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			Mahendra Trivedi’s Miracle Prayers – Healing Lives
		
	

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			Mahendra Trivedi’s Miracle Prayers – Healing Lives
		
	

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Watch full video to know how Mahendra Trivedi’s Miracle Prayers can help you achieving your goals in life with an improved self-perspective.

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Trivedi Testimonial | Health & Relationship

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Ripple Effect | Son Got the Job | Trivedi Testimonial

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A lady talks about her energy transmission and the ripple effect. Her son was unable to find a job for several months. She had an in-person blessing on behalf of her son with Mr. Trivedi. Since then, in a few weeks, he got a job. Visit http://www.triveditestimonials.com/written-testimonials/ripple-effect/ to read more reviews.

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			Mahendra Trivedi – How to cope with Grief & Loss
		
	

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			Mahendra Trivedi – How to cope with Grief & Loss
		
	

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After receiving Biofield energy healing from Trivedi Master Dezi figured how to deal with the pain associated with the loss. Watch full video for details.

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Trivedi Testimonial | Spirituality & Divine Voice | Trivedi Effect

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When Dezi's husband passed away, she was in a lot of grief. She had an in-person blessing with Dahryn Trivedi and after the energy transmission, she felt peace & happiness and completely connected with the Divine. Visit http://www.triveditestimonials.com/written-testimonials/happiness/ to read more testimonials.

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			Effect of Biofield Treated Imidazole Derivatives | Academicroom
		
	

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			Effect of Biofield Treated Imidazole Derivatives | Academicroom
		
	

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Know more about the effect of Biofield energy treatment on physical and structural characterization of imidazole derivatives. This have been studied very systematically and are reported in this paper.

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Physical and Structural Characterization of Biofield Treated Imidazole Derivatives | Mahendra Trivedi | Alice Branton | Dahryn Trivedi | Gopal Nayak | Academic Room

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Imidazole derivatives have attracted significant interests in recent time for their usefulness in synthetic heterocyclic chemistry, analytical chemistry and pharmacology. Aim of present study was to evaluate the impact of biofield treatment on two imidazole derivatives (i.e., imidazole and 2-methylimidazole) by various analytical methods.

# data[].attributes.headline
	
	
		
			Biofield Treatment Impact on Imidazole Derivatives
		
	

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			Biofield Treatment Impact on Imidazole Derivatives
		
	

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Research done by Mahendra Kumar Trivedi - Know the effect of Biofield energy treatment on physical and structural characterization of imidazole derivatives.

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Volume 3 * Issue 5 * 1000187

ISSN: 2329-6836 NPCR, an open access journal

ISSN: 2329-6836Natural Products Chemistry & Research

Trivedi et al., Nat Prod Chem Res 2015, 3:5

http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2329-6836.1000187

Research ArticleOpen Access

Physical and Structural Characterization of Biofield Treated Imidazole

1Trivedi Global Inc., 10624 S Eastern Avenue Suite A-969, Henderson, NV 89052, USA

2Trivedi Science Research Laboratory Pvt. Ltd., Hall-A, Chinar Mega Mall, Chinar Fortune City, Hoshangabad Rd., Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India

*Corresponding author: Snehasis Jana, Trivedi Science Research Laboratory

Pvt. Ltd., Hall-A, Chinar Mega Mall, Chinar Fortune City, Hoshangabad Rd.,

Bhopal- 462026, Madhya Pradesh, India, Tel: +91-755-6660006; E-mail:

ReceivedAugust 12, 2015; AcceptedAugust 22, 2015; PublishedAugust 26, 2015

Citation: Trivedi MK, Branton A, Trivedi D, Nayak G, Saikia G, et al. (2015) Physical

and Structural Characterization of Bioeld Treated Imidazole Derivatives. Nat Prod

Chem Res 3: 187. doi:10.4172/2329-6836.1000187

Copyright: © 2015 Trivedi MK, et al . This is an open-access article distributed under

the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted

use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and

Keywords: Imidazole; 2-methylimidazole; Bioeld treatment;

Fourier transform infrared; Dierential scanning calorimetry;

ermogravimetric analysis; X-ray diraction

XRD: X-ray diraction; FT-IR: Fourier transform infrared; GC-

MS: Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry; UV-Vis: Ultraviolet-

visible spectroscopy; DSC: Dierential scanning calorimetry; TGA:

ermogravimetric analysis; PM: Primary molecule (m/z=68 for

imidazole, m/z=82 for 2methyl imidazole); PM+1: isotopic molecule

(m/z=69 for imidazole and m/z=83 for 2methylimidazole)

Imidazole is a highly polar (dipole moment 3.61D) one of the ve-

membered nitrogen containing heterocyclic ring, which is soluble in

both organic and inorganic polar solvents. It is amphoteric in nature

and aromatic in character due to the presence of 6 𝜋-electrons. e

nitrogen attached with the hydrogen has a lone pair of electrons

bringing the required 6 𝜋-electrons for aromaticity. e hydrogen

atom can be located on either of the two nitrogen atoms due to

resonance structures of imidazole [1]. Synthetic chemistry based on

medicinal compounds concerned with the properties of the starting

building blocks, their development and evaluation of biological

activity. e biological activity of the compounds mainly depends upon

the starting material and mechanism is well-studied at the molecular

level [2]. e introduction of imidazole nucleus a conventional

pharmacophore in medicinal compounds have made it versatile

heterocyclic nucleus possessing wide range of biological activities.

Imidazole, the core of naturally occurring nucleotides, is responsible

for their numerous biological activities that allows them to interact

easily with the biopolymers of the living system and functions [3].

Substituted imidazole have good antibacterial activity which revealed

Imidazole derivatives have attracted signicant interests in recent time for their usefulness in synthetic heterocyclic

chemistry, analytical chemistry and pharmacology. Aim of present study was to evaluate the impact of bioeld

treatment on two imidazole derivatives (i.e., imidazole and 2-methylimidazole) by various analytical methods. The

bioeld treatment was done by Mr. Trivedi on both the compounds and both control and treated samples of imidazole

and 2-methylimidazole were characterized with respect to physical, and structural properties using X-ray diffraction

(XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared (FT-

IR), ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, and Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry (GC-MS). X-ray diffraction

study revealed that crystallite size varied in a different way for imidazole and 2-methylimidazole due to the presence

of methyl group in 2-c position although their core was same. Treated sample of imidazole showed a slight increase

in crystallite size (6.5%); however, treated 2-methylimidazole showed a signicant increase (166.68%) in crystallite

size along with decrease in peak intensity as compared to control. The latent heat of fusion (ΔH) of imidazole was

increased up to 0.62% in treated sample as compared to control; whereas in treated 2-methylimidazole, the ΔH

was decreased by 22% as compared to control. Maximum degradation temperature (Tmax) from TGA of imidazole

was remained same but 2-methylimidazole was increased by 1.5% as compared to control. FT-IR spectra showed

slight change in stretching frequencies of treated imidazole and 2-methylimidazole as compared to control. Both the

imidazole and 2-methylimidazole showed similar UV absorbance maxima as compared to respective control sample.

GC-MS data revealed that isotopic abundance ratio of either 13 C/12 C or 15 N/14 N or 2 H/1 H (PM+1/PM) of treated imidazole

was signicantly increased up to 232.51% as compared to control, however, isotopic abundance ratio of 13 C/12 C or

15N/14N or 2 H/ 1 H (PM+1/PM) of treated 2-methylimidazole showed a minor change from -1.68 upto 1.68% as compared

to control. Overall, the experimental results suggest that bioeld treatment has signicant effect on structural and

thermal properties of imidazole and 2-methylimidazole.

good inhibition against various tested microbial strains. Vijesh et al.

reported that some of the imidazole derivatives (3-aryl-1H-imidazole-

4-carbaldehyde thiosemicarbazones) have excellent activity even better

than standard drug, i.e., streptomycin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa

and Clostridium perfringens [4]. Ucucu et al. had reported that synthetic

1-benzyl-2-substituted-4,5-diphenyl-1H-imidazole derivative worked

well as analgesic on Swiss albino mice of both sexes. One of the

derivative of imidazole has shown responses very close to morphine

[5]. A newly synthesized compound, N-cyano substituted imidazole

derivatives has shown fungicidal activities against Rhizoctonia solani ,

at a concentration of 50 µg/mL. is compound has identied as the

most potent candidate with an EC50 of 2.63 µg/mL against Rhizoctonia

Solani [6]. Yang et al. has been reported that substitution of the

imidazolyl-3-position with a naphthylacyl or bromophenacyl group,

vital for modifying its cytotoxic activity [7].

e chemical or physical stability is the most anticipated quality of

a molecule to be used in pharmaceutical purposes. In order to increase

its shelf life and eectiveness there is a need to increase the stability

of the compound both chemically as well as physically. e stability

Volume 3 * Issue 5 * 1000187

ISSN: 2329-6836 NPCR, an open access journal

Derivatives. Nat Prod Chem Res 3: 187. doi:10.4172/2329-6836.1000187

TGA/DTG results were obtained by using Mettler Toledo

simultaneous thermogravimetric analyzer at a heating rate of 5° C/min

from room temperature to 400°C under air atmosphere (sample mass

5-10 mg on aluminium pan).

Percent change intemperature at which maximum weight loss

occur in sample was calculated using following equation:

Where, Tmax, control and Tmax, treated are temperature at which

maximum weight loss occurs in control and treated sample,

respectively.

FT-IR spectroscopic characterization

FT-IR spectra were acquired on Shimadzu's Fourier transform

infrared spectrometer (Japan) with frequency range of 500-4000 cm-1.

e imidazole derivatives were run as pressed disks using KBr as the

diluent.

UV-Vis spectroscopic analysis

Photophysical properties were studied by Shimadzu UV-2400 PC

series spectrophotometer with 1 cm quartz cell and a slit width of 2.0

nm, wavelength was in the range of 200-400 nm.

e Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis

was performed on Perkin Elmer/auto system XL with Turbo Mass,

USA, having detection limit up to 1 picogram. For GC-MS analysis

the treated samples were further divided into four parts as T1, T2, T3

and T4. e GC-MS data was obtained in the form of % abundance

vs. mass to charge ratio (m/z), which is known as mass spectrum.

e isotopic ratio of PM+1/PM was expressed by its deviation in

treated samples as compared to the control. e collective eect of

the isotopic abundance ratio of (PM+1/PM) of treated samples were

calculated from the following formula:

Percent change in isotopic abundance

Where, RTreated and RControl are the ratio of intensity of masses from

the mass spectrometry for treated and control samples respectively.

X-ray diraction study was conducted on both control and

treated samples of imidazole derivatives and their diractograms are

shown in Figure 1. As both the imidazole and 2-methyl imidazole

(control and treated) were crystalline in nature so they exhibited very

sharp and intense peaks (6000-30000 a.u.) in their respective X-ray

diractograms. e X-ray diractogram of control imidazole showed

peaks at 2θ equals to 12.89°, 19.14°, 20.31°, 20.74° 25.66°, 25.91° and 30.73°

whereas the X-ray diractogram of treated imidazole showed peaks at

2θ equals to 13.01°, 20.31°, 20.93°, 26.08°, 30.74°, and 30.87°. In control

sample of 2-methylimidazole, the X-ray diractogram showed peaks

at 2θ equals to 17.49°, 17.76°, 21.77°, 25.87° and 26.17° where the treated

2-methylimidazole showed peaks at 2θ equals to 17.34°, 17.59°, 17.80° ,

21.19° , 25.88° and 26.16°. XRD studies showed that crystal structure of

imidazole was monoclinic and orthorhombic structure was found for

2-methylimidazole, which were well supported by reported literature

could be enhanced by Mr. Trivedi's bioeld treatment which is already

known to alter the physical, and structural properties of various living

and non-living substances [8]. e bioeld is the electromagnetic eld

which surrounds the human body can be harnessed from the universe

and have applied on materials by experts in a controlled way to make

the changes [9,10]. is phenomenon is experimentally demonstrated

by researchers using medical technologies such as electromyography,

electrocardiographyand electroencephalogram [9]. Mr. Trivedi has the

ability to harness the energy from the universe and can transmit into

any object, living or nonliving things [11]. Mr. Trivedi's unique bioeld

treatment is also known as e Trivedi Eect® which has been applied

in various research elds including microbiology [12], agriculture,

[13,14] and biotechnology [15]. e stability of the complexes with

both imidazole derivatives taken for this study depends mostly on the

substituent situated between the nitrogen atoms of the imidazole ring

[16]. Imidazole containing organic materials have better solubility

in common polar organic and inorganic solvents compared to other

heterocyclic moieties [17]. So in this study, Mr. Trivedi's bioeld

treatment was applied to treat imidazole derivatives for evaluation of

their physical, thermal and spectral properties as compared to control.

Imidazole and 2-methylimidazole were procured from Lobachemie

Pvt. Ltd., India. Each compound was divided into two parts and

coded as control and treatment. e control samples were remained

as untreated and treatment samples were in sealed pack were handed

over to Mr. Trivedi for bioeld treatment in laboratory conditions.

Mr. Trivedi provided this treatment through his energy transmission

process to the treatment groups. e control and treated samples were

evaluated using various spectroscopic, thermal and physical techniques.

X-ray diraction (XRD) study

XRD analysis was carried out on Phillips, Holland PW 1710 X-ray

diractometer system, with radiation of wavelength 1.54056 Å. e

crystallite size (G) was calculated by using formula:

Here, λ is the wavelength of radiation, b is full width half maximum

(FWHM) of peaks and k is the equipment constant (=0.94). e average

value of G was taken for both control (Gc) and treated (Gt) samples to

calculate % change in crystallite size.

Percent change in crystallite size=[(Gt-Gc)/Gc] × 100

Dierential scanning calorimetry (DSC) study

DSC data were obtained by using Perkin Elmer/Pyris-1, USA at

ow rate of 5 ml/min using closed aluminum pan. Melting temperature

and latent heat of fusion were obtained from the DSC curve.

Percent change in latent heat of fusion was calculated using

% change in Latent heat of fusion 100

Where, H Control and H Treated are the latent heat of fusion of control

and treated samples, respectively.

ermogravimetric analysis (TGA)/ derivative thermogra-

Volume 3 * Issue 5 * 1000187

ISSN: 2329-6836 NPCR, an open access journal

Derivatives. Nat Prod Chem Res 3: 187. doi:10.4172/2329-6836.1000187

In case of imidazole crystallite size was increased to 6.5%, however

for 2-methylimidazole, crystallite size increased signicantly up to

166.68% (Table 1). It is presumed that bioeld energy may be absorbed

by the treated imidazole molecules which may lead to the formation

of crystalline long range pattern attributed to the high intensity of

the XRD peaks. It was reported in previous literature that thermal

annealing increase the crystallite size and thereby increase the intensity

of the peaks [19,20]. Aer bioeld treatment imidazole derivatives

may absorbed high energy which enhances the crystallite size of the

treated imidazole. e volume of unit cell of treated 2-methylimidazole

was increased from 485.83 × 10-24 cm3 to 497.32 × 10-24 cm3 as 2.37%

e DSC analysis results of control and treated samples of

imidazole and its derivative are presented in Table 2. e latent heat

of fusion (H), was increased for imidazole molecule from 158.8 to

159.5 J/g whereas, H decreased from 137.2 J/g (control) to 106

J/g (treated) for 2-methylimidazole. ere may be bioeld energy

favoring a strong 'C-H····N' H-binding interaction of methyl hydrogen

in 2-methylimidazole. Higher melting point of 2-methylimidazole

compared to imidazole was attributed to stronger H-bonding

interactions via methyl 'H' atoms and ring 'N' atoms [21]. is result

cannot be seen in imidazole as the 'methyl-H' portion is absent in this

molecule. As a result, treated 2-methyl imidazole sample needed less

energy in the form of H to undergo the process of melting. However,

imidazole does not have methyl group and any changes in H have

not seen of melting for control and treated samples. e DSC result of

treated imidazole (90.19°C) did not show signicant change in melting

temperature as compared to control 89.86°C. However, melting point

of 2-methylimidazole was increased 147°C as compared to control

(145° C), i.e., change in 1.4% [22]. It is hypothised that bioeld energy

may be absorbed by 2-methylimidazole molecule which possibly

lowered the torsional strain exerted by the methyl-H atoms.

TGA thermogram (Figure 2a) showed that treated imidazole

compound was less thermally stable than control sample. e onset

degradation temperature for imidazole was at 170°C for control

but 160°C for treated sample. e end-set degradation temperature

was observed at 250°C for control and 235°C for treated sample,

respectively. e decrease in thermal stability of imidazole to 6%

may have increased the reactivity which may contribute to the lesser

reaction time and temperature in production of imidazole derivatives.

But in case of 2-methylimidazole control sample (Figure 2b) started

degrading around 140°C (onset) and stopped at 245°C (end-set).

Besids this, treated 2-methylimidazole showed onset degradation

temperature at ~152°C and end-set around 240°C. It indicated that

onset temperature of treated 2-methylimidazole was increased by 8% as

compared to control (Figure 2b). Furthermore, in this process, control

2-methylimidazole sample lost ~97% and treated sample lost 74% of

its weight. DTG thermogram showed Tmax ~192° C in control, whereas,

it was increased to ~195°C in treated 2-methylimidazole. ermal

stability of 2-methylimidazole from Tmax was increased by 1.5% as

compared to control. e increase in onset temperature, Tmax, and end-

set temperature of the treated samples of 2-methylimidazole can be

related to increase in thermal stability of treated molecule. e overall

increases in thermal stability of treated 2-methylimidazole might be

advantageous to be used as core moiety (pharmacophore) in medicine

and synthetic biopolymers.

UV spectra of control and bioeld treated imidazole and 2-methyl

imidazole are shown in Figure 3. Imidazole derivatives absorb UV

light due to the presence of conjugated pi (π) bonding systems (π-π*

transition) and nonbonding electron system (n -π* transition). ere

are certain energy gaps between π-π* and n - π* orbitals. From the

above experiments, it was observed that negligible structural changes

occurred in treated samples as compared to control, which was not

suciently large to alter UV-Visible spectral properties in solution

state. Treated sample of imidazole (Figure 3) exhibited hypsochromic

eect (1 nm change) in absorbance maxima (λmax) at 207 nm compared

to control at 208 nm. Whereas, treated 2-methylimidazole exhibited

bathochromic shi at the absorbance maxima (λmax) 206 nm compared

to 205 nm for control.

FT-IR spectroscopic analysis

FTIR spectra of control and treated samples of imidazole and

2-methylimidazole are presented in (Figures 4a and 4b) respectively.

Secondary amine N-H stretching frequency was observed at 3018 cm-1

for control and 3020 cm-1 for treated sample of imidazole. IR spectra

of both control and treated imidazole sample showed C-N stretching

at 1448 cm-1 and out of plane NH2 bending at 659 cm-1. In case of

2-methylimidazole N-H stretching was seen at 3020 cm-1 (control)

and 3018 cm-1 (treated). ese data indicated that there was slight

changes in the hydrogen bonding environment in both treated and

control samples of both imidazole and 2-methylimidazole. e broad

absorption peaks were observed in the wavenumber ranges from 3400-

2600 cm-1 for both control and treated samples assigned to bonding

vibration of water molecules due to moisture absorption by samples

[23]. In the FT-IR spectrum of imidazole showed a minor changes in

the C-H stretching at 2791 cm-1 for control and 2794 cm-1 for treated

one. Whereas in case of 2-methylimidazole C-H stretching frequency

was observed at 2681 cm-1 for control and 2690 cm-1 for treated sample.

e N-H bending for imidazole was observed at 1541 cm-1 for both

control and treated samples, while in case of 2-methyl imidazole N-H

bending was observed at 1595 cm-1 for both control and treated. e

C-H deformation bends were assigned to the peaks at 1301 cm-1 in

and treated sample of 2-methylimidazole. e FT-IR results showed

little changes in other vibrational frequencies for the N-H and C-H

stretching frequencies, as well as bending vibration energies, which

lead to the changes in packing parameters of imidazole crystal aer

bioeld treatment validating the DSC and XRD results incorporated

Figure 1: XRD diffractogram of control and treated samples of imidazole and

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Physical and Structural Characterization of Biofield Treated Imidazole Derivatives - PdfSR.com

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Imidazole derivatives have attracted significant interests in recent time for their usefulness in synthetic heterocyclic chemistry, analytical chemistry and pharmacology. Aim of present study was to evaluate the impact of biofield treatment on two imidazole derivatives (i.e., imidazole and 2-methylimidazole) by various analytical methods.

# data[].attributes.headline
	
	
		
			Mahendra Trivedi's Biofield Treated Imidazole Derivatives
		
	

# data[].attributes.subject
	
	
		
			Mahendra Trivedi's Biofield Treated Imidazole Derivatives
		
	

# data[].attributes.body
In this study the effect of Biofield Energy Treatment on imidazole derivatives was investigated. The Biofield has brought many miraculous changes in physical and structural characterization of imidazole derivatives.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
"Physical and Structural Characterization of Biofield Treated Imidazole Derivatives" by Mahendra Kumar Trivedi

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Imidazole derivatives have attracted significant interests in recent time for their usefulness in synthetic heterocyclic chemistry, analytical chemistry and pharmacology. Aim of present study was to evaluate the impact of biofield treatment on two imidazole derivatives (i.e., imidazole and 2-methylimidazole) by various analytical methods.

# data[].attributes.headline
	
	
		
			Biofield | Characterization of Imidazole Derivatives
		
	

# data[].attributes.subject
	
	
		
			Biofield | Characterization of Imidazole Derivatives
		
	

# data[].attributes.body
Do you want to notice the impact of Biofield Treatment on imidazole derivatives. Read the research conducted by Mahendra Trivedi that validate the external energy i.e., the Trivedi Effect.

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			Imidazole Derivatives after Biofield Treatment – View more
		
	

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			Imidazole Derivatives after Biofield Treatment – View more
		
	

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Read the clinical study to view the impact of biofield energy treatment on physical and structural characterization of imidazole derivatives.

# data[].attributes.headline
	
	
		
			Biofield | Physical & Structural Characterization of Imidazole
		
	

# data[].attributes.subject
	
	
		
			Biofield | Physical & Structural Characterization of Imidazole
		
	

# data[].attributes.body
Imidazole derivatives have attracted significant interests in recent time for their usefulness in synthetic heterocyclic chemistry, analytical chemistry and pharmacology.

# data[].attributes.headline
	
	
		
			Physical & Structural Characterization of Imidazole Derivatives
		
	

# data[].attributes.subject
	
	
		
			Physical & Structural Characterization of Imidazole Derivatives
		
	

# data[].attributes.body
Present study aim was to evaluate the impact of Mahendra Kumar Trivedi biofield energy treatment on imidazole and 2-methylimidazole derivatives.

# data[].attributes.headline
	
	
		
			Biofield and It's Effect on Imidazole & 2-methylimidazole
		
	

# data[].attributes.subject
	
	
		
			Biofield and It's Effect on Imidazole & 2-methylimidazole
		
	

# data[].attributes.body
The present study aimed was to evaluate the effect of biofield energy treatment on imidazole and 2-methylimidazole derivatives. Study more

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Physical and Structural Characterization of Biofield Treated Imidazole Derivatives

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Imidazole derivatives have attracted significant interests in recent time for their usefulness in synthetic heterocyclic chemistry, analytical chemistry and pharmacology. Aim of present study was to evaluate the impact of biofield treatment on two

# data[].attributes.headline
	
	
		
			Characterization of Biofield Treated Imidazole Derivatives
		
	

# data[].attributes.subject
	
	
		
			Characterization of Biofield Treated Imidazole Derivatives
		
	

# data[].attributes.body
Aim of present study was to evaluate the impact of biofield treatment on two imidazole derivatives (i.e., imidazole and 2-methylimidazole) by various analytical methods.

# data[].attributes.headline
	
	
		
			Impact of Biofield Treatment on Imidazole | Esciencecentral
		
	

# data[].attributes.subject
	
	
		
			Impact of Biofield Treatment on Imidazole | Esciencecentral
		
	

# data[].attributes.body
Study biofield significant effect on structural and thermal properties of imidazole. The biofield treatment was done by Mr. Trivedi on both the compounds and both control and treated samples of imidazole derivatives.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Keywords

Imidazole; 2-methylimidazole; Biofield treatment; Fourier transform infrared; Differential scanning calorimetry; Thermogravimetric analysis; X-ray diffraction

Abbreviations

XRD: X-ray diffraction; FT-IR: Fourier transform infrared; GCMS: Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry; UV-Vis: Ultravioletvisible spectroscopy; DSC: Differential scanning calorimetry; TGA: Thermogravimetric analysis; PM: Primary molecule (m/z=68 for imidazole, m/z=82 for 2-methyl imidazole); PM+1: isotopic molecule (m/z=69 for imidazole and m/z=83 for 2-methylimidazole)

Introduction

Imidazole is a highly polar (dipole moment 3.61D) one of the fivemembered nitrogen containing heterocyclic ring, which is soluble in both organic and inorganic polar solvents. It is amphoteric in nature and aromatic in character due to the presence of 6 π-electrons. The nitrogen attached with the hydrogen has a lone pair of electrons bringing the required 6 π-electrons for aromaticity. The hydrogen atom can be located on either of the two nitrogen atoms due to resonance structures of imidazole [ 1]. Synthetic chemistry based on medicinal compounds concerned with the properties of the starting building blocks, their development and evaluation of biological activity. The biological activity of the compounds mainly depends upon the starting material and mechanism is well-studied at the molecular level [ 2]. The introduction of imidazole nucleus a conventional pharmacophore in medicinal compounds have made it versatile heterocyclic nucleus possessing wide range of biological activities. Imidazole, the core of naturally occurring nucleotides, is responsible for their numerous biological activities that allows them to interact easily with the biopolymers of the living system and functions [ 3]. Substituted imidazole have good antibacterial activity which revealed good inhibition against various tested microbial strains. Vijesh et al. reported that some of the imidazole derivatives (3-aryl-1H-imidazole- 4-carbaldehyde thiosemicarbazones) have excellent activity even better than standard drug, i.e., streptomycin against P seudomonas aeruginosa and Clostridium perfringens [ 4]. Ucucu et al. had reported that synthetic 1-benzyl-2-substituted-4,5-diphenyl-1H-imidazole derivative worked well as analgesic on Swiss albino mice of both sexes. One of the derivative of imidazole has shown responses very close to morphine [ 5]. A newly synthesized compound, N-cyano substituted imidazole derivatives has shown fungicidal activities against Rhizoctonia solani, at a concentration of 50 μg/mL. This compound has identified as the most potent candidate with an EC ₅₀ of 2.63 μg/mL against Rhizoctonia Solani [ 6]. Yang et al. has been reported that substitution of the imidazolyl-3-position with a naphthylacyl or bromophenacyl group, vital for modifying its cytotoxic activity [ 7].

The chemical or physical stability is the most anticipated quality of a molecule to be used in pharmaceutical purposes. In order to increase its shelf life and effectiveness there is a need to increase the stability of the compound both chemically as well as physically. The stability could be enhanced by Mr. Trivedi's biofield treatment which is already known to alter the physical, and structural properties of various living and non-living substances [ 8]. The biofield is the electromagnetic field which surrounds the human body can be harnessed from the universe and have applied on materials by experts in a controlled way to make the changes [ 9, 10]. This phenomenon is experimentally demonstrated by researchers using medical technologies such as electromyography, electrocardiography and electroencephalogram [ 9]. Mr. Trivedi has the ability to harness the energy from the universe and can transmit into any object, living or nonliving things [ 11]. Mr. Trivedi's unique biofield treatment is also known as The Trivedi Effect ® which has been applied in various research fields including microbiology [ 12], agriculture, [ 13, 14] and biotechnology [ 15]. The stability of the complexes with both imidazole derivatives taken for this study depends mostly on the substituent situated between the nitrogen atoms of the imidazole ring [ 16]. Imidazole containing organic materials have better solubility in common polar organic and inorganic solvents compared to other heterocyclic moieties [ 17]. So in this study, Mr. Trivedi's biofield treatment was applied to treat imidazole derivatives for evaluation of their physical, thermal and spectral properties as compared to control.

Materials and Methods

Study design

Imidazole and 2-methylimidazole were procured from Lobachemie Pvt. Ltd., India. Each compound was divided into two parts and coded as control and treatment. The control samples were remained as untreated and treatment samples were in sealed pack were handed over to Mr. Trivedi for biofield treatment in laboratory conditions. Mr. Trivedi provided this treatment through his energy transmission process to the treatment groups. The control and treated samples were evaluated using various spectroscopic, thermal and physical techniques.

X-ray diffraction (XRD) study

XRD analysis was carried out on Phillips, Holland PW 1710 X-ray diffractometer system, with radiation of wavelength 1.54056 Å. The crystallite size (G) was calculated by using formula:

G=kλ/(bCosθ)

Here, λ is the wavelength of radiation, b is full width half maximum (FWHM) of peaks and k is the equipment constant (=0.94). The average value of G was taken for both control (Gc) and treated (Gt) samples to calculate % change in crystallite size.

Percent change in crystallite size=[(Gt-Gc)/Gc] × 100

Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) study

DSC data were obtained by using Perkin Elmer/Pyris-1, USA at flow rate of 5 ml/min using closed aluminum pan. Melting temperature and latent heat of fusion were obtained from the DSC curve.

Percent change in latent heat of fusion was calculated using following equation

Where, ΔH Control and ΔH Treated are the latent heat of fusion of control and treated samples, respectively.

Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)/ derivative thermogravimetry (DTG)

TGA/DTG results were obtained by using Mettler Toledo simultaneous thermogravimetric analyzer at a heating rate of 5°C/min from room temperature to 400°C under air atmosphere (sample mass 5-10 mg on aluminium pan).

Percent change in temperature at which maximum weight loss occur in sample was calculated using following equation:

% change in T max=[(T max, treated − T max, control) / T max, control] × 100

Where, T max, control and T max, treated are temperature at which maximum weight loss occurs in control and treated sample, respectively.

FT-IR spectroscopic characterization

FT-IR spectra were acquired on Shimadzu's Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (Japan) with frequency range of 500-4000 cm⁻¹. The imidazole derivatives were run as pressed disks using KBr as the diluent.

UV-Vis spectroscopic analysis

Photophysical properties were studied by Shimadzu UV-2400 PC series spectrophotometer with 1 cm quartz cell and a slit width of 2.0 nm, wavelength was in the range of 200-400 nm.

GC-MS analysis

The Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis was performed on Perkin Elmer/auto system XL with Turbo Mass, USA, having detection limit up to 1 picogram. For GC-MS analysis the treated samples were further divided into four parts as T1, T2, T3 and T4. The GC-MS data was obtained in the form of % abundance vs. mass to charge ratio ( m/z), which is known as mass spectrum. The isotopic ratio of PM+1/PM was expressed by its deviation in treated samples as compared to the control. The collective effect of the isotopic abundance ratio of (PM+1/PM) of treated samples were calculated from the following formula:

Percent change in isotopic abundance (2)

Where, R Treated and R Control are the ratio of intensity of masses from the mass spectrometry for treated and control samples respectively.

Results and Discussion

X-ray diffraction studies

X-ray diffraction study was conducted on both control and treated samples of imidazole derivatives and their diffractograms are shown in Figure 1. As both the imidazole and 2-methyl imidazole (control and treated) were crystalline in nature so they exhibited very sharp and intense peaks (6000-30000 a.u.) in their respective X-ray diffractograms. The X-ray diffractogram of control imidazole showed peaks at 2θ equals to 12.89°, 19.14°, 20.31°, 20.74° 25.66°, 25.91° and 30.73° whereas the X-ray diffractogram of treated imidazole showed peaks at 2θ equals to 13.01°, 20.31°, 20.93°, 26.08°, 30.74°, and 30.87°. In control sample of 2-methylimidazole, the X-ray diffractogram showed peaks at 2θ equals to 17.49°, 17.76°, 21.77°, 25.87° and 26.17° where the treated 2-methylimidazole showed peaks at 2θ equals to 17.34°, 17.59°, 17.80°, 21.19°, 25.88° and 26.16°. XRD studies showed that crystal structure of imidazole was monoclinic and orthorhombic structure was found for 2-methylimidazole, which were well supported by reported literature data [ 18].

In case of imidazole crystallite size was increased to 6.5%, however for 2-methylimidazole, crystallite size increased significantly up to 166.68% (Table 1). It is presumed that biofield energy may be absorbed by the treated imidazole molecules which may lead to the formation of crystalline long range pattern attributed to the high intensity of the XRD peaks. It was reported in previous literature that thermal annealing increase the crystallite size and thereby increase the intensity of the peaks [ 19, 20]. After biofield treatment imidazole derivatives may absorbed high energy which enhances the crystallite size of the treated imidazole. The volume of unit cell of treated 2-methylimidazole was increased from 485.83 × 10⁻²⁴ cm ³ to 497.32 × 10⁻²⁴ cm ³ as 2.37% compared to control.

DSC analysis

The DSC analysis results of control and treated samples of imidazole and its derivative are presented in Table 2. The latent heat of fusion (ΔH), was increased for imidazole molecule from 158.8 to 159.5 J/g whereas, ΔH decreased from 137.2 J/g (control) to 106 J/g (treated) for 2-methylimidazole. There may be biofield energy favoring a strong 'C-H····N' H-binding interaction of methyl hydrogen in 2-methylimidazole. Higher melting point of 2-methylimidazole compared to imidazole was attributed to stronger H-bonding interactions via methyl 'H' atoms and ring 'N' atoms [ 21]. This result cannot be seen in imidazole as the 'methyl-H' portion is absent in this molecule. As a result, treated 2-methyl imidazole sample needed less energy in the form of ΔH to undergo the process of melting. However, imidazole does not have methyl group and any changes in ΔH have not seen of melting for control and treated samples. The DSC result of treated imidazole (90.19°C) did not show significant change in melting temperature as compared to control 89.86°C. However, melting point of 2-methylimidazole was increased 147°C as compared to control (145°C), i.e., change in 1.4% [ 22]. It is hypothised that biofield energy may be absorbed by 2-methylimidazole molecule which possibly lowered the torsional strain exerted by the methyl-H atoms.

TGA/DTG analysis

TGA thermogram (Figure 2a) showed that treated imidazole compound was less thermally stable than control sample. The onset degradation temperature for imidazole was at 170°C for control but 160°C for treated sample. The end-set degradation temperature was observed at 250°C for control and 235°C for treated sample, respectively. The decrease in thermal stability of imidazole to 6% may have increased the reactivity which may contribute to the lesser reaction time and temperature in production of imidazole derivatives.

But in case of 2-methylimidazole control sample (Figure 2b) started degrading around 140°C (onset) and stopped at 245°C (end-set). Besids this, treated 2-methylimidazole showed onset degradation temperature at ~152°C and end-set around 240°C. It indicated that onset temperature of treated 2-methylimidazole was increased by 8% as compared to control (Figure 2b). Furthermore, in this process, control 2-methylimidazole sample lost ~97% and treated sample lost 74% of its weight. DTG thermogram showed T max~192°C in control, whereas, it was increased to ~195°C in treated 2-methylimidazole. Thermal stability of 2-methylimidazole from T max was increased by 1.5% as compared to control. The increase in onset temperature, T max, and endset temperature of the treated samples of 2-methylimidazole can be related to increase in thermal stability of treated molecule. The overall increases in thermal stability of treated 2-methylimidazole might be advantageous to be used as core moiety (pharmacophore) in medicine and synthetic biopolymers.

UV-Vis spectroscopy

UV spectra of control and biofield treated imidazole and 2-methyl imidazole are shown in Figure 3. Imidazole derivatives absorb UV light due to the presence of conjugated pi (π) bonding systems (π - π* transition) and nonbonding electron system (n - π* transition). There are certain energy gaps between π - π* and n - π* orbitals. From the above experiments, it was observed that negligible structural changes occurred in treated samples as compared to control, which was not sufficiently large to alter UV-Visible spectral properties in solution state. Treated sample of imidazole (Figure 3) exhibited hypsochromic effect (1 nm change) in absorbance maxima (λ max) at 207 nm compared to control at 208 nm. Whereas, treated 2-methylimidazole exhibited bathochromic shift at the absorbance maxima (λ max) 206 nm compared to 205 nm for control.

FT-IR spectroscopic analysis

FTIR spectra of control and treated samples of imidazole and 2-methylimidazole are presented in (Figures 4a and 4b) respectively. Secondary amine N-H stretching frequency was observed at 3018 cm⁻¹ for control and 3020 cm⁻¹ for treated sample of imidazole. IR spectra of both control and treated imidazole sample showed C-N stretching at 1448 cm⁻¹ and out of plane NH2 bending at 659 cm⁻¹. In case of 2-methylimidazole N-H stretching was seen at 3020 cm⁻¹ (control) and 3018 cm⁻¹ (treated). These data indicated that there was slight changes in the hydrogen bonding environment in both treated and control samples of both imidazole and 2-methylimidazole. The broad absorption peaks were observed in the wavenumber ranges from 3400-2600 cm⁻¹ for both control and treated samples assigned to bonding vibration of water molecules due to moisture absorption by samples [ 23]. In the FT-IR spectrum of imidazole showed a minor changes in the C-H stretching at 2791 cm⁻¹ for control and 2794 cm⁻¹ for treated one. Whereas in case of 2-methylimidazole C-H stretching frequency was observed at 2681 cm⁻¹ for control and 2690 cm⁻¹ for treated sample. The N-H bending for imidazole was observed at 1541 cm⁻¹ for both control and treated samples, while in case of 2-methyl imidazole N-H bending was observed at 1595 cm⁻¹ for both control and treated. The C-H deformation bends were assigned to the peaks at 1301 cm⁻¹ in and treated sample of 2-methylimidazole. The FT-IR results showed little changes in other vibrational frequencies for the N-H and C-H stretching frequencies, as well as bending vibration energies, which lead to the changes in packing parameters of imidazole crystal after biofield treatment validating the DSC and XRD results incorporated here.

GC-MS spectrometry

The mass spectrum of control and treated samples of imidazole and 2-methylimidazole are shown in Figures 5a-5d. Treated samples were divided into four parts (T1, T2, T3 and T4) and analyzed at different times. Isotopic abundance ratio of ¹³C/ ¹²C or ¹⁵N/ ¹⁴N or ²H/ ¹ H (PM+1/ PM) in imidazole, determined using equation (1) is shown in Table 3.

It showed that the isotopic ratio of ¹³C/ ¹²C or ¹⁵N/ ¹⁴N or ²H/ ¹H (PM+1/ PM) in imidazole was significantly increased by 232.51% in sample T4, while it was increased by only 1.68% in treated (T4) 2-methylimidazole as compared to control. The biofield treatment may have altered the natural abundance ratio of ¹³C/ ¹²C or ¹⁵N/ ¹⁴N or ²H/ ¹H (PM+1/PM) of T4-imidazole from the control samples. Furthermore, it is assumed that imidazole molecule with higher isotopic ratio of ¹³C/ ¹²C or ¹⁵N/ ¹⁴N or ²H/ ¹H (PM+1/PM), (T4), might have higher stability due to the increased μ (reduced mass) and binding energy in molecules with heavier isotopes. The heavier isotopes may form one of the following bonds like ¹³C- ¹²C, ¹³C- ¹³C, ¹³C- ¹⁴N, ¹²C- ¹⁵N, ¹³C-2H, ¹⁵N-2H, and ¹³C-H as compared to control. [ 24]. This higher binding energy may lead to increase the heat of reaction for imidazole T4 and reverse might happen in treated T1. Thus, GC-MS data suggested that biofield treatment has significantly altered the isotopic ratio of ¹³C/ ¹²C or ¹⁵N/ ¹⁴N or ²H/ ¹ H (PM+1/PM) to 232.51%, in treated imidazole molecule whereas isotopic ratio of PM+1/PM has remained same in treated 2-methylimidazole as compared to control.

Conclusion

In summary, the biofield treatment offers a remarkable means to alter the properties of imidazole and 2-methylimidazole at molecular level. Due to biofield treatment on 2-methylimidazole, crystallite size was significantly increased up to 166.68% by means of increasing the volume of unit cell in a crystal but imidazole has very small change in crystallite size up to 6.5% in XRD study. GC-MS data revealed that isotopic abundance ratio of ¹³C/ ¹²C or ¹⁵N/ ¹⁴N or ²H/ ¹H (PM+1/PM) of treated imidazole was significantly changed 232.51% of T4 sample as compared to control, however, treated 2-methylimidazole showed a minor change (1.68%) as compared to control. It is assumed that the enhancement in thermal stability of 2-methylimidazole could be more useful as a building block in various pharmaceutical products and biopolymers of pharmaceutical importance, which ultimately affect the shelf-life and efficacy of drug. Moreover, the treated imidazole found to be thermally less stable compared to control may be useful as reaction intermediate for various chemical reactions or it can be converted to 2-substituted imidazole for better stability. Furthermore, due to high isotopic abundance ratio of ¹³C/ ¹²C or ¹⁵N/ ¹⁴N or ²H/ ¹ H (PM+1/PM) of treated (T4) imidazole, bond might have highly stable with higher binding energy may lead to higher chemical stability than the control.

Acknowledgement

The authors would like to acknowledge the whole team of MGV Pharmacy College, Nashik for providing the instrumental facility. We would also like to thank Trivedi Science TM, Trivedi Master Wellness TM and Trivedi Testimonials for their support during the work.

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Physical and Structural Characterization of Biofield Treated Imidazole Derivatives

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Keywords Imidazole; 2-methylimidazole; Biofield treatment; Fourier transform infrared; Differential scanning calorimetry; Thermogravimetric analysis; X-ray diffraction Abbreviations XRD: X-ray diffraction; FT-IR: Fourier transform infrared; GCMS: Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry; UV-Vis: Ultravioletvisible spectroscopy; DSC: Differential scanning calorimetry; TGA: Thermogravimetric analysis; PM: Primary molecule (m/z=68 for imidazole, m/z=82 for 2-methyl imidazole); PM+1: isotopic molecule (m/z=69 for imidazole and m/z=83 for 2-methylimidazole) Introduction Imidazole is a highly polar (dipole moment 3.61D) one of the fivemembered nitrogen containing heterocyclic ring, which is soluble in both organic and inorganic polar solvents.