in unit cell volume in treated BaO and ZnS as compared to control.

Figure 5: Percent change in density of treated BaO and ZnS as compared to control.

Figure 6: Percent change in crystallite size of treated BaO and ZnS as compared to control.
FT-IR analysis
FT-IR spectra of control and treated BaO samples are presented in Figure 7. IR spectra showed the peaks at wavenumber 3497, 3580, and 3576/cm in control, T1, and T2 respectively, which could be due to O-H stretching vibrations. Peaks observed at 1683, 1683, and 1672/cm in control, T1 and T2 respectively can be assigned to O-H bending vibrations. The emergence of peaks corresponding to O-H stretching and bending could be due to moisture absorption by BaO powder. Furthermore, absorption band observed at wavenumber 862/cm (control), 740-970 cm⁻¹ (T1), and 507, 661, 769, 858/cm (T2) that could be due to Ba-O bonding vibrations [40]. Data suggest that number of peaks and intensity corresponding to BaO vibration were changed in T1 and T2 after biofield treatment. The absorption peaks found at 1398, 1425, and 1444/cm in control, T1, and T2 respectively, could be due to formation of BaCO ₃ after C O2 absorption by BaO sample from atmosphere [41]. Besides, IR spectra of ZnS powder is illustrated in Figure 8, in which absorption peaks observed at 592/ cm (control), 617/cm (T1) and 590/cm (T2) that were assigned to Zn-S stretching vibrations [42,43]. It indicates that absorption peaks were changed in treated sample as compared to control, which could be due to alteration in Zn-S bond length after biofield treatment. Absorption peaks observed in range of 3000-3500/cm in control, T1 and T2 could be due to O-H stretching vibrations. The O-H bending peaks were observed at 1618, 1616, and 1608/cm in control, T1 and T2 respectively. The emergence of peaks corresponding to O-H stretching and bending could be due to moisture absorption by ZnS powder. In addition, the peaks observed at wavenumber 1114, 1116, and 1234/cm in control, T1 and T2, respectively, are possibly the characteristic peaks for ZnS particles [44,45]. Recently, our group reported that the biofield treatment has changed the bond length in ceramic nano oxides (ZnO, Fe ₃O ₄) [46]. Thus, based on current data, it is assumed that biofield treatment may alter the bonding properties in BaO and ZnS, that possibly resulted into alteration in IR peaks in treated as compared to control.

Figure 7: FT-IR spectrum of BaO. (a) Control (b) Treated T1 (c) Treated T2.

Figure 8: FT-IR spectrum of ZnS (a) Control (b) Treated T1 (c) Treated T2.
Surface area analysis
Surface area analysis in term of percent change of BaO and ZnS powder are shown in Figure 9. Data showed that the surface area was reduced by 4.32% and 2.1% in BaO and ZnS, respectively as compared to control (Table 2). It is possible that biofield energy transferred through treatment, which might induce energy milling. Due to which BaO and ZnS powder particles might be agglomerated after biofield treatment and increased particle size. Further, this increase in particle size probably reduced surface area in treated samples as compared to control.

Figure 9: Percent change in surface area of treated BaO and ZnS as compared to control.

Table 2: Surface area of BaO and ZnS powder.
Conclusion
Overall, the biofield treatment has significantly altered the physical and structural properties of both BaO and ZnS samples. XRD result showed that density of treated BaO and ZnS powder was increased upto 1.27% and 0.55% as compared to control. It could be due to reduction of lattice parameter in unit cell after biofield treatment. In addition, crystallite size was significantly increased by 40.5% and 71.4% in BaO and ZnS, respectively as compared to control. FT-IR data showed the shifting of absorption peaks in treated BaO and ZnS corresponding to Ba-O and Zn-S stretching vibrations, respectively, as compared to control. Thus, it is hypothesized that bond length of Zn-S and Ba-O, possibly altered after biofield treatment. Besides, the surface area was reduced by 4.32% and 2.1% in treated BaO and ZnS powder, respectively as compared to control. Thus, based on the alteration found in density, crystallite size, surface area, and bond length in treated BaO and ZnS, it is assumed that biofield treatment could alter the optoelectronics characteristics in ceramics.
Acknowledgement
We thank Dr. Cheng Dong of NLSC, Institute of Physics, and Chinese academy of Sciences for supporting in using PowderX software for analyzing X-ray Diffraction data. Authors also would like to thank Trivedi science, Trivedi master wellness and Trivedi testimonials for their support during the work.
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Barium Oxide, Zinc Sulfide | Structural & Physical Properties

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Mahendra Kumar Trivedi , Rama Mohan Tallapragada , Alice Branton , Dahryn Trivedi , Omprakash Latiyal and Snehasis Jana * DOI: 10.4172/2469-410X.1000122 ISSN: 2469-410X Citation Trivedi MK, Tallapragada RM, Branton A, Trivedi D, Latiyal O, et al. (2015) Influence of Biofield Treatment on Physical and Structural Characteristics of Barium Oxide and Zinc Sulfide.

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			Biofield Treatment Impact on Properties of Bronze Powder
		
	

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			Biofield Treatment Impact on Properties of Bronze Powder
		
	

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The objective of present study was to evaluate the impact of biofield energy treatment on physical and structural properties of bronze powder.

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Trivedi MK, Nayak G, Patil S, Tallapragada RM, Latiyal O and Jana S*

DOI: 10.4172/2167-7670.1000119 ISSN: 2167-7670
Citation
Trivedi MK, Nayak G, Patil S, Tallapragada RM, Latiyal O, et al. (2015) Evaluation of Biofield Treatment on Physical and Structural Properties of Bronze Powder. Adv Automob Eng 4: 119. doi:10.4172/2167-7670.1000119
Abstract
Bronze, a copper-tin alloy, widely utilizing in manufacturing of gears, bearing, and packing technologies due to its versatile physical, mechanical, and chemical properties. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the effect of biofield treatment on physical and structural properties of bronze powder. Bronze powder was divided into two samples, one served as control and the other sample was received biofield treatment. Control and treated bronze samples were characterized using x-ray diffraction (XRD), particle size analyzer, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. XRD result showed that the unit cell volume was reduced upto 0.78% on day 78 in treated bronze as compared to control. Further, the crystallite size was significantly reduced upto 49.96% in treated bronze sample on day 106 as compared to control. In addition, the biofield treatment has significantly reduced the average particle size upto 18.22% in treated bronze powder as compared to control. SEM data showed agglomerated and welded particles in control bronze powder, whereas fractured morphology at satellites boundaries were observed in treated bronze. The yield strength of bronze powder calculated using Hall- Petch equation, was significantly changed after biofield treatment. The FT-IR analysis showed that there were three new peaks at 464 cm⁻¹, 736 cm⁻¹, and 835 cm⁻¹ observed in treated bronze as compared to control; indicated that the biofield treatment may alter the bond properties in bronze. Therefore, the biofield treatment has substantially altered the characteristics of bronze at physical and structural level.

Keywords: Biofield treatment; Bronze; X-ray diffraction; FT-IR; Particle size; SEM
Introduction
Bronze is a metallic alloy, primarily consist of copper and tin in 90:10 ratio, which is also known as "true bronze". Some other elements such as arsenic, phosphorus, aluminium, manganese, and silicon are also blended in bronze to enhance its mechanical properties [1,2]. The variation in elemental composition in bronze significantly affects its mechanical and chemical characteristics [3]. Furthermore, the bronze, primarily exist in FCC (face centred cubic) crystal structure, and the different size of the tin atoms as compared to copper substantially changes this structure, which confers excellent properties. Sidot et al. reported that lattice parameter of FCC bronze unit cell increases with increase in tin content and vice versa [4]. Moreover, the influences of crystallite size on the mechanical properties of metals and alloys have been known for many years. Two scientist Hall and Petch proposed the formula, which demonstrated the inverse relation between yield strength and crystallite size [5]. Nevertheless, bronze is widely utilized in the production of bearing, operating under heavy loads at high speeds. These bearing are used in many rotating parts such as fans, jet engines, automobile parts, industrial equipment, and appliances etc. Beside this, it is also used in filters and decorative paints. Bronze powder is mainly produced via electrolysis process, vapour deposition, and high-energy ball mill method [6]. Further, it is reported that the mechanical properties in bronze can be modulated through various kind of sintering processes [7,8]. In these sintering processes, high temperature and costly equipment setup are required to achieve the desired mechanical properties. After considering of alloy properties and cost aspect, authors wanted to investigate an alternative and economically safe approach that could be beneficial in global application to modify the structural and mechanical properties of bronze powder.

A physicist, William Tiller proposed the existence of a new force related to human body, in addition to four well known fundamental forces of physics: gravitational force, strong force, weak force, and electromagnetic force. Fritz-Albert, a German biophysicist proposed that human physiology shows a high degree of order and stability due to their coherent dynamic states [9-12]. Furthermore, a human has ability to harness the energy from environment/universe and can transmit into any object (living or non-living) around the globe. The objects always receive the energy and responded into useful way and that is called biofield energy. This process is known as biofield treatment. Mahendra Trivedi's biofield treatment has been applied to transform the structural, physical, and chemical properties of various metals and ceramics [13-20]. In material science, this biofield treatment has substantially changed the particle size, surface area and lattice parameters in various ceramic powders such as vanadium pentoxide (V ₂O ₅), zirconium oxide (ZrO ₂), and silicon dioxide (SiO ₂) [18,19]. The biofield treatment has also transformed the characteristics in several other fields like biotechnology [21,22], microbiology [23-25], and in agricultural science [26-28].

Based on the outstanding results achieved by biofield treatment on different materials and considering the industrial significance of bronze powder, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the impact of biofield treatment on physical and structural properties of bronze powder.
Experimental
Bronze powder was procured from Alfa Aesar, USA. The bronze powder sample was divided into two parts, one part was considered as control and another part was subjected to Mr. Trivedi's biofield treatment, referred as treated. The control and treated samples were characterized using x-ray diffraction (XRD), particle size analyzer, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy.
X-ray diffraction study
XRD analysis was carried out on Phillips, Holland PW 1710 X-ray diffractometer system, which had a copper anode with nickel filter. The radiation of wavelength used by the XRD system was 1.54056 Å. The data obtained from this XRD were in the form of a chart of 2θ vs. intensity and a detailed table containing peak intensity counts, d value (Å), peak width (θ°), relative intensity (%) etc. Additionally, PowderX software was used to calculate lattice parameter and unit cell volume.

The crystallite size (G) was calculated by using formula:

G = kλ / (bCosθ),

Here, λ is the wavelength of radiation used and k is the equipment constant (=0.94). However, the percentage change in all parameters such as lattice parameter, unit cell volume and crystallite size was calculated using the following equation:

Percent change in lattice parameter = [(a t-a c)/a c] ×100

Where, a c and a t are lattice parameter value of control and treated powder samples respectively

Percent change in unit cell volume = [(V t-V c)/V c] ×100

Where, V c and V t are the unit cell volume of control and treated powder samples respectively

Percent change in crystallite size = [(G t-G c)/G c] × 100

Where, G c and G t are crystallite size of control and treated powder samples respectively. The XRD analysis was carried out on day 1, 10, 78, 106 and 117 day referred as control, T1, T2, T3, and T4 respectively.
Particle size analysis
For particle size analysis, laser particle size analyzer SYMPATEC HELOS-BF was used, which had a detection range of 0.1-875 μm. The particle size data was collected in the form of a chart of particle size vs. cumulative percentage. Three parameters of particle sizes viz. d ₅₀, d ₉₀, and d ₉₉ (size below which 50%, 90%, and 99% particles are present, respectively) were calculated from the particle size distribution curve. The percent change in particle sizes were calculated using following equation:

Where, (d ₅₀) Control and (d ₅₀) Treated are the particle size, d ₅₀ of control and treated samples respectively. Similarly, the percent change in particle size d ₉₀ and d ₉₉ were calculated. The particle size were evaluated on day 1, 12, 91, 97 and 115 for control, T1, T2, T3, and T4 respectively.
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
In order to study the changes in surface morphology of bronze powder after biofield treatment, the control and treated sample were analyzed on day 20 using SEM, the JEOL JSM-6360 instrument.
FT-IR spectroscopy
To study the impact of biofield treatment at atomic bonding level in bronze powder, the FT-IR analysis was done on Shimadzu, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometer with frequency range of 300- 4000 cm⁻¹. FT-IR analysis was carried out on day 1, day 71 and day 82 for control, T1, and T2, respectively.
Results and Discussion X-ray diffraction study
The XRD results are presented in Table 1. It was observed that the lattice parameter of the unit cell reduced by 0.2%, 0.26%, 0.19%, and 0.07% in treated bronze T1, T2, T3, and T4 respectively, as compared to control. The percent change in lattice parameter is also known as lattice strain. Further, the decreased lattice parameter led to reduce the volume of unit cell by 0.61%, 0.78%, 0.56%, and 0.21% in treated samples T1, T2, T3, and T4 respectively as compared to control (Figure 1). The percent change in lattice parameter and unit cell volume was found maximum on day 78 (T2). In general, when the applied stress is compressive the change in strain is negative while a positive value indicates a tensile stress. Thus, negative strain in all treated bronze sample indicated that a compressive stress was probably acted on treated bronze sample after biofield treatment. It is possible that biofield treatment could be transferred the energy to bronze powder and that may induced milling in the powder. Hence, this high energy milling may lead to persuade the compressive stress and changed the lattice parameter [16-19]. Moreover, the crystallite size was 88.96 nm in control sample, however it was changed to 148.96 nm, 111.30 nm, 44.52 nm, and 148.38 nm in treated samples on day 10 (T1), day 78 (T2), day 106 (T3), and day 117 (T4) respectively. The percent change in crystallite size is presented in Figure 2, it showed that the crystallite size was increased upto 66.79% on day 10, then started to decrease upto 49.96% on day 106 (T3) as compared to control. It is possible that the tin (Sn) atoms might be diffused into copper (Cu) due to biofield energy that may lead to coalescence of grains and increase the crystallite size [7]. Furthermore, the existence of severe lattice strains is evidenced by the change in lattice parameters (Figure 1). The presence of this internal strain may lead to fracture the grains into sub grains and decrease the crystallite size upto day 106 [19]. Moreover, the relation between strength of material and crystallite size is given by Hall-Patch equation as given below:

Where, σ is strength of the material σ ° , is a material constant for the starting stress for dislocation movement, k is the strengthening coefficient, G is crystallite size.

Dybiec et al. reported the material constant, σ ° =58.9 MPa and k=0.3689 MPa m 1/2 for bronze [29]. These parameters were used to calculate the yield strength of control and treated bronze powder. The yield strength of all samples were calculated using equation (1) and percent change in treated bronze powder as compared to control. It was observed that the yield strength was reduced by 9% on day 10 (T1) and then increased upto 16.50% on day 106 (T3), as compared to control, after biofield treatment. Nevertheless, the yield strength was again decreased by 8.99% on day 117 as compared to control. Overall, the graph indicates that bronze showed the higher yield strength in time period of day 82 to day 115 (Figure 3). This variation in yield strength in treated bronze powder could be due to change of crystallite size after biofield treatment as explained by Hall and Petch. The strength of materials can be modulated by changing the crystallite size and this could be due to interactions of dislocations with crystallite boundaries as they move. In this phenomenon, the crystallites boundaries hindered the movement of dislocation gliding along the slip planes and increased the yield strength [30]. It is also reported that the reduction in crystallite size leads to increase the grain boundaries and vice versa. Thus, it is hypothesized that the change in crystallite size after biofield treatment in bronze could alter the yield strength.

Table 1: X-ray diffraction analysis of bronze powder.

Figure 1: Percent change in lattice parameter and unit cell volume in biofield treated bronze as compared to control.

Figure 2: Percent change in crystallite size in biofield treated bronze as compared to control.
Particle size analysis
In order to understand the effect of biofield treatment on particle size, several range i.e. d ₅₀, d ₉₀, and d ₉₉ were calculated and results are presented in Table 2 and Figure 4. It was observed that the particle sizes of d ₅₀, d ₉₀, and d ₉₉ were increased by 5.15, 8.21, 12.17% respectively, as compared to control on day 12. It may be due to agglomeration of finer particles through high energy milling that probably induced by biofield treatment. Furthermore, the d ₅₀, d ₉₀, and d ₉₉ were reduced by 16.24, 18.71, 18.75% respectively, as compared to control on day 91. This can be possible if coarser particles get fracture to smaller particle size. Further, on day 97 the particle size of d ₅₀, d ₉₀, and d ₉₉ were reduced by 18.22, 12.89, and 11.95% respectively as compared to control. In addition, particle sizes of d ₅₀, d ₉₀, and d ₉₉ were also reduced by 13.47, 8.78, and 9.96% respectively on day 115, as compared to control. Overall, the graph showed that particle of each size i.e. finer to coarser, were reduced as increase in number of days after biofield treatment (Figure 4). It is well known that the bronze powder particles are polycrystalline i.e. it consist of many grains. In polycrystalline particles, crystallite boundaries are the structural weak points [16,17]. Hence, it is hypothesized that these weak boundaries may fracture under stress and reduced particle size.

d ₅₀, d ₉₀, and d ₉₉, size below which 50%, 90%, and 99% particles are present, respectively

Table 2: Particle size analysis of bronze powder.

Figure 3: Percent change in yield strength of biofield treated bronze as compared to control.

Figure 4: Percent change in particle size in biofield treated bronze as compared to control.

Figure 5: The SEM images of (a) control and (b) treated bronze powder.
SEM analysis
The SEM images of control and treated bronze samples at magnification of 500x are shown in Figure 5. The diffusion welded and agglomerated particles were observed in control bronze with size range of 1-100 μm. However, in treated bronze powder, fractured surface morphology along with satellites and intra-particle boundaries were observed. Furthermore, the treated bronze particles were in the size range of 1-75 μm. It indicates that the coarser particles may fracture into finer after biofield treatment that possibly reduces the particle size [17]. Furthermore, in order to study the bronze powder at atomic bonding level, samples were analyzed using FT-IR.
FT-IR spectroscopy
FT-IR spectrum of control and treated bronze samples are shown in Figures 6-8. In all these spectra, absorption bands in region of range 4000-300 cm⁻¹ were observed. The FT-IR spectra showed an absorption peak at wavenumber 1541 cm⁻¹ (Control and T1) and 1550 cm⁻¹ (T2), which characterized the O-H bending. However, the bands at wavenumber 3734 cm⁻¹ (control and T1) and 3749 cm⁻¹ (T2) were assigned to O-H stretching vibration that may be due to moisture absorption by samples [31,32]. Furthermore, the peak at 648 cm⁻¹(control) and 650 cm⁻¹ (T1), and 663 cm⁻¹ (T2) can be attributed to Sn-O stretching vibrations [32]. This indicates that wavenumber shifted toward higher side, after biofield treatment, which could be due to alteration in Sn-O bond strength. Besides this, the IR spectra of treated (T2) showed three new peaks at wavenumber 464 cm⁻¹, 736 cm⁻¹, and 835 cm⁻¹ (Figure 8). The peaks at 736 cm⁻¹, and 835 cm⁻¹ can be attributed to Cu-O-H bending mode, whereas the emergence of peak at 464 cm⁻¹ could be due to Cu-O vibrations [33,34]. Thus, it is presumed that biofield treatment may be acting at atomic bonding level to cause these modifications.

Figure 6: FT-IR spectrum of control bronze powder.

Figure 7: FT-IR spectrum of biofield treated bronze powder (T1).

Figure 8: FT-IR spectrum of biofield treated bronze powder (T2).
Conclusion
In summary, the biofield treatment has significantly altered the lattice strain, crystallite size, particle size and surface morphology in bronze powder as compared to control. XRD data revealed that the unit cell volume was reduced upto 0.78% as compared to control. This could be due to compressive stress generated during high energy milling through biofield treatment. Besides this, the reduction in crystallite size upto 49.9% may lead to increase the mechanical strength of the bronze powder after biofield treatment. In addition, biofield treatment has significantly reduced the particle size upto 18.22% in bronze powder as compared to control. SEM data showed fractured surfaces in treated sample whereas welded particles were observed in control sample. Furthermore, the FT-IR analysis data suggest that there were three new peaks at 464 cm⁻¹, 736 cm⁻¹, and 835 cm⁻¹ found in treated bronze as compared to control; indicated that there might be an alteration of bond properties in bronze after biofield treatment. Overall, the biofield treatment has substantially altered the characteristics of bronze at physical and structural level. Thus, it is postulated that the biofield treated bronze powder could be more useful in bearing and gear applications in automobiles.
Acknowledgement
We thank Dr. Cheng Dong of NLSC, Institute of Physics, and Chinese academy of Sciences for supporting in using PowderX software for analyzing X-ray Diffraction data.
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Physical & Structural Properties of Bronze Powder

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Trivedi MK, Nayak G, Patil S, Tallapragada RM, Latiyal O and Jana S* DOI: 10.4172/2167-7670.1000119 ISSN: 2167-7670 Citation Trivedi MK, Nayak G, Patil S, Tallapragada RM, Latiyal O, et al. (2015) Evaluation of Biofield Treatment on Physical and Structural Properties of Bronze Powder. Adv Automob Eng 4: 119.

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			Biofield Treatment Potential Impact on Stainless Steel Powder
		
	

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			Biofield Treatment Potential Impact on Stainless Steel Powder
		
	

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Stainless steel is known for high resistance to corrosion and staining. It primarily consists of iron, nickel, chromium and molybdenum. Mr. Trivedi's and Team investigate the effect of biofield treatment on structural, physical and mechanical properties of SS powder.

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Applied Mechanical Engineering
Received July 07, 2015; Accepted July 20, 2015; Published July 25, 2015

Trivedi MK, Nayak G, Patil S, Tallapragada RM, Latiyal O, et al. (2015) The Potential Impact of Biofield Treatment on Physical, Structural and Mechanical Properties of Stainless Steel Powder. J Appl Mech Eng 4: 173. doi:10.4172/2168-9873.1000173

The Potential Impact of Biofield Treatment on Physical, Structural and Mechanical Properties of Stainless Steel Powder

Manuscript Link:
http://www.omicsgroup.org/journals/the-potential-impact-of-biofield-treatment-on-physical-structural-and-mechanical-properties-of-stainless-steel-powder-2168-9873-1000173.pdf

Stainless steel (SS) has gained extensive attention due to its high corrosion resistance, low maintenance, familiar lustre, and superior mechanical properties. In SS, the mechanical properties are closely related with crystal structure, crystallite size, and lattice strain. The aim of present study was to evaluate the effect of biofield treatment on structural, physical and mechanical properties of SS powder. SS (Grade-SUS316L) powder was divided into two parts denoted as control and treatment. The treatment part was received Mr. Trivedi's biofield treatment. Control and treated SS samples were characterized using particle size analyzer, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. Result showed that biofield treatment has significantly reduced the particle size d ₁₀, d ₅₀, d ₉₀, and d ₉₉ (size, below which 10, 50, 90, and 99% particles were present, respectively) of SS powder up to 7.42, 12.93, 30.23, and 41.38% respectively, as compared to control. XRD result showed that the unit cell volume of SS was altered after biofield treatment. Moreover, crystallite size was significantly reduced upto 70% in treated SS as compared to control. The yield strength calculated using Hall-Petch equation, was significantly increased upto 216.5% in treated SS, as compared to control. This could be due to significant reduction of crystallite size in treated SS after biofield treatment. In FT-IR spectra, intensity of the absorption peak at wavenumber 1107 cm-1 (control) attributing to Fe-O-H bond was diminished in case of treated SS. These findings suggest that biofield treatment has substantially altered the structural, physical and mechanical properties of treated SS powder.

Keywords: Biofield treatment; Austenitic stainless steel; X-ray diffraction; FT-IR; SUS316L
Introduction
Stainless steel (SS), invented in the beginning of the 20 th century, is known for high resistance to corrosion and staining. It primarily consists of iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr) and molybdenum (Mo). Based on microstructure, SS is classified into three categories: austenitic, ferritic, and martensitic. The austenitic SS is mainly responsible for corrosion resistance properties and nonmagnetic behaviour. It exist in the form of face centred cubic (FCC) crystal structure with nickel (12-15 wt.%), chromium (16-18 wt.%). Due to high content of Cr, it is suitable for high corrosion resistance applications [1]. Beside this, the superior mechanical properties of austenitic SS is very useful for nuclear fuel clad tubes and fuel assembly [2]. Nano crystalline austenitic SS is mainly consist of large volume fraction of crystallite and crystallite boundaries, which significantly alters their physical and mechanical properties [3]. Further, it is well known fact that the crystallite size of metals are inversely proportional to its yield strength and hardness [4]. Additionally, the mechanical properties of austenitic SS strongly depends on the chemical composition and lattice strain i.e. higher the lattice strain, higher is yield strength. Thus, it is possible to change the mechanical properties of metals by modulating the crystallite size and lattice strain. Currently, in steel industries, mechanical properties of austenitic SS are mainly controlled through various heat treatment process such as annealing, normalizing and quenching etc [5-7]. In heat treatment process, crystallite refinement is strongly required by steel industries in order to increase the strength of material [8]. Furthermore, the heat treatment processes require costly equipment set up and high power supply, to modulate the mechanical properties. Due to this, it becomes important to study an alternative and economically safe approach that could be utilized to modify the physical and structural properties of SS powder.

Recently, several researchers have reported that human body functions as macroscopic quantum system [9-13]. The famous Physicist Feyman had explained the scientific aspects behind quantum biology using quantum-electrodynamics and quantum-chromo dynamics [14]. In other words, each quantum system consists of quantum-domains that have some oscillators within, which generate the potential field. Due to this, a human has ability to harness the energy from environment/universe and can transmit into any object (living or nonliving) around the Globe. The object(s) always receive the energy and responded into useful way that is called biofield energy. This process is known as biofield treatment.

Mr. Trivedi's biofield treatment has known to alter the characteristics in various things at atomic, molecular and physical level in many fields such as material science [15-22], microbiology [23-25], biotechnology [26,27] and agriculture [28-30]. The biofield treatment has also shown significant results in graphite carbon, for instance, the unit cell volume was decrease by 1% and crystallite size was increased by 100% after treatment [16]. In the present study, we evaluated for the first time, an impact of biofield treatment on physical, structural and mechanical properties SS powder.
Experimental
The SS powder (Grade-SUS316L) was purchased from Alfa Aesar, USA. The sample was equally divided into two parts, considered as control and treated. Treated group was in sealed pack and handed over to Mr. Trivedi for biofield treatment under laboratory condition. Mr. Trivedi provided the treatment through his energy transmission process to the treated group without touching the sample. The control and treated samples were characterized using X-ray Diffraction (XRD), surface area analyzer, and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy.
Particle size analysis
For particle size analysis, laser particle size analyzer SYMPATEC HELOS-BF was used, which had a detection range of 0.1-875 μm. The particle size data was collected in the form of a chart of particle size vs. cumulative percentage. Four parameters of particle sizes viz. d ₁₀, d ₅₀, d ₉₀, and d ₉₉ (size below which 10%, 50%, 90%, and 99% particles are present, respectively) were calculated from the particle size distribution curve. The percent change in particle size were calculated using following equation:

Where, (d ₁₀) Control and (d10) Control Treated are the particle size, d ₁₀ of control and treated samples respectively. Similarly, the percent change in particle size d ₅₀, d ₉₀ and d ₉₉ were calculated. For particle size analysis treated part was divided into four parts, referred as T1, T2, T3, and T4.
X-ray diffraction study
XRD analysis was carried out on Phillips, Holland PW 1710 X-ray diffractometer system, which had a copper anode with nickel filter. The radiation of wavelength used by the XRD system was 1.54056 Å. The data obtained from this XRD were in the form of a chart of 2θ vs. intensity and a detailed table containing peak intensity counts, d value (Å), peak width (θ ⁰), relative intensity (%) etc. Additionally, PowderX software was used to calculate lattice parameter and unit cell volume.

The crystallite size (G) was calculated by using formula:

G=kλ/(bCosθ),

Here, λ is the wavelength of radiation used and k is the equipment constant (=0.94). However, the percentage change in all parameters such as lattice parameter, unit cell volume and crystallite size was calculated using the following equation:

Percent change in lattice parameter=[(a t-a c)/a c]×100

Where, a c and a t are lattice parameter value of control and treated powder samples respectively

Percent change in unit cell volume=[(V t-V c)/V c]×100

Where, V c and V t are the unit cell volume of control and treated powder samples respectively

Percent change in crystallite size=[(G t-G c)/G c]×100

Where, G c and G t are crystallite size of control and treated powder samples respectively. XRD analysis was carried out for control, T1, T3, and T4.
FT-IR Spectroscopy
To study the impact of biofield treatment at atomic bonding level in SS the FT-IR analysis was carried out using Shimadzu, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometer with frequency range of 300-4000 cm⁻¹. FT-IR analysis was carried out for control and T1.
Results and Discussion Particle size analysis
Particle size analysis result of SS powder are presented in Table 1, Figures 1 and 2. In order to study the effect of biofield treatment on various sizes of particles, four kind of particle size (d ₁₀, d ₅₀, d ₉₀, and d ₉₉) were analyzed. Data result showed that smaller particle size d ₁₀, was reduced from 18.58 μm (control) to 17.74, 17.36, 17.20, and 17.55 μm in T1, T2, T3, and T4 respectively (Table 1). It indicates that d ₁₀ was reduced up to 7.42% (T3) as compared to control (Figure 1). Medium particle size, d ₅₀ was reduced from 44.15 μm (control) to 39.64, 38.53, 38.44, and 38.65 μm in treated T1, T2, T3 and T4 respectively. It suggests that average particle size, d ₅₀ was reduced up to 12.93% (T3) as compared to control. Further, large particle size, d ₉₀ was decreased from 93.61 μm (control) to 68.80, 65.99, 65.95, and 65.31 μm in T1, T2, T3, and T4 respectively. Data showed that d ₉₀ was significantly reduced upto 30.23% (T4), as compared to control. In addition, larger particle size d ₉₉ was reduced from 152 μm (control) to 99.15, 95.47, 94.93, and 89.11 μm in T1, T2, T3, and T4 respectively. It suggests that d ₉₉ was substantially reduced upto 41.38% (T4), as compared to control (Figure 2). Overall, the particle size result indicates that particles of each size i.e. d ₁₀, d ₅₀, d ₉₀, and d ₉₉ were reduced in all treated samples T1, T2, T3, and T4. It could be due to breaking down of all kind of powder particles into smaller particles. It is assumed that an energy might be transferred to SS powder through biofield treatment. This energy might induce milling in SS powder and that resulted into breaking down of large particles to smaller [16-18]. Furthermore, average percent changes in particle size are illustrated in Figure 3. It was found that average of percent change in particle sizes d ₁₀, d ₅₀, d ₉₀, and d ₉₉ were reduced by 6.01, 12.08, 28.9, 37.7%, respectively, as compared to control in treated SS powder. Similar results of particle size reduction in titanium and antimony had been reported by our group in previous studies [15,17].

T1, T2, T3, and T4 are biofield treated stainless steel samples.
d ₁₀, d ₅₀, d ₉₀, and d ₉₉ are the sizes below which 10%, 50%, 90%, and 99% particles are present, respectively.

Table 1: Particle size of stainless steel (SS) powder.

Figure 1: Effect of biofield treatment on percent change in particle size d ₁₀ and d ₅₀ of stainless steel powder.

Figure 2: Effect of biofield treatment on percent change in particle size d ₉₀ and d ₉₉
Figure 3: Effect of biofield treatment on percent change of particle sizes of stainless steel powder with respect of control.
X-ray diffraction (XRD)
XRD results of control and treated SS samples are depicted in Figures 4-6. It was found that the lattice parameter of unit cell slightly altered in biofield treated samples (T1:-0.02%, T2: 0.05%, T3: 0.04%) as compared to control. This change in lattice parameter led to alter the unit cell volume slightly by -0.06%, 0.13%, and 0.12% in treated T1, T3, and T4 respectively as compared to control (Figure 4). It indicates that both kind of stress (compressive and tensile) might present in treated SS powder, after biofield treatment [15,16]. Thus, it is hypothesised that the high-energy milling induced through biofield treatment may lead to generate tensile and compressive stress in SS powder that resulted into alteration of lattice parameter and unit cell volume. Besides this, the crystallite size was computed using Scherrer formula is presented in Figure 5. It was found that crystallite size was 148.44 nm in control, whereas crystallite size of treated samples was 74.2, 44.53, and 63.61 nm in T1, T3 and T4, respectively. It indicates that crystallite size was significantly reduced by 50, 70, and 57.15% in treated T1, T3 and T4 respectively, as compared to control (Figure 6). The existence of severe lattice strains are evidenced by the change in lattice parameters (Figure 4). Thus, it is assumed that presence of these internal strain may leads to fracture the grains into sub grains and decrease the crystallite size [21]. On the other hand, the relation between strength of material and crystallite size is given by Hall-Patch equation as given below:

Where, σ is strength of the material, σ o is a material constant for the starting stress for dislocation movement, k is the strengthening coefficient, G is crystallite size.

Singh et al. reported the k=575 MPa μm 1/2, σ o=150 MPa for true strain less than 0.02 [31]. Yield strength was computed using these constants and results are shown in Figures 7 and 8. It was found that yield strength of 2086.8 Mpa in control, which increased to 4024.6, 6606.3, and 4669.7 MPa in treated SS samples T1, T3 and T4, respectively. This indicates that the yield strength was significantly enhanced by 92.86, 216.5, and 123.7% in treated SS samples T1, T3, and T4 respectively as compared to control. It is already reported that the strength of materials can be modulated by changing the crystallite size. The decrease in crystallite size in treated SS powder results into increase the crystallite boundaries. Thus, higher crystallite boundaries in treated SS powder hindered the dislocation movement gliding along the slip planes and thereby increased yield strength [4]. Thus, it is postulated that biofield treated SS powder could be more useful in automobile parts and nuclear reactor applications.
FT-IR spectroscopy
FT-IR spectrum of control and treated SS powder are shown in Figure 9. The absorption peaks observed at wavenumber 3786 and 1606 cm⁻¹ (control) and 3759, 3450, and 1542 cm⁻¹ (treated) were assigned to bonding vibration of water molecules due to moisture absorption by sample. Another peak observed at wavenumber 506 cm⁻¹ in control and treated SS sample were due to Cr-O bond vibrations [32]. Peak found at wavenumber 1107 cm⁻¹ (control) attributed to Fe-O-H bond vibrations, was completely diminished in treated SS. It may be due to alteration in F-O-H bond at atomic level through biofield treatment [32]. Thus, it is hypothesized that biofield treatment may be acting at atomic level to cause these alteration.
Conclusion
In summary, the biofield treatment has significantly reduced the particle size and crystallite size in SS powder. Average particle size was reduced upto 12.93% in treated SS powder as compared to control. In addition, the reduction in crystallite size upto 70% after biofield treatment led to increase in yield strength by 216.57% as compared to control (Hall-Petch effect). This could be due to increase in crystallite boundaries after biofield treatment, which hindered the dislocation movement and thereby increased yield strength. FT-IR spectra showed peak at wavenumber 1107 cm⁻¹ in control, which assigned to Fe-O-H was significantly reduced in treated SS. It might be due to alteration of bond properties in treated SS after biofield treatment. Based on these promising results, it is expected that biofield treatment could be applied to improve the mechanical properties of SS powder for nuclear reactor, appliances, and automobile.
Acknowledgement
Authors gratefully acknowledged to Dr. Cheng Dong of NLSC, Institute of Physics, and Chinese academy of Sciences for providing the facilities to use PowderX software for analyzing XRD data.
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21. Trivedi MK, Patil S, Tallapragada RM (2014) Atomic, crystalline and powder characteristics of treated zirconia and silica powders. J Material Sci Eng 3: 144.
22. Trivedi MK, Patil S, Tallapragada RM (2015) Effect of biofield treatment on the physical and thermal characteristics of aluminium powders. Ind Eng Manage 4: 151.
23. Trivedi MK, Patil S, Bhardwaj Y (2008) Impact of an external energy on Staphylococcus epidermis [ATCC -13518] in relation to antibiotic susceptibility and biochemical reactions - An experimental study. J Accord Integr Med 4: 230-235.
24. Trivedi MK, Patil S (2008) Impact of an external energy on Yersinia enterocolitica [ATCC -23715] in relation to antibiotic susceptibility and biochemical reactions: An experimental study. Internet J Alternat Med 6.
25. Trivedi MK, Patil S, Bhardwaj Y (2009) Impact of an external energy on Enterococcus faecalis [ATCC - 51299] in relation to antibiotic susceptibility and biochemical reactions - An experimental study. J Accord Integr Med 5: 119-130.
26. Patil S, Nayak GB, Barve SS, Tembe RP, Khan RR (2012) Impact of biofield treatment on growth and anatomical characteristics of Pogostemon cablin (Benth.). Biotechnology 11: 154-162.
27. Altekar N, Nayak G (2015) Effect of biofield treatment on plant growth and adaptation. J Environ Health Sci 1: 1-9.
28. Shinde V, Sances F, Patil S, Spence A (2012) Impact of biofield treatment on growth and yield of lettuce and tomato. Aust J Basic Appl Sci 6: 100-105.
29. Lenssen AW (2013) Biofield and fungicide seed treatment influences on soybean productivity, seed quality and weed community. Agricultural Journal 8: 138-143.
30. Sances F, Flora E, Patil S, Spence A, Shinde V (2013) Impact of biofield treatment on ginseng and organic blueberry yield. Agrivita J Agric Sci 35.
31. Singh KK, Sangal S, Murty GS (2002) Hall-Petch behaviour of 316L austenitic stainless steel at room temperature. Mater Sci Technol 18: 165-172.
32. Junqueira RMR, Loureiro CRDO, Andrade MS, Buono VTL (2008) Characterization of interference thin films grown on stainless steel surface by alternate pulse current in a sulphochromic solution. Mat Res 114: 421-426.
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physical properties of stainless steel powder

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structural properties of stainless steel powder

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Stainless Steel Powder | Physical and Structural Properties

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Applied Mechanical Engineering Received July 07, 2015; Accepted July 20, 2015; Published July 25, 2015 Trivedi MK, Nayak G, Patil S, Tallapragada RM, Latiyal O, et al. (2015) The Potential Impact of Biofield Treatment on Physical, Structural and Mechanical Properties of Stainless Steel Powder. J Appl Mech Eng 4: 173.

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			Biofield Energy Treatment Impact on Cadmium Powder
		
	

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			Biofield Energy Treatment Impact on Cadmium Powder
		
	

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Cadmium is a natural element in the earth's crust. It is a soft, malleable, bluish white metal found in zinc ores. Present study investigates the impact of biofield treatment on atomic, thermal, and physical properties of cadmium powder.

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Mahendra Kumar Trivedi, Gopal Nayak , Shrikant Patil , Rama Mohan Tallapragada , Omprakash Latiyal , and Snehasis Jana

DOI: 10.4172/2157-7544.1000147 ISSN: 2157-7544
Citation
Trivedi MK, Nayak G, Patil S, Tallapragada RM, Latiyal O et al.(2015) An Evaluation of Biofield Treatment on Thermal, Physical and Structural Properties of Cadmium Powder. J Thermodyn Catal 6: 147. doi:10.4172/2157-7544.1000147
Abstract
Cadmium is widely utilized in nickel-cadmium batteries, stabilizers, and coating applications due to its versatile physico-chemical properties. The aim of present study was to evaluate the impact of biofield treatment on atomic, thermal, and physical properties of cadmium powder. The cadmium powder was divided into two groups, one group as control and another group as treated. The treated group received Mr. Trivedi's biofield treatment. Control and treated samples were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), particle size analyzer, surface area analyzer, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). XRD results showed significant alteration in lattice parameter, unit cell volume, densities, nuclear charge per unit volume, and atomic weight in treated cadmium powder as compared to control. Furthermore, crystallite size was significantly reduced upto 66.69% in treated cadmium as compared to control. DSC analysis results showed that the latent heat of fusion of the treated cadmium powder was considerably reduced by 16.45% as compared to control. Particle size data revealed that average particle size (d ₅₀) of treated cadmium powder was significantly reduced by 47.79 % as compared to the control. In addition, the surface area of treated cadmium powder was substantially enhanced by 156.36% as compared to control. Surface morphology observed by SEM showed the more facets and fractured surface with satellite boundaries in treated cadmium powder as compared to control. These findings suggest that biofield treatment has significantly altered the atomic, thermal and physical properties of cadmium.

Keywords: Biofield treatment; Cadmium; X-ray diffraction; Differential scanning calorimetry; Particle size; Surface area; Scanning electron microscopy
Introduction
Cadmium (Cd) element belongs to group IIB in the Periodic Table, which originally exists in Hexagonal Closed Packing (HCP) crystal structure. Cadmium is widely used in battery, predominantly in rechargeable nickel-cadmium batteries as anode, stabilizers, coating applications etc. Higher specific surface area of a material plays an important role in many applications including battery electrodes, catalyst supports, and energy storage devices [1]. The increase in surface area of the electrodes in batteries leads to improve the cell current density and thus, deliver more power [2]. Besides that, in industries, high surface area is achieved via various methods such as ball milling, and laser-assisted chemical vapour deposition, etc [3-5]. Nevertheless, these processes require complex and expensive methods that can limit the application of these materials. Thus, researchers have investigated alternative ways to increase the surface area. After considering of cadmium properties and cost aspect, the authors wanted to investigate an alternative and economically viable approach that could be beneficial to modify the atomic, structural, and thermal properties of powder. The law of mass-energy inter-conversion has existed in the literature for more than 300 years for which first idea was given by Hasenohrl, after that Einstein derived the well-known equation E=mc ² for light and mass [6,7]. However the conversion of mass into energy is fully verified, but the inverse of this relation, i.e. energy into mass has not yet verified scientifically. Furthermore, the energy exists in various forms such as kinetic, potential, electrical, magnetic, and nuclear, etc. Similarly, human nervous system consists of neurons, which have the ability to transmit information in the form of electrical signals [8-10]. Thus, a human has ability to harness the energy from environment/ universe and it can transmit into any object (living or non-living) on the Globe. The object always receives the energy and responded into useful way and that is called biofield energy. This process is known as biofield treatment. Mr. Trivedi's biofield treatment (The Trivedi effect) has known to transform the characteristics in various fields such as material science [11-14], microbiology [15-17], biotechnology [18,19], and agriculture [20-22]. In metals and ceramics the biofield treatment has shown the excellent results in physical, thermal, and atomic level. In addition, the biofield treatment had increased the particle size by six folds and enhanced the crystallite size by two folds in zinc powder [11]. Based on the outstanding result achieved by biofield treatment on metals and ceramics, an attempt was made to evaluate the effect of biofield treatment on at atomic, thermal and structural properties of cadmium powder.
Experimental
Cadmium powder used in present investigation was procured from Alpha Aesar, USA. The cadmium powder sample was divided into two parts, referred as control and treated. The treated part was received Mr. Trivedi's biofield treatment. Control and treated samples were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), particle size analyzer, surface area analyzer, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
X-ray diffraction analysis
XRD analysis of control and treated cadmium powder was performed using Phillips, Holland PW 1710 XRD diffractometer, which had a copper anode with nickel filter. The wavelength of X-ray radiation used was 1.54056 Å. Data obtained from the XRD was in chart form of intensity vs. 2θ°, with a detailed table containing d value (Å), number of peaks, peak width 2θ°, peak count, relative intensity of peaks, etc. Further, lattice parameter and unit cell volume were computed using PowderX software.
Crystallite size=k λ/ b Cosθ.
Where, λ is the wavelength of x-ray (=1.54056 Å) and k is the equipment constant (=0.94).

Besides, the percent change in the lattice parameter was calculated using following equation:

Where A Control and A Treated are the lattice parameter of treated and control samples respectively. Similarly, the percent change in all other parameters such as unit cell volume, density, atomic weight, nuclear charge per unit volume, crystallite size was calculated. For XRD analysis treated sample was divided into four parts referred as T1, T2, T3 and T4.
Thermal analysis
For thermal analysis, Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC) of Perkin Elmer/Pyris-1, USA with a heating rate of 10°C/min and nitrogen flow of 5 ml/min was used. Melting point and latent heat of fusion were obtained from the DSC curve.

Percent change in melting point was calculated using following equations:

Where, T Control and T Treated are the melting point of control and treated samples, respectively.

Percent change in latent heat of fusion was calculated using following equations:

Where, ΔH Control and ΔH Treated are the latent heat of fusion of control and treated samples, respectively.
Particle size and surface area analysis
Laser particle size analyzer, Sympatec HELOS-BF was used to determine the particle size distribution, which had a detection range of 0.1-875 μm. The data obtained from the instrument was in the form of a chart of cumulative percentage vs. particle size. Average particle size d ₅₀ and d ₉₉ (size below which 99% particle are present) were computed from particle size distribution curve. Percent change in particle size was calculated using following equations:

Where, (d ₅₀) Control and (d ₅₀) Treated are the particle size, d ₅₀ of control and treated samples respectively. Similarly, the percent change in particle size d ₉₉ was calculated.

The surface area was measured by the Surface area analyser, Smart SORB 90 based on Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), which had a detection range of 0.2-1000 m ²/g. Percent change in surface area was calculated using following equations:

Where, S Control and S Treated are the surface area of control and treated samples respectively.
Scanning electron microscopy
Structure and surface morphology are the unique properties of powder. Thus, control and treated cadmium samples were observed using JEOL JSM-6360 SEM instrument at 500X magnification. Differences in the tendency of the particles to aggregate were easily seen at the lower magnifications, while variations in size and morphology become clearer at higher magnification [23].
Results and discussion X-ray diffraction analysis
XRD analysis results of cadmium powder is illustrated in Table 1 and Figures 1-3. Data showed that the lattice parameter in cadmium was increased by 0.05, 0.20, 0.36 and 0.26% in T1, T2, T3, and T4 sample respectively, as compared to control. This lead to increase the unit cell volume by 0.10, 0.41, 0.73, and 0.53% in T1, T2, T3, and T4 sample respectively, as compared to control. Moreover, this increase in unit cell volume led to reduce the density by 0.10, 0.41, 0.72 and 0.53% in T1, T2, T3, and T4 respectively, as compared to control. Thus, the increased in unit cell volume and decreased in density in treated cadmium indicates that tensile stress may be applied through biofield treatment on cadmium powder [24]. Sirdeshmukh et al. reported that lattice strain was generated in cadmium-telluride powder after grinding and milling the powder for different durations [25]. Hence, it is assumed that an energy milling might be induced through biofield treatment, which probably provided the high stress and that might be responsible for internal strain in treated cadmium. Furthermore, the atomic weight was increased in cadmium powder by 0.10, 0.41, 0.73 and 0.53 % in T1, T2, T3, and T4 respectively, as compared to control (Figure 1). Besides, nuclear charge per unit volume was decreased by 0.15, 0.61, -1.09, and 0.79% in T1, T2, T3, and T4 respectively, as compared to control (Figure 2). It is possible that the tensile stress induced through energy milling over unit cell may lead to move away the electron cloud from their original position [26]. This may be resulted into increase in atomic size (volume of the atom) and reduced nuclear charge per unit volume in treated cadmium. On the other hand, the increased atomic weight and decreased nuclear charge per unit volume suggest that the proton to neutron ratio may alter in treated cadmium powder. Thus, it is postulated that a weak reversible reaction may be induced through biofield treatment, which includes proton-neutron and neutrinos and that possibly resultant into alteration of neutron to proton ratio [24]. In addition, the crystallite size was changed from 143.41 nm (control) to 143.39, 86.03, 47.77, and 143.22nm in T1, T2, T3, and T4 samples, respectively (Figure 3). It indicates that no significant change in crystallite size was found in T1 and T4 sample, but it was significantly reduced in T2 and T3 sample by 50.01 and 66.69% respectively, as compared to control. It is hypothesized that high volumetric strain observed in cadmium unit cell which may deformed the crystallite, which further led to subgrain formation and reduced crystallite size. Thus, XRD data revealed that biofield treatment has significantly changed the atomic and structural properties of cadmium powder.

T1, T2, T3 and T4: Treated group

Table 1: X-ray diffraction analysis of cadmium powder.
Thermal analysis
Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to determine the latent heat of fusion and melting point in cadmium samples, and the results are presented in Table 2 and Figure 4. In a solid, substantial amount of interaction force exists in atomic bonds to hold the atoms at their positions. Latent heat of fusion is defined as the energy required to overcome this interaction force to change the phase and it is stored as potential energy of atoms. However, melting point is related to kinetic energy of the atoms [27]. Based on the XRD result, DSC was carried out for control, T1, T2 and T3 samples. Data showed that latent heat of fusion was changed from 48.8 J/g (control) to 47.08, 49.81, and 40.77 J/g in T1, T2, and T3 sample respectively, as compared to control. It indicates that latent heat of fusion was decreased by 3.5 and 16.45% in T1 and T3 sample, respectively as compared to control. On the contrary the latent heat of fusion was slightly increased by 2.06 % in treated T2 as compared to control (Figure 4). Our group has previously reported that biofield treatment has reduced the latent heat of fusion in lead powder [28]. The reduction of latent heat of fusion after biofield treatment indicates that treated cadmium sample might have some extra potential energy as compared to control. Thus, it is postulated that, biofield treatment might have transferred energy to cadmium powder, which stored as potential energy of atoms. Due to the presence to extra potential energy in treated cadmium atoms, it may require less (as compared to control) amount of heat to change the phase from solid to liquid and reduced latent heat of fusion. Furthermore, data showed that melting point of cadmium was 322.22, 323.07, 322.39, and 322.74°C in control, T1, T2, and T3 respectively. This data suggest that no significant change was found in melting point of treated cadmium powder, as compared to control. It indicates that the thermal vibrations and kinetic energy of the atoms may not be affected through biofield treatment Therefore, it is expected that energy transferred through biofield treatment probably stored as potential energy rather than kinetic energy in treated cadmium powder. Hence, DSC data suggest that biofield treatment has altered the thermal properties of cadmium powder.

Figure 1: Effect of biofield treatment on lattice parameter, unit cell volume and atomic weight of cadmium powder. Figure 2: Effect of biofield treatment on nuclear charge per unit volume and density of cadmium powder. Figure 3: Effect of biofield treatment on crystalline size of treated cadmium powder. Figure 4: Effect of biofield treatment on latent heat of fusion of cadmium powder.

T1, T2, T3: Treated group

Table 2: Thermal properties of cadmium powder.

Table 3: Particle size and surface area of cadmium powder.
Particle size and surface area analysis
Particle size and surface area result of cadmium powder powder are presented in Table 3 and Figure 5. Data showed that the average particle size, d ₅₀ was significantly reduced from 70.3 μm (control) to 36.7 μm in treated cadmium powder. Particle size, d ₉₉ was reduced from 204.7 μm (control) to 121.3 μm. It indicates that d ₅₀ and d ₉₉ were reduced by 47.79 and 40.7% respectively in treated cadmium powder as compared to control. This could be due to fragmentation of larger particles into smaller particles. However, in order to break the particles, a sufficient amount of stress energy is required that depends upon the size of the particles i.e. the smaller the particles, larger the energy needed [29,30]. Thus, it is assumed that this required stress energy might be provided to cadmium particles during energy milling through biofield treatment [31]. Moreover, the significant decrease in particles size of treated cadmium powder possibly resulted in an increase in surface area by 156.36% as compared to control. Similar results of particle size reduction in titanium and antimony had been reported by our group in previous studies [11,12]. Moreover, in nickelcadmium batteries, cadmium is used as negative electrode plate, which oxidised and release electrons during discharging, thus reduction in particle size of cadmium powder after biofield treatment may increases the specific energy of batteries [32, 33] Furthermore, Iden et al reported that increase in surface area improves the kinetics of electrochemical reactions in batteries [34]. Thus, it is assumed that biofield treated cadmium could be more useful in electrochemical application as compared to control.
Scanning electron microscopy
Figure 6 shows the SEM micrographs of control and treated cadmium powder. The micrograph showed spherical shaped particles in control and treated cadmium powder. Particles were in the size range of 1-40 μm and 1-30 μm in control and treated cadmium powder, respectively. It indicates that coarse cadmium particles might be breakdown into finer and that led to reduced particle size. Besides, large number of facets were observed over the surface of treated cadmium particles, as compared to control. It could be due to energy milling through biofield treatment. In addition, satellite boundaries were observed in control and treated cadmium powder and fractured surface were found after biofield treatment.

Figure 5: Effect of biofield treatment on particle size d50, d99 and surface area on cadmium powder (T1).

Figure 6: SEM micrographs of cadmium powder at 500x (a) control (b) treated (T1).
Conclusion
In summary, XRD results showed that crystallite size was decreased by 66.69% in treated cadmium as compared to control that might be due to subgrain formation inside the crystallites through high internal strain. Thermal analysis data revealed that the latent heat of fusion was reduced by 16.45% in treated cadmium as compared to control. It is hypothesized that energy might be transferred through biofield treatment to cadmium atoms and stored in metal as potential energy. Thus, higher potential energy in treated cadmium led to reduced latent heat of fusion. Besides, average particle size was significantly reduced in treated cadmium by 47.7%, as compared to control, which resulted into increase surface area upto 156.36 % after biofield treatment. Moreover, the cadmium with smaller particle size, and high surface area in electrode could improve the kinetics of electrochemical reactions. Therefore it is assumed that biofield treated cadmium could be more useful in nickel-cadmium batteries in electrochemical industries.
Acknowledgement
The authors gratefully acknowledge to Dr. Cheng Dong of NLSC, Institute of Physics and Chinese academy of sciences for providing the facilities to use PowderX software for analyzing XRD results.

The generous support of Trivedi Science, Trivedi Master Wellness and Trivedi Testimonials is gratefully acknowledged.
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12.Dhabade VV, Tallapragada RM, Trivedi MK (2009) Effect of external energy on atomic, crystalline and powder characteristics of antimony and bismuth powders. Bull Mater Sci 32: 471-479.
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14.Trivedi MK, Patil S, Tallapragada RM (2015) Effect of biofield treatment on the physical and thermal characteristics of aluminium powders. Ind Eng Manage 4: 151.
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16.Trivedi MK, Patil S (2008) Impact of an external energy on Yersinia enterocolitica [ATCC -23715] in relation to antibiotic susceptibility and biochemical reactions: An experimental study. Internet J Alternat Med 6.
17.Trivedi MK, Patil S, Bhardwaj Y (2009) Impact of an external energy on Enterococcus faecalis [ATCC - 51299] in relation to antibiotic susceptibility and biochemical reactions - An experimental study. J Accord Integr Med 5: 119-130.
18.Patil S, Nayak GB, Barve SS, Tembe RP, Khan RR, et al. (2012) Impact of biofield treatment on growth and anatomical characteristics of Pogostemon cablin (Benth). Biotechnology 11: 154-162.
19.Altekar N, Nayak G (2015) Effect of biofield treatment on plant growth and adaptation. J Environ Health Sci 1: 1-9.
20.Shinde V, Sances F, Patil S, Spence A (2012) Impact of biofield treatment on growth and yield of lettuce and tomato. Aust J Basic Appl Sci 6: 100-105.
21.Lenssen AW (2013) Biofield and fungicide seed treatment influences on soybean productivity, seed quality and weed community. Agricultural Journal 8: 138-143.
22.Sances F, Flora E, Patil S, Spence A, Shinde V, et al. (2013) Impact of biofield treatment on ginseng and organic blueberry yield. Agrivita J Agric Sci 35.
23.Dercz G, Prusik K, Pajak L (2008) X-ray and SEM studies on zirconia powders. JAMME 31: 408-414.
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31.Trivedi MK, Patil S, Tallapragada RM (2014) Atomic, crystalline and powder characteristics of treated zirconia and silica powders. J Material Sci Eng 3: 144.
32.Grugeon S, Laruelle S, Herrera-Urbina R, Dupont L, Poizot P, et al. (2001) Particle Size Effects on the Electrochemical Performance of Copper Oxides toward Lithium. J Electrochem Soc 148: A285-A292.
33.Du W, Gupta A, Zhang X, Sastry AM, Shyy W, et al. (2010) Effect of cycling rate, particle size and transport properties on lithium-ion cathode performance. Int J of Heat & Mass Transf 53: 3552-3561.
34.Iden H, and Kucernak AR (2014) Analysis of effective surface area for electrochemical reaction derived from mass transport property. J Electroanal Chem 734: 61-69.
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Thermal, Structural Properties of Cadmium, XRD, Particle Size Analysis

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Mahendra Kumar Trivedi, Gopal Nayak , Shrikant Patil , Rama Mohan Tallapragada , Omprakash Latiyal , and Snehasis Jana DOI: 10.4172/2157-7544.1000147 ISSN: 2157-7544 Citation Trivedi MK, Nayak G, Patil S, Tallapragada RM, Latiyal O et al.(2015) An Evaluation of Biofield Treatment on Thermal, Physical and Structural Properties of Cadmium Powder.

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			Biofield | Impact on Properties of Chromium (VI) OxidePowder
		
	

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			Biofield | Impact on Properties of Chromium (VI) OxidePowder
		
	

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Chromium (VI) oxide has gained extensive attention due to its versatile physical and chemical properties. The objective of the this study was to evaluate the impact of biofield treatment on physical, thermal and structural properties of CrO3 powder.

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Powder Metallurgy & Mining
Received August 10, 2015; Accepted August 11, 2015; Published August 18,2015

Trivedi MK, Tallapragada RM, Branton A, Trivedi D, Nayak G, et al.(2015) Characterization of Physical, Thermal and Structural Properties of Chromium (VI) Oxide Powder: Impact of Biofield Treatment. J Powder Metall Min 4: 128. doi:10.4172/2168-9806.1000128

Characterization of Physical, Thermal and Structural Properties of Chromium (VI) Oxide Powder: Impact of Biofield Treatment

Manuscript Link:
http://www.omicsgroup.org/journals/characterization-of-physical-thermal-and-structural-properties-of-chromium-vi-oxide-powder-impact-of-biofield-treatment-2168-9806-1000128.pdf

Mahendra Kumar Trivedi, Rama Mohan Tallapragada, Alice Branton, Dahryn Trivedi, Gopal Nayak, Omprakash Latiyal, and Snehasis Jana *

DOI: 10.4172/2168-9806.1000128 ISSN: 2168-9806
Citation
Trivedi MK, Tallapragada RM, Branton A, Trivedi D, Nayak G, et al.(2015) Characterization of Physical, Thermal and Structural Properties of Chromium (VI) Oxide Powder: Impact of Biofield Treatment. J Powder Metall Min 4: 128. doi:10.4172/2168-9806.1000128
Abstract
Chromium (VI) oxide (CrO ₃) has gained extensive attention due to its versatile physical and chemical properties. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the impact of biofield treatment on physical, thermal and structural properties of CrO ₃ powder. In this study, CrO ₃ powder was divided into two parts i.e. control and treatment. Control part was remained as untreated and treated part received Mr. Trivedi's biofield treatment. Subsequently, control and treated CrO ₃ samples were characterized using Thermo gravimetric analysis-differential thermal analysis (TGA-DTA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). DTA showed that the melting point of treated CrO ₃ was increased upto 212.65°C (T3) as compared to 201.43°C in control. In addition, the latent heat of fusion was reduced upto 51.70% in treated CrO ₃ as compared to control. TGA showed the maximum thermal decomposition temperature (T max) around 330°C, was increased upto 340.12°C in treated CrO ₃ sample. XRD data revealed that lattice parameter and unit cell volume of treated CrO ₃ samples were reduced by 0.25 and 0.92% respectively, whereas density was increased by 0.93% in treated CrO ₃ sample as compared to control. The crystallite size of treated CrO ₃ was increased from 46.77 nm (control) to 60.13 nm after biofield treatment. FT-IR spectra showed the absorption peaks corresponding to Cr=O at 906 and 944 cm⁻¹ in control, which were increased to 919 and 949 cm ¬1 in treated CrO ₃ after biofield treatment. Overall, these results suggest that biofield treatment has substantially altered the physical, thermal and structural properties of CrO ₃ powder.

Keywords: Biofield treatment; Chromium (VI) oxide powder; X-Ray diffraction; Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy; TGA-DTA
Introduction
Chromium oxides gain significant attention due to their diverse technological application in various industries. Chromium based oxides are used in various chemical reactions due to their wide range of oxidations states, it includes CrO ₂, Cr ₂O ₃, Cr ₂O ₅ and CrO ₃ etc [1].Out of these, chromium oxides, CrO ₃ is an important compound for automobile industries due to its high corrosion resistance properties. In these industries, CrO ₃ is used for plating the chromium on car body and other auto components. In addition, it is a strong oxidising agent,which enables it to be used in various pharmaceutical and chemical industries [2,3]. It is also reported that Cr (VI) complexes exhibit the antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria [4].In crystal structure of CrO ₃, its molecules form the chains of CrO ₄ tetrahedra, which are linked at corner oxygen [5]. Furthermore, the crystal structure parameters such as lattice parameter, unit cell volume of CrO ₃ play a crucial role in modulating its chemical and physical properties. Thus, based on the above applications of CrO ₃ powder,authors planned to investigate an approach that could modify its physical, thermal and structural properties.

In physics, energy is a property of object which can be transferred to other objects, but it neither be created nor be destroyed. Albert Einstein proposed the relationship between mass and energy i.e. E=mc ² [6]. This energy can be transferred through various processes such as thermal, chemical, kinetic, nuclear etc. Similarly, human nervous system consists of neurons, which have the ability to transmit information in the form of electrical signals [7-9]. Due to this, a human has ability to harness the energy from environment/universe and can transmit into any object (living or non-living) around the Globe. The object(s) always receive the energy and responded into useful way that is called biofield energy. This process is termed as biofield treatment. Mr. Trivedi's unique biofield treatment (The Trivedi Effect ®) is known to alter the physical, structural and atomic characteristic in various metals [10-12] and ceramics [13]. Additionally, the impact of biofield treatment has been studied extensively in various fields such as microbiology [14,15],biotechnology [16,17], and agriculture [18-20]. Moreover, biofield treatment has significantly altered the particle size and crystallite size in zinc powder upto six and two folds, respectively [21]. In addition, it has substantially altered the unit cell volume and molecular weight in vanadium pentoxide [13]. Thus, based on the literature and excellent outcomes of biofield treatment, authors interested to investigate the effect of biofield treatment on physical, thermal and structural properties of CrO ₃ powder.
Materials and Methods
The CrO ₃ powder was purchased from Sigma Aldrich, India. The sample was equally divided into two parts, considered as control and treated. Treated group was in sealed pack and handed over to Mr. Trivedi for biofield treatment under laboratory condition. Mr. Trivedi provided the biofield treatment through his energy transmission process to the treated group without touching the sample. The control and treated samples were characterized using Thermo gravimetric analysis-differential thermal analysis (TGA-DTA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR).
Thermo Gravimetric Analysis-Differential Thermal Analysis (TGA-DTA)
Thermal analysis of control and treated CrO ₃ was analysed using Mettler Toledo simultaneous TGA and Differential thermal analyser (DTA). The samples were heated from room temperature to 400°C with a heating rate of 5°C/min under air atmosphere. From DTA, melting point and latent heat of fusion (ΔH) were computed using integral area under peaks. Thermal decomposition temperature (T max) was recorded from TGA curve. Percent change in melting point was calculated using following equation:

Where, T Control and T Treated are the melting point of control and treated samples, respectively.

Similarly, percent change in ΔH and T max were calculated.
X-ray Diffraction study (XRD)
XRD analysis of control and treated CrO ₃ powder was carried out on Phillips, Holland PW 1710 X-ray diffractometer system, which had a copper anode with nickel filter. The radiation of wavelength used by the XRD system was 1.54056Å. The data obtained from this XRD were in the form of a chart of 2θ vs. intensity and a detailed table containing peak intensity counts, d value (Å), peak width (θ°), relative intensity (%) etc. Additionally, PowderX software was used to calculate lattice parameter and unit cell volume of CrO ₃ powder samples. Weight of the unit cell was calculated as, molecular weight multiplied by the number of atoms present in a unit cell.

The crystallite size (G) was calculated by using formula:

G=kλ/(bCosθ),

Here, λ is the wavelength of radiation used, b is full width half maximum (FWHM) and k is the equipment constant (0.94).Furthermore, the percent change in the lattice parameter was calculated using following equation:

Where A Control and A Treated are the lattice parameter of treated and control samples respectively. Similarly, the percent change in all other parameters such as unit cell volume, density, molecular weight, and crystallite size were calculated.
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR)
FT-IR spectroscopic analysis was carried out to evaluate the impact of biofield treatment at atomic and molecular level like bond strength, stability, and rigidity of structure etc. [22]. FT-IR analysis of control and treated CrO ₃ samples was performed on Shimadzu, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometer with frequency range of 300- 4000 cm⁻¹ was used.
Results and Discussion Thermo Gravimetric Analysis-Differential Thermal Analysis(TGA-DTA)
Thermal analysis of control and treated CrO ₃ samples was performed using TGA-DTA and results are presented in Table 1. DTA result showed that melting point of control sample was 201.43°C in control, however it was changed to 204.28°C, 204.24°C, 212.65°C and 200.88°C in treated CrO ₃ samples T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively. It indicated that melting point was increased by 1.41, 1.40, and 5.57% in T1, T2, and T3, respectively, whereas a slight change (-0.27%) was observed in T4, as compared to control. Furthermore, data also showed that the simultaneous DTA (SDTA) integral area (denoted as negative value) at melting point was 235.53, 252.69, 235.13, 414.03, and 142.22 s °C in control, T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively (Table 1). Further, SDTA integral values were used to compute the latent heat of fusion of control and treated CrO ₃ samples. The latent heat of fusion (ΔH) was 486.87J/g in control, whereas it was changed to 507.37, 274.04, 235.15, and 433.09 J/g in T1, T2, T3 and T4 respectively. Thus, data suggest that ΔH was increased by 4.21% in T1, however it was decreased by 43.71, 51.70, and 11.05% in T2, T3 and T4, respectively as compared to control. The melting point is fundamentally related with the kinetic energy and thermal vibration of the molecules, whereas latent heat of fusion is relates with the potential energy of molecules. Thus, the changes in melting point and ΔH after biofield treatment indicated that biofield treatment probably altered the kinetic and potential energy of the CrO ₃ molecules. It is assumed the bio field treatment might transfer the energy to treated sample, which probably altered the internal energy of the molecules. Besides, the thermal decomposition temperature (T max) was observed at 330°C in control and it was increased to 335, 336.98, 333.4, and 340.1°C in T1, T2, T3 and T4 respectively. It could be due to decomposition of CrO ₃ to Cr ₂O ₅ and Cr ₃O ₈. It is reported that in thermal decomposition process of CrO3, first converts to Cr2O5 followed by Cr ₃O ₈ [23]. Further, data suggest that Tmax was increased by 1.52, 2.12, 1.02, and 3.07% in T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively as compared to control. It could be due to increase in thermal stability of treated CrO ₃ samples after biofield treatment. In this process, samples lost around 13.28, 14.49, 82.57, 10.48, and 6.03% of its weight in control, T1, T2, T3, and T4, respectively. Recently, it was reported that biofield treatment has altered the percent weight loss in treated lead and tin powders [12]. The percent of weight loss of CrO ₃ powder sample was higher in T1, T2, and T3 but lesser in T4, as compared to control. It could be due to change in intermolecular interaction and thermal stability in treated CrO ₃ after biofield treatment. Hence, TGADTA study revealed that biofield treatment has significantly altered the thermal properties of CrO ₃ powder.
X-ray Diffraction study (XRD)
XRD pattern of control and treated CrO ₃ samples are presented in Figure 1. The control sample peaks in XRD pattern were observed at 2θ=21.33°, 26.01°, 26.42°, 31.16°, 37.53°, 37.97°, and 40.03° which were supported by literature data of CrO ₃ [24]. However, XRD of treated CrO ₃ sample exhibited peaks at 2θ=21.39°, 26.13°, 26.51°, 31.32°, 37.63°, and 38.11°. The intense peaks in XRD pattern of control and treated CrO ₃ samples suggested its crystalline nature. Further, the crystal structure parameter such as lattice parameter, and unit cell volume were calculated using PowderX software and their percent change with respect to control are presented in Figure 2. Data showed that the lattice parameter and unit cell volume was reduced by 0.25 and 0.92%, respectively as compared to control. The change in unit cell volume can be considered as volumetric strain. Herein, negative volumetric strain found in treated CrO ₃ indicated that biofield treatment possibly induced compressive stress along the lattice parameter "a" that led to reduced unit cell volume in treated sample. Recently, alteration in unit cell volume and lattice parameter in zinc oxide, iron oxide and copper oxides using biofield treatment was reported by our group [25]. In addition, the density of treated CrO ₃ was increased by 0.93% and molecular weight was reduced by 0.92% as compared to control. It could be possible if number of protons and neutron altered after biofield treatment. Thus, it is hypothesized that a weak reversible nuclear level reaction including neutrons-protons and neutrinos might occur in treated CrO ₃ powders after biofield treatment [26]. Besides, the crystallite size was calculated using Scherrer formula is presented in Table 2. Data showed that crystallite size was 46.77 nm in control, whereas it was increased to 60.13 nm in treated sample. It suggested that crystallite size was increased by 28.57% as compared to control. Previously, our group reported that biofield treatment has increase the crystallite size in silicon dioxide [27], silicon carbide [28] and antimony [29]. Furthermore, in order to increase the crystallite size, sufficient amount of energy is required to move the crystallite boundaries. Thus, it is hypothesised that the energy required for this process might be transferred through biofield treatment and that might be responsible for increase in crystallite size. Hence, XRD data revealed that biofield treatment has altered the physical and structural properties of CrO ₃ powder.

Table 1: TGA-DTA analysis of chromium (VI) oxide powder.

Figure 1: XRD pattern of chromium (VI) oxide powder. (a) Control and (b) Treated.

Figure 2: Effect of biofield treatment on lattice parameter, unit cell volume,density, and molecular weight of treated chromium (VI) oxide powder as compared to control.

Figure 3: FT-IR spectrum of chromium (VI) oxide powder. (a) Control and (b) Treated.

Table 2: Effect of biofield treatment on crystallite size chromium (VI) oxide powder.
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR)
FT-IR spectrum of control and treated are shown in Figure 3. IR spectra exhibited the absorption peaks at 496, 736, 906, and 944 cm⁻¹ in control, whereas these peaks were shifted to higher wavenumber i.e. 501, 741, 919, and 949 cm⁻¹ in treated CrO ₃ spectra. The peaks at 906 and 944 cm⁻¹ in control and 919 and 949 cm⁻¹ in treated CrO ₃ can be attributed to chromyl (Cr=O) vibrations [30]. The wavenumber observed in IR spectra is directly proportional to bond force constant. Thus it is assumed that the increase in wave number for Cr =O vibration could be due to increase in bond force constant after biofield treatment. In our previous study on iron oxide, biofield treatment had altered the bond strength of Fe-O bond [25]. Thus, it is hypothesized that the energy transferred through biofield treatment probably enhanced the Cr=O bond strength in treated CrO ₃ molecules, which may lead to increase bond force constant, thus increase the wavenumber. In addition, the increase in Cr=O bond strength could increase the stability of CrO ₃ molecules. It is also supported by increase in thermal stability of treated CrO ₃ after biofield treatment.
Conclusion
The thermal analysis of CrO ₃ using TGA-DTA revealed that biofield treatment has altered the melting point, ΔH, and Tmax. The melting point was increased upto 5.57% in treated CrO ₃, whereas ΔH was reduced upto 51.70% in treated as compared to control. It is assumed that biofield treatment probably altered the internal energy of treated CrO ₃ samples, which may lead to alter the melting point and ΔH. In addition, Tmax was slightly increased up to 3.077% as compared to control. Besides, XRD data exhibited the alteration in lattice parameter, unit cell volume, density, and molecular weight in treated CrO ₃ as compared to control. The crystallite size of treated CrO ₃ sample was increased by 28.57% as compared to control. It may be due to movement of crystallite boundaries through biofield energy, which probably transferred via biofield treatment. FT-IR spectra revealed that the absorption peaks were shifted from 906 and 944 cm-1 (control) to higher wavenumber i.e. 919 and 949 cm-1 in treated CrO ₃ sample. It could be due to increase of bond force constant of Cr=O bond after biofield treatment. Overall, study results suggest that biofield treatment has significantly altered the thermal, physical and structural properties of CrO ₃ powder. It is also assumed that biofield treated CrO ₃ could be useful for chrome plating applications in automobile industries.
Acknowledgement
Authors gratefully acknowledged to Dr. Cheng Dong of NLSC, Institute of Physics, and Chinese academy of Sciences for providing the facilities to use PowderX software for analyzing XRD data. Authors also would like to thank Trivedi Science, Trivedi master wellness and Trivedi testimonials for their support during the work.
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6. Einstein A (1905) Does the inertia of a body depend upon its energy-content. Annalen der Physik 18: 639-641.
7. Becker RO, Selden G (1985) The body electric: Electromagnetism and the foundation of life. William Morrow and Company, New York City, USA.
8. Barnes RB (1963) Thermography of the human body. Science 140: 870-877.
9. Born M (1971) The Born-Einstein Letters (1stedn). Walker and Company, New York.
10. Trivedi MK, Patil S, Tallapragada RM (2012) Thought intervention through bio field changing metal powder characteristics experiments on powder characteristics at a PM plant. Future Control and Automation LNEE 173: 247-252.
11. Trivedi MK, Patil S, Tallapragada RM (2015) Effect of biofield treatment on the physical and thermal characteristics of aluminium powders. Ind Eng Manage 4: 151.
12. Trivedi MK, Patil S, Tallapragada RM (2013) Effect of biofield treatment on the physical and thermal characteristics of silicon, tin and lead powders. J Material Sci Eng 2: 125.
13. Trivedi MK, Patil S, Tallapragada RM (2013) Effect of biofield treatment on the physical and thermal characteristics of vanadium pentoxide powder. J Material Sci Eng S11: 001.
14. Trivedi MK, Patil S, Shettigar H, Gangwar M, Jana S (2015) Antimicrobial sensitivity pattern of Pseudomonas fluorescens after biofield treatment. J Infect Dis Ther 3: 222.
15. Trivedi MK, Patil S, Shettigar H, Bairwa K, Jana S (2015) Phenotypic and biotypic characterization of Klebsiella oxytoca: An impact of biofield treatment. J Microb Biochem Technol 7: 203-206.
16. Patil SA, Nayak GB, Barve SS, Tembe RP, Khan RR (2012) Impact of biofield treatment on growth and anatomical characteristics of Pogostemon cablin (Benth). Biotechnology 11: 154-162.
17. Altekar N, Nayak G (2015) Effect of biofield treatment on plant growth and adaptation. J Environ Health Sci 1: 1-9.
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The Trivedi Effect Impact on Chromium (VI) Oxide Properties

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Powder Metallurgy & Mining Received August 10, 2015; Accepted August 11, 2015; Published August 18,2015 Trivedi MK, Tallapragada RM, Branton A, Trivedi D, Nayak G, et al.(2015) Characterization of Physical, Thermal and Structural Properties of Chromium (VI) Oxide Powder: Impact of Biofield Treatment. J Powder Metall Min 4: 128.

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			Characterization of Brass Powder After Biofield Treatment
		
	

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			Characterization of Brass Powder After Biofield Treatment
		
	

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Brass, an alloy mainly consist of copper and zinc, is widely used in various industries. Present study aims was to evaluate the effect of biofield treatment on structural and physical properties of brass powder.

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Brass, a copper-zinc (Cu-Zn) alloy has gained extensive attention in industries due to its high corrosion resistance, machinability and strength to weight ratio. The aim of present study was to evaluate the effect of biofield treatment on structural and physical properties of brass powder. The brass powder sample was divided into two parts: control and treated. The treated part was subjected to Mr.Trivedi's biofield treatment. Control and treated brass powder were characterized using particle size analyser, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The result showed that the average particle size, d 50 and d ₉₉ (size below which 99% particles were present) were reduced up to 44.3% and 56.4%, respectively as compared to control. XRD result revealed that the unit cell volume in treated brass powder was increased up to 0.19% as compared to control. Besides, the crystallite size of brass powder was significantly increased up to 100.5% as compared to control, after biofield treatment. Furthermore, SEM microscopy showed welded particles in control powder, however fractured surfaces were observed in treated sample. In FT-IR spectra, new peak at 685 cm⁻¹ was observed after biofield treatment as compared to control that might be due to alteration in bonding properties in treated brass sample. These findings suggest that the biofield treatment has significantly altered the physical and structural properties of brass powder.

Keywords: Biofield treatment; Brass; X-ray diffraction; Fourier transform infrared; Particle size; Scanning electron microscopy
Introduction
Brass, an alloy mainly consist of copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn), is widely used in various industries because of their good formability, high corrosion resistance, strength to weight ratio, and ductility. Auto industries are always in need of light and strong automotive parts. Thus, it is possible to manufacture several parts and products for automobile applications using the brass alloy. Furthermore, high strength brass alloy contains some additional elements such as iron, manganese, tin, etc. These elements form a brittle inter metallic compound in brass, which increase the strength of the alloy but reduce the ductility and machinability [1]. During manufacturing of any parts in industries, the ductility and machinability plays a major role. On the other hand, the mechanical properties such as strength and ductility in the metal alloy are influenced by crystallite size and its distribution [2]. Currently, the crystallite size in nano material is controlled by using various heat treatment processes at certain temperature [3,4]. It is also reported that optimizing the crystallite size in material gives the desired magnetic properties [2]. Furthermore, the heat treatment processes require costly equipment set up and high power supply, to modulate the mechanical properties. Thus, after considering the properties of brass and cost aspect, authors wanted to investigate an alternative and economically safe approach that could be beneficial in global application to modify the physical and structural properties of the brass powder.

The law of mass-energy inter-conversion has existed in the literature for more than 300 years for which first idea was given by Fritz, after that Einstein derived the well-known equation E=mc ² for light and mass [5,6]. However, the conversion of mass into energy is fully verified, but the inverse of this relation, i.e. energy into mass has not yet verified scientifically. Moreover, the energy exists in various forms such as kinetic, potential, electrical, magnetic, nuclear etc. which have been generated from different sources. Similarly, the human nervous system consists of neurons, which have the ability to transmit information in the form of electrical signals [7-10]. Thus, a human has the ability to harness the energy from environment/universe and can transmit into any object (living or non-living) around the Globe. The object(s) always receive the energy and responded into useful way that is called biofield energy. This process is known as biofield treatment. Mr. Trivedi's Biofield Treatment (The Trivedi Effect(R)) has been applied to transform the structural, physical and chemical properties of various metals and ceramics [11-18]. In material science, this biofield treatment has substantially decreased the particle size by 71% in zirconium oxide [17] and increased the crystallite size up to 66% in vanadium pentoxide(V ₂O ₅) [16]. The biofield treatment has also transformed the physical and molecular characteristics in several other fields like biotechnology [19,20], microbiology [21-23], and agriculture [24-26].

Based on the outstanding results achieved by biofield treatment on different materials and considering the industrial significance of brass powder, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the impact of biofield treatment on physical and structural properties of brass powder.
Experimental
Brass powder was procured from Alfa Aesar, USA. The brass powder sample was equally distributed into two parts, one part was considered as control and another part was subjected to Mr. Trivedi's biofield treatment, referred as treated. The control and treated samples were characterized by using particle size analyzer, X-ray diffraction(XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy.
Particle size analysis
For particle size analysis, Laser particle size analyzer SYMPATEC HELOS-BF was used with a detection range of 0.1-875 μm. The particle size data was collected in the chart form of particle size vs. cumulative percentage. Average particle size, d ₅₀ and d ₉₉ (size below which 99%, particles are present) were calculated from the particle size distribution curve. The percent changes in particle size were calculated using following equations:

Where, (d ₅₀) Control and (d ₅₀) Treated are the particle size, d ₅₀ of control and treated samples respectively.

Where, (d ₉₉) Control and (d ₉₉) Treated are the particle size, d ₉₉ of control and treated samples.

For particle size evaluation, treated part was further divided into four equal parts, referred as T1, T2, T3, and T4.
X-ray diffraction study
XRD analysis was carried out on Phillips, Holland PW 1710 X-ray diffractometer system, which had a copper anode with nickel filter. The radiation of wavelength used by this XRD system was 1.54056 Å. The data obtained from this XRD were in the form of a chart of 2θ vs. intensity and a detailed table containing peak intensity counts, d value (Å), peak width (θ°), relative intensity (%) etc. Additionally, Powder X software was used to calculate lattice parameter and unit cell volume.

The crystallite size (L) was calculated by using formula:

L = kλ/(bCosθ),

Here, λ is the wavelength of radiation used and k is the equipment constant (=0.94), b is full width half maximum of peak (FWHM). The percentage change in all parameters such as lattice parameter, unit cell volume and crystallite size were calculated using the following equations:

Percent change in lattice parameter=[(a t-a c)/a c] ×100

Where, a c and a t are lattice parameter value of control and treated powder samples respectively

Percent change in unit cell volume=[(V t-V c)/V c] ×100

Where, V c and V t are the unit cell volume of control and treated powder samples respectively

Percent change in crystallite size=[(L t-L c)/L c] ×100

Where, L c and L t are crystallite size of control and treated powder samples respectively. XRD analysis was carried out for control and treated T1, T2, T3 and T4 brass samples.
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
Structure and surface morphology are the unique properties of brass powder. Control and treated brass was observed using JEOL JSM-6360 SEM instrument at 2000x magnification. Differences in the tendency of the particles to clump were easily seen at the lower magnifications, while variations in size and morphology become clearer at higher magnification [27].
FT-IR spectroscopy
FT-IR analysis of control and treated samples were performed on Shimadzu, Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectrometer with frequency range of 4000-300 cm⁻¹.
Results and Discussion Particle size analysis
The particle size of control and treated brass powder are presented in Figures 1 and 2. It showed that the average particle size (d ₅₀) was 40 μm in control, whereas 22.9, 24.1, 22.3, and 37 μm in treated T1, T2, T3, and T4 respectively (Figure 1). This indicates that the d ₅₀ was significantly reduced by 42.8, 39.8, 44.3, and 7.5% in T1, T2, T3, and T4 brass samples respectively, as compared to control. In addition, the particle size, d ₉₉ was 180.9, 90, 78.9, 88.3, 115.8 μm in control, T1, T2, T3 and T4 respectively. This indicates that d ₉₉ was substantially reduced by 50.2, 56.4, 51.2, and 36% in T1, T2, T3 and T4 respectively, as compared to control (Figure 2). Overall, particle size analysis result revealed that the sizes of particles were reduced in all treated brass samples as compared to control. Furthermore, the significant reduction of particle size found in d ₅₀ and d ₉₉ suggest that percent of coarser particles in brass powder were reduced after biofield treatment. This could be possible if coarser particles were fractured into smaller particles after treatment. Hence, it is hypothesised that energy might be transferred to powder during biofield treatment, which probably induced the energy milling in brass powder. This energy milling in brass may lead to fracture the coarse particles and reduced particle size [13,14]. Further, in order to understand the effect of biofield treatment at structural and atomic level, XRD was carried out for control and treated samples of brass.

Figure 1. Effect of biofield treatment on particle size of brass powder.

Figure 2. Effect of biofield treatment on percent change in particle size of brass powder.

Figure 3. Effect of biofield treatment on lattice parameter and unit cell volume of brass powder.

Figure 4. Effect of biofield treatment on crystallite size of brass powder.
X-ray diffraction study
XRD analysis result of control and treated brass are illustrated in Figures 3-5. It was observed that lattice parameter and unit cell volume increased up to 0.06% and 0.19%, respectively as compared to control (Figure 3). Furthermore, it is well known that stress and volumetric strain have direct relationship as per Hooke's law, which is given as follow [28]:

σ=K ε

Where, σ is stress applied, K is bulk modulus, and ε is volumetric strain

Moreover, in this experiment, the treated sample showed volumetric strain (up to 0.19%) as compared to control, which indicates that a stress may have been applied through biofield treatment as per equation (1). Besides this, the crystallite size was increased from 44.4 nm (control) to 89 nm, 63.6 nm, 63.6 nm, and 63.6 nm in treated T1,T2, T3, and T4 respectively (Figure 4). This suggests that crystallite size of treated brass sample was significantly increased up to 100.5% (T1) as compared to control (Figure 5). This increase in crystallite size in treated brass powder may be due to re-orientation of neighbouring plane into same plane after biofield treatment. On the other hand, it is reported that a material with a large crystallite size shows more ductility than powder with fine nanostructures [29]. Thus, it is postulated that biofield treated brass powder with higher crystallite size might have higher ductility than control.
SEM analysis
On the basis of particle size result, the reduction was found maximum in T1 as compared to other groups, thus it was further analysed microscopically using SEM. Surface morphology of control and treated brass powder are shown in Figure 6. Control brass sample shows the atomized, tear drop shaped welded particles, whereas fractured at satellites and intra particle boundaries were observed in treated brass sample. It indicates that brass powder particles were fractured after biofield treatment. Similar kind of surface morphology was also observed in biofield treated lead powder [15]. Thus, it is speculated that the biofield treatment may induced stress energy that resulted into high energy milling. Further, this high energy milling probably induced fractures in the particles.

Figure 5. Effect of biofield treatment on percent change in crystallite size of brass.

Figure 6. The SEM image of (a) control and (b) treated brass powder (T1).
FT-IR spectroscopy
The FT-IR spectrum of control and treated sample (T1) of brass are presented in Figure 7. In IR spectra, the band observed at wave number 3450 cm⁻¹ (control) and 3439 cm⁻¹ (treated) were assigned to O-H stretching due to water absorption by samples. Band at wave number 1652 cm⁻¹ (control) and 1637 cm⁻¹ (treated) were attributed to H-O-H bending vibration [30]. The absorption peak at wave number 792 cm⁻¹ observed in control and treated sample was attributed to Zn-O-H and Cu-O-H vibrations. In addition, a new peak was found at wave number 685 cm⁻¹ in IR spectra of treated brass as compared to control that might be due to Cu ₂ O vibrations [31]. It is hypothesised that biofield energy may be acting at atomic level to cause this modification.

Figure 7. FT-IR spectrum of (a) Control and (b) Treated brass powder (T1). (T1).
Conclusion
Herein, study reports the influence of biofield treatment on brass powders at its structural and physical properties. A significant decrease in particles size up to 44.3% was found in treated brass as compared to control that may be due to fracturing of powder particles through high energy milling induced by biofield treatment. In addition, XRD data revealed that the biofield has substantially increased the crystallite size in treated brass powder up to 100.5% as compared to control. This increase in crystallite size in treated brass powder may result into higher ductility and machinability. Thus, it is postulated that biofield treatment could be applied to improve the mechanical properties of brass powder for automobile and transport equipment applications.
Acknowledgement
We thank Dr. Cheng Dong of NLSC, Institute of Physics, and Chinese academy of Sciences for their support in using Powder X software for analyzing X-ray Diffraction results.
Reference
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x ray diffraction analysis of brass powder

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Physical and Structural Characteristics of Brass Powder - The Trivedi Effect

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Brass, a copper-zinc (Cu-Zn) alloy has gained extensive attention in industries due to its high corrosion resistance, machinability and strength to weight ratio. The aim of present study was to evaluate the effect of biofield treatment on structural and physical properties of brass powder. The brass powder sample was divided into two parts: control and treated.