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Thank you for all your research postings!  Keep going!

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Thank you for all your research postings!  Keep going!

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Use this research timeline to help you revise key theories and researchers.

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Easterlin (2001) Income and Happiness: Towards a Unified Theory [by Yilia]

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Easterlin (2001) Income and Happiness: Towards a Unified Theory [by Yilia]

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research aim
the relationship between happiness and income

research findings
At the start of the life cycle those with higher income are happier, because material aspirations are fairly similar throughout the population, and those with more income are better able to fulfil their aspirations. Income growth does not, however, cause well-being to rise, either for higher or lower income persons.

critique of the researchWill dispositional factors cause a significant impact on the result?
Do happiness and income have linear relationship? Can this express by the formula?

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: One of theory of aggression

Bandura, Ross and Ross (1961) tested 36 boys and 36 girls from the

Stanford University Nursery School aged between 3 to 6 years old.The researchers pre-tested the children for how aggressive they were by observing the children in the nursery and judged their aggressive behaviour on four 5-point rating scales. It was then possible to match the children in each group so that

they had similar levels of aggression in their everyday behaviour. The experiment is therefore an example of amatched pairs design

Aggressive model shown to 24 children

Non-aggressive model shown to 24 children

No model shown (control condition) - 24 children

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Cornell(2002)

Research aim: Prejudice study

Research methodology: Stimuli: Images of Black and White men armed (holding gun) or unarmed (holding wallet/mobile)

participants asked to make a ‘shoot decision’ using computer keys

Research findings:

Black and White participants erroneously ‘shoot’ unarmed targets more often when Black and ‘shoot’armed targets more quickly when Black.

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Prejudice and Discrimination: Crash Course Psychology #39

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Magoo & Khanna

Research aim: Is there altruistic personality?

Research methodology:

30 male and 29 female undergraduates, categorized as high and low altruism scorers, were asked to report and quantify their willingness to donate blood. It was hypothesized that Ss high in altruism would report a bigger amount of blood donation compared to Ss low in altruism. Female Ss were also expected to report a bigger donation than males.

Research findings:

Results were attributed to highly variable reports of Ss and their inability to render high-cost help (i.e., donating blood). A need to use a stress-free helping situation in eliciting genuine help is emphasized

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Moss-Racusin and colleagues (2012) Sexism (Kevin)

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Moss-Racusin and colleagues (2012) Sexism (Kevin)

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Research aim: whether women are stereotyped as less competent in the workplace.

Research methodology:

Same CV but with male or female name applying for science laboratory manager position are sent to a host of science faculty from many different U.S. universities. Then faculty members are asked to rate the application materials.

Research findings: male and female faculty rated male applicant more competent and hirable than the(identical) female applicant, offered a higher starting salary and offered more career mentoring. It is worth noting that women staff who are the ones to be stigmatized act on the same kind of discrimination as their male counterparts do.

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Kitayama et al (2003) two types of cognition (Kevin)

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Kitayama et al (2003) two types of cognition (Kevin)

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Research aim: Is analytic cognition more common in Westerners and holistic cognition more common in Easterners?

Research methodology:

Kitayama et al created two tasks to assess both field independence and field dependence.(see below) One is to draw a line that is the same length as the first picture in a smaller square. The other is to draw a line that is proportionately shorter in a similarly smaller square.

If a participant attends to the object(the line), he/she should be better at the absolute task

If a participant attends to the entire field, he should be better at the relative task. American and Japanese students were compared.

Research findings: Japanese students were better at relative tasks and Americans were better at absolute task, both of which indicated that there is a cultural effect on one's cognition. Namely, Japanese tend to process information holistically, whereas Americans analytically.

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The act of helping strangers in an emergency situation. Experiment to investigate bystander intervention and diffusion of responsibility

Aim: To investigate if the number of witnesses of an emergency influences people’s helping in an emergency situation

Results: The number of bystanders had a major effect on the participant’s reaction. Of the participants in the alone condition, 85% went out and reported the seizure. Only 31% reported the seizure when they believed that there were four bystanders. The gender of the bystander did not make a difference.

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Experiment 1: White subjects interviewed White and Black applicants  Results: White interviewers place themselves further away from Black candidates, spend less time interviewing them, and make more speech errors (= non-immediate behaviour)  Experiment 2: confederates showing immediate vs. no immediate behaviour interviewed White applicants

Results: subjects in non-immediate condition reciprocated with less immediacy behaviour, produced more speech errors and had less positive attitudes about the interviewer

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Proposed that the groups like social class, football , etc which people belonged to were an important source to pride the self-esteem

In order to increase our self-esteem we enhance the status of the group in which you belong to.

The central hypothesis of social identity theory is that group members of an in-group will seek to find negative aspects of an out-group, thus enhancing their self-image

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Parkel et al (1977): media violence (Kevin)

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Parkel et al (1977): media violence (Kevin)

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Research aim: Does watching violent films result in more aggressive behavior in children?

Research methodology: misbehaved children randomly assigned to two groups and rated by aggression levels.(baseline measure:institution staff rated the aggression levels of each subject )The control group spent a week watching non-violent films, whereas the experimental group spent the same period of time watching violent firms.

Research findings: an increase in aggression was shown in the experimental group compared to their baseline levels and the control group.

Critique:1.self-report is subjective and can damage the credit of the experiment. 2. misbehaved children cannot represent all the children.

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surname(s) year: focus of research (use nouns here only)

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surname(s) year: focus of research (use nouns here only)

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