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Samples of Semen, Urine and Saliva are made visible with UV light. GClark

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Cuttings. Remove a section of the item containing the stain using a sterile or clean cutting device.

Scraping method. The sample is scraped with a clean razor blade or scalpel, into a clean piece of paper that can be folded and packaged in a paper envelope. This is a method to be used in a controlled environment (i.e., no wind or traffic) and where the scrapings will not contaminate other evidence

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Module 03 :: Blood and Body Fluid Collection

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https://Scraping method. The sample is scraped with a clean razor blade or scalpel, into a clean piece of paper that can be folded and packaged in a paper envelope. This is a method to be used in a controlled environment (i.e., no wind or traffic) and where the scrapings will not contaminate other evidencerockcelebrities.net/marilyn-manson-claims-the-alleged-victim-consented-to-bodily-fluids/

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https://Scraping method. The sample is scraped with a clean razor blade or scalpel, into a clean piece of paper that can be folded and packaged in a paper envelope. This is a method to be used in a controlled environment (i.e., no wind or traffic) and where the scrapings will not contaminate other evidencerockcelebrities.net/marilyn-manson-claims-the-alleged-victim-consented-to-bodily-fluids/

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An attorney for Marilyn Manson says a videographer who accuses the musical artist of spitting and blowing his nose on her during a concert in New Hampshire consented to being exposed to bodily fluids

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blood vessels in a humans body in 3D. phillycornelius

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Why Evidence Collection Materials & Evidence Storage Matter - Superior Bag _phillycornelius

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One of the most important aspects of law enforcement is evidence collection, and every little detail can make a big difference in pursuing justice and complying with applicable laws. It may seem like common sense to place evidence into a bag for safekeeping, but it's important to use certain types of evidence collection bags for specific types of evidence to maintain its integrity and usability in lab testing.

This article will explain why the material used to collect evidence matters and other environmental considerations to keep in mind when storing evidence.

When Clear Plastic Evidence Bags Work Best

One example of when clear plastic evidence bags are the preferred method of storage is for fingerprints on absorbent materials. After photographing the surface with fingerprints, place the absorbent material in a plastic bag and then label and seal it with the date, your name, description, and exhibit number.

Another example of when to use plastic evidence bags is for gunshot residue from firearms. For gunshot residue, use latex gloves and moisten cotton swabs in dilute nitric acid to swab the back of the suspect's hand. Label evidence bags properly and never place swabs in glass vials.

Spent cartridge cases, shotgun shells should also be preserved as evidence in plastic bags. This is also the best way to store glass evidence, cotton swabs with grease, metal filings, unembedded metal fragments, and paint chips.

At Superior Bag, we provide law enforcement evidence bags that are tamper-evident and made with durable clear plastic materials. These bags also have lines for documenting essential case information and evidence details to establish a chain of custody and preserve the contents in the most effective way possible.

When Paper Bags Work Best

However, paper bags are best for other types of evidence, such as blood, saliva, semen, and other body fluid stains. Paper bags work well for both fresh and dried blood or semen stains, for example. Paper evidence collection bags are also useful for storing fabric and textile evidence because air permeability is beneficial with this type of evidence.

Avoid Direct Heat and Cold

With nearly every type of evidence that could be collected at a crime scene, it is important to avoid direct contact with very hot and cold temperatures. Even slight temperature fluctuations can alter a piece of evidence or even destroy it. Also, avoid direct exposure to sunlight to avoid putrefaction and loss.

An Appropriately Sized Container

It's important to store your evidence in an appropriately sized container to avoid any damage. Evidence bags that aren't large enough will likely rip and fail over time. While bags that are too big for the sample collected can make the evidence difficult to recover, especially in cases involving gun powder or trace evidence.

Types of Evidence That Need Dry Security Seals

Many forms of evidence require dry security seals, like the ones used in our law enforcement evidence bags. Evidence can be sealed with a heat seal, tape seal, or lock seal. Dry security seals are often crucial when packaging biological evidence, for example. Any leaks in an evidence bag can result in deterioration, contamination, and loss of the sample. Our tamper-proof evidence bags can withstand wear and tear, they're easy to write on, and they can't be resealed after opening.

Back to Blog

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Why Evidence Collection Materials & Evidence Storage Matter - Superior Bag

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One of the most important aspects of law enforcement is evidence collection, and every little detail can make a big difference in pursuing justice and complying with applicable laws. It may seem like common sense to place evidence into a bag for safekeeping, but it's important to use certain types of evidence collection bags for specific types of evidence to maintain its integrity and usability in lab testing.

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Blood Evidence: Collection and Preservation - Crime Museum _phillycornelius

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The collection and preservation of blood stain evidence is important because this evidence can be used to type blood or run DNA analysis.

There are two different types of blood that can be collected at a crime scene: liquid and dried blood. Liquid blood evidence is generally collected from blood pools but can be collected off of clothing as well, using a gauze pad or a sterile cotton cloth. Once the sample is collected it must be refrigerated or frozen and brought to the laboratory as quickly as possible. The sample must first be dried thoroughly at room temperature. It is important to get the sample to the laboratory as quickly as possible because after 48 hours the sample might be useless. If the sample has to be mailed it should be completely air dried before packaging. If the sample isn't completely dry when it needs to be packaged, the sample should be rolled in paper and labeled and then put into either a brown paper bag or a box. The paper bag or box is then sealed and labeled again. It is important to only place one item per container to avoid contamination and samples should not be placed in plastic containers. Samples shouldn't be in plastic containers because if the sample is still damp the moisture from the sample can cause microorganisms that can destroy the evidence. Also, due to this fact, samples should not be in any container for more than two hours.

Dried bloodstains can be found on small objects, larger objects and on clothing. When dried blood is found on a small object the entire object can be sent to the lab after it's been properly packaged and labeled. When dried blood is found on a larger object that is transportable, an investigator should cover the stained area with paper and tape the paper to the object to avoid contamination. If the object that is stained is not transportable there are different ways that an investigator can collect the sample. One option is to cut out the stained area of the large object. If the portion is cut out the sample is packaged the same way as described above but a control sample should also be provided in a separate package. Another option is to use fingerprint tape and lift the sample as well as the surrounding control area. If this method is used it is important for investigators to not touch the sticky side of the tape with bare hands and the investigator should run an eraser or some type of blunt object over the placed tape to ensure that contact is made with the dried stain. The lifted stain is then be packaged and labeled, then delivered to the laboratory. Another way to collect a sample off of an object is to use a clean sharp object to scrape flakes of the stain into a paper packet. The last two methods of collection of a dried bloodstain on a large object require the use of distilled water to dampen the stain before rolling a thread in the stain or absorbing the stain with a cotton square. These two methods are not recommended due to the risk of contamination. When dried blood is found on clothing the entire article of clothing should be packaged and labeled and delivered to the lab.

It is important for the investigator to remember to keep each sample separated so that there is no contamination between samples.

Back to Crime Library

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Blood Evidence: Collection and Preservation - Crime Museum

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The collection and preservation of blood stain evidence is important because this evidence can be used to type blood or run DNA analysis. There are two different types of blood that can be collected at a crime scene: liquid and dried blood.

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The Black Dahlia Murder _phillycornelius

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Interested in the infamous unsolved murder of Elizabeth Short, aka the "Black Dahlia," the 22-year-old Hollywood starlet who was brutally murdered in Los Angeles 60 years ago this January?

Then we invite you to take a look at the case files posted on our Freedom of Information Act website .

If you don't know the story, Short-dubbed "Black Dahlia" by the press for her rumored penchant for sheer black clothes and for a movie at that time-was found sliced clean in half at the waist by a mother walking her child in an L.A. neighborhood just before 11 a.m. on January 15, 1947. The body was just a few feet from the sidewalk and posed in the grass in such a way that the woman reportedly thought it was a mannequin at first. Despite the extensive mutilation and cuts on the body, there wasn't a drop of blood at the scene, indicating Short had been killed elsewhere. An extensive manhunt followed, but the killer has never been identified.

Our files don't provide a comprehensive review of the ensuing investigation, of course, since the L.A. Police Department had jurisdiction. But you will find some interesting information, including insights into our supporting role in the case.

For example: You'll learn how we identified the victim as Elizabeth Short in Washington just 56 minutes after getting her blurred fingerprints via "Soundphoto" (a primitive fax machine used by news services) from Los Angeles.

Short's prints actually appeared twice in our massive collection (104 million at the time)-first, because she had applied for a job as a clerk at the commissary of the Army's Camp Cooke in California in January 1943; second, because she had been arrested by the Santa Barbara police for underage drinking seven months later. We also had her "mug shot" in our files (see the above the graphic, which includes one of Short's actual fingerprints) and provided it to the press. We did not have a photo from her Army application as some accounts have claimed.

What else you will find in our online records:

A variety of news clippings from the early days of the case;

Copies of Short's birth and death certificates (see Section 4);

Various physical descriptions of Short at her death, including one that describes her as "white, female, twentytwo (sic), five ft. six, one eighteen lbs., hair light brown, died (sic) black, green eyes, bad teeth."

Results of our records checks on potential subjects and our interviews across the nation (although names are often blacked out);

A request for us to search for a match to fingerprints found on an anonymous letter that may have been sent to authorities by the killer (in a tantalizing near-miss break in the case, the prints weren't in our records);

References to the extensive interference of the press in the case (they had arrived at the scene and taken pictures even before the police), including a comment by our Special Agent in Charge that "it is not possible for the investigators to have a confidential telephone conversation or even read mail without some news reporter looking it over to see if it relates to this case."

Based on early suspicions that the murderer may have had skills in dissection because the body was so cleanly cut and mutilated, a memo asking us to check out a group of students at the University of Southern California Medical School;

Letters we received from private citizens claiming to know the culprit, including one who fingered a "Spanish fellow" with a tattoo and ended his missive with the confident "A word to the wise..."

We're also providing, for the first time, a copy of a LAPD bulletin dated January 21, 1947 seeking information in the case.

While you're at it, feel free to browse through our records on other historic cases in our Freedom of Information Act electronic reading room .

Resources: FBI History | Byte Out of History stories

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Interested in the infamous unsolved murder of Elizabeth Short, aka the "Black Dahlia," the 22-year-old Hollywood starlet who was brutally murdered in Los Angeles 60 years ago this January? Then we invite you to take a look at the case files posted on our Freedom of Information Act website .

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A.Alston

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you can collect some bodily fluids by cutting the section where the stain is.
A.Alston

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Home > 3. Evidence Collection > Blood and Body Fluid Collection

The most common methods used to collect blood and body fluid evidence include the following:

Cuttings. Remove a section of the item containing the stain using a sterile or clean cutting device.

Image courtesy of Kansas Bureau of Investigation
Removing a section of carpet containing a stain using a sterile cutting device

Wet absorption. A sterile swab, gauze pad or threads slightly moistened with distilled water. Concentrate the stain in a localized portion of the swab or pad. When a swab is used, the stain should be concentrated on the tip. The collection medium is pressed or rubbed into the stain and allowed to air-dry. Some laboratories recommend following the first moistened swabbing with a second dry swabbing to ensure thorough sample collection. Both swabs are retained and submitted for analysis.

Scraping method. The sample is scraped with a clean razor blade or scalpel, into a clean piece of paper that can be folded and packaged in a paper envelope. This is a method to be used in a controlled environment (i.e., no wind or traffic) and where the scrapings will not contaminate other evidence.

Tape-Lifting method. An optional method for collecting dried blood stains on a nonabsorbent surface is using fingerprint tape. The fingerprint-lifting tape may be placed over the stain and lifted off. The stain is transferred to the adhesive side of the tape, which may then be secured on a clear piece of acetate for submission to the laboratory. Note: When using this method, the collector must ensure the fingerprint tape is not contaminated with other biological materials.

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Home > 3. Evidence Collection > Blood and Body Fluid Collection The most common methods used to collect blood and body fluid evidence include the following: Cuttings. Remove a section of the item containing the stain using a sterile or clean cutting device.

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1. If the pool is not sufficient for absorption onto a sterile cotton gauze pad, collect the stain using a new, unused, clean sterile cotton swab, rubbing it over the stain to remove as much of the blood as possible. Be sure to concentrate as much blood as possible on each swab (ie: two swabs with concentrated amounts of blood are better than six swabs slightly stained with blood)

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Fire Scene Evidence Collection Guide

Select a type of evidence to review its collection and packaging procedures.

Remember to also review the Checklists prior to collection and prior to releasing the scene.

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Fire Scene Evidence Collection Guide Select a type of evidence to review its collection and packaging procedures. Remember to also review the Checklists prior to collection and prior to releasing the scene.

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They found the killer by  a match with seminal fluid that had been found on Sullivan's body and on a blanket at the crime scene. -A.Alston

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Solving Cold Cases with DNA: The Boston Strangler Case

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Thinkstock, royalty-free (see reuse policy). This was a ghastly crime.

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phillycorn

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Affiliation

¹ Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.

Free PMC article

Abstract

Recently, body fluids have widely become an important target for proteomic research and proteomic study has produced more and more body fluid related protein data. A database is needed to collect and analyze these proteome data. Thus, we developed this web-based body fluid proteome database Sys-BodyFluid. It contains eleven kinds of body fluid proteomes, including plasma/serum, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, saliva, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, synovial fluid, nipple aspirate fluid, tear fluid, seminal fluid, human milk and amniotic fluid. Over 10,000 proteins are presented in the Sys-BodyFluid. Sys-BodyFluid provides the detailed protein annotations, including protein description, Gene Ontology, domain information, protein sequence and involved pathways. These proteome data can be retrieved by using protein name, protein accession number and sequence similarity. In addition, users can query between these different body fluids to get the different proteins identification information. Sys-BodyFluid database can facilitate the body fluid proteomics and disease proteomics research as a reference database. It is available at http://www.biosino.org/bodyfluid/.

Bioinformatics for Renal and Urinary Proteomics: Call for Aggrandization.

Paul P, Antonydhason V, Gopal J, Haga SW, Hasan N, Oh JW. Paul P, et al. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Jan 31;21(3):961. doi: 10.3390/ijms21030961. Int J Mol Sci. 2020. PMID: 32024005 Free PMC article. Review.

References

Aebersold R, Mann M. Mass spectrometry-based proteomics. Nature. 2003;422:198-207. - PubMed

Binz PA, Hochstrasser DF, Appel RD. Mass spectrometry-based proteomics: current status and potential use in clinical chemistry. Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. 2003;41:1540-1551. - PubMed

Hu S, Loo JA, Wong DT. Human body fluid proteome analysis. Proteomics. 2006;6:6326-6353. - PMC - PubMed

Fusaro VA, Stone JH. Mass spectrometry-based proteomics and analyses of serum: a primer for the clinical investigator. Clin. Exp. Rheumatol. 2003;21:S3-S14. - PubMed

Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Adachi J, Olsen JV, Shi R, de Souza G, Pasini E, Foster LJ, Macek B, Zougman A, et al. MAPU: Max-Planck Unified database of organellar, cellular, tissue and body fluid proteomes. Nucleic Acids Res. 2007;35:D771-D779. - PMC - PubMed

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national center for biotechnology information

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Sys-BodyFluid: a systematical database for human body fluid proteome research - PubMed

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Recently, body fluids have widely become an important target for proteomic research and proteomic study has produced more and more body fluid related protein data. A database is needed to collect and analyze these proteome data. Thus, we developed this web-based body fluid proteome database Sys-Body ...

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A.Alston

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A.Alston

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Abstract

The classic model of blood pressure regulation by Guyton et al. (Annu Rev Physiol 34:13-46, 1972a; Ann Biomed Eng 1:254-281, 1972b) set a new standard for quantitative exploration of physiological function and led to important new insights, some of which still remain the focus of debate, such as whether the kidney plays the primary role in the genesis of hypertension (Montani et al. in Exp Physiol 24:41-54, 2009a; Exp Physiol 94:382-388, 2009b; Osborn et al. in Exp Physiol 94:389-396, 2009a; Exp Physiol 94:388-389, 2009b). Key to the success of this model was the fact that the authors made the computer code (in FORTRAN) freely available and eventually provided a convivial user interface for exploration of model behavior on early microcomputers (Montani et al. in Int J Bio-med Comput 24:41-54, 1989). Ikeda et al. (Ann Biomed Eng 7:135-166, 1979) developed an offshoot of the Guyton model targeting especially the regulation of body fluids and acid-base balance; their model provides extended renal and respiratory functions and would be a good basis for further extensions. In the interest of providing a simple, useable version of Ikeda et al.'s model and to facilitate further such extensions, we present a practical implementation of the model of Ikeda et al. (Ann Biomed Eng 7:135-166, 1979), using the ODE solver Berkeley Madonna.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s10441-015-9250-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Keywords: Computational physiology, Acid-base balance, Mathematical modelling, Virtual physiological human (VPH)

Introduction

Computational modelling in physiology has contributed to many significant breakthroughs, but the models themselves have usually not become working tools for experimentalists nor even for other modellers outside the developer's own group. We provide here a practical implementation of one of the classic and most complete models of body fluid and acid-base regulation, and we give several examples of the use of the model. We give the complete model description in the language of Berkeley Madonna, which is very easy to read and can readily be converted for other numerical solvers. Physiologists and clinicians will find this model easy to use, and this complete example will facilitate extensions in order to simulate related clinical situations or new experimental findings.

Inspired by the classic model of blood pressure regulation by Guyton et al. ( 1972a), Ikeda et al. ( 1979) adopted the same symbolic representation to illustrate model structure, but since their focus was on body fluids and acid-base balance, which have a slower time course than, say, autonomic regulation of cardiovascular variables, they simplified the representation of the cardiovascular system but greatly extended the renal and respiratory systems. Their model consists of a set of nonlinear differential and algebraic equations with more than 200 variables and has subsystems for circulation, respiration, renal function, and intra- and extra-cellular fluid spaces.

Materials and Methods

Model Description

The original article of Ikeda et al. ( 1979) describes the details of the model, so we will not give a complete description here (the program code, Online Resource 01, given in the Electronic Supplementary Material and described in the Appendix, has all the explicit equations); our implementation closely follows the description in their article, especially in their diagrams of the seven blocks that constitute the model, namely, the circulation and body fluids (blocks 1, 3, and 4), respiration (block 2), and renal function (blocks 5, 6, and 7). Initial values and many other details are given not only in the text but also on the diagrams and in the tables of the original article. Here, we give just a brief explanation of the basic content of the model and Ikeda et al.'s general strategy.

As in Ikeda et al. ( 1979), the model assumes a healthy male of approximately 55 kg body weight, and parameter values used here are those given in the original article. Calibration of the model for other body weights or for females would be a valuable extension of the model but is beyond the goals of the present work. Such extension would involve re-calibration not only of extracellular and intracellular fluid volumes (and thus with impact on solute contents of those compartments), but also of less straightforward parameters such as metabolic rate, respiratory volume, cardiac output, and the like.

The cardiovascular/circulatory (CV) system, quite complex in Guyton's model, was considerably simplified by Ikeda et al. ( 1979) to a simple steady state that represents the system's state after settling from transient local autoregulation or stress relaxation.

By contrast with the simplified CV system, and in keeping with their focus on acid-base and fluid physiology, Ikeda et al. ( 1979) included much more elaborate representations of the respiratory system, intracellular and extracellular electrolytes and solutes, and of course the kidney. For example:

The blood buffer system is treated using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, an equation for the oxygen saturation curve, and an equation for the in vivo dissociation curve, thus the model takes account of the haemoglobin buffer system, the Bohr effect, and the Haldane effect;

The model treats intra- and extra-cellular electrolytes and acid-base balance and also glucose metabolism and insulin secretion-disorders of glucose metabolism can be modelled by varying the parameters CGL1, CGL2 and CGL3;

Plasma osmolality in the model depends on the concentrations not only of sodium, potassium, glucose, and urea, but also of mannitol, included in the model because of its frequent therapeutic use;

The renal blocks treat reabsorption and excretion not only of water, sodium, and potassium, but also of bicarbonate, calcium, magnesium, phosphate, and organic acids; proximal tubule reabsorption depends on volume expansion or pressure diuresis (THDF); aldosterone is assumed to act on the distal tubule to increase sodium reabsorption, decrease potassium secretion, and increase excretion of titratable acid; urine pH and excretion of ammonia, titratable acid, phosphate, and organic acids are included in the model; glomerular filtration rate (GFR), represented as a sigmoid function of arterial pressure, is controlled by extracellular volume (VEC) and depends on antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and aldosterone (ALD) and on THDF;

The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is represented here simply as a transfer function by which ALD secretion depends on extracellular fluid (ECF) potassium concentration, tubular sodium concentration, arterial pressure, and volume receptor signals.

In addition to this incomplete list, the model contains many other interesting features that the reader should glean from the original Ikeda et al. ( 1979) article.

Berkeley Madonna Description

Berkeley Madonna is a fast, robust, multi-platform solver of systems of ordinary differential-algebraic equations. Compared with other such solvers, it is extremely easy to program (a simple list of the equations in any order), has a very effective user interface for plotting or tabulating the results and varying the parameters (simple "sliders" can be easily defined to vary individual model variables or parameters, with instant re-run of the model), and it has proven to be very fast compared to other solvers we have used.

Results

To demonstrate several interesting features of the model and also to show that the Berkeley Madonna implementation presented here is an accurate representation of the Ikeda et al. model, we show that it faithfully reproduces the results of four simulations whose results are shown in the figures of their article. The BM codes used to generate the results of the following simulations are all provided as Electronic Supplementary Material (see Appendix).

Figure shows the results of a simulation of oral water intake (1 l over 5 min) and intravenous infusion of physiological saline; the left panel shows Fig. 10 from the Ikeda article, and the right panel shows results from our BM model, which are clearly a good match to those in their article.

Figure shows the transient response of respiratory parameters to inhalation of 5 % over 30 minutes; the left panel shows Fig. 11 from the Ikeda article, and the right panel shows results from our BM model.

Figure shows results from a simulation of glucose tolerance test (infusion of 50 g of glucose over 1 h), including insulin secretion due to a concomitant decrease of extracellular fluid potassium concentration; as above, the left panel shows Fig. 12 from the Ikeda article, and the right panel shows the corresponding results from our BM model.

Figure shows, in acid-base disturbances, the central role of the kidney in the compensatory reactions of the body when the normal response of respiration does not occur. The long-term time course of the model behavior in respiratory acidosis or alkalosis is depicted on the pH-[] diagram. The response to 10 % inhalation and the response to hyperventilation are observed. The right panel shows the results from our BM model, which are in good agreement with the results of Ikeda article, shown on the left panel. The sequence of steps necessary to reproduce this figure with BM implementation is detailed in the specific BM code listing (Online Resources 06 & 07).

Discussion

Efforts towards reusability and interoperability have made progress in recent years, not only in the modeling of kidney physiology (Thomas 2009) but also in the wider context of physiology and systems biology (Hunter et al. 2013). For instance, SBML (the Systems Biology Markup language) (Hucka et al. 2003) is widely used for metabolic networks and models of cell signal transduction, the CellML repository contains several hundred marked-up legacy models (mostly at the level of membrane transport or signal transduction), the JSim Consolidated Model Database indexes 73390 models across five archives, and annotation tools such as the RICORDO resource (de Bono et al. 2011) and the ApiNATOMY (de Bono et al. 2012) project now facilitate the sharing (and even the merging) of physiology and systems biology models.

The present work complements previous re-implementations of the Ikeda model; e.g., a Pascal version was used in teaching at the University of Limburg, Maastricht (Min ( 1982); Pascal source code in Min ( 1993)), and extensions of parts of the Ikeda model were used in the Golem simulator (Kofranek et al. 2001). The present Berkeley Madonna version also complements our re-implementations of the early Guyton models (Hernandez et al. 2011; Moss et al. 2012; Thomas et al. 2008) and recent models focused on the kidney itself (Karaaslan et al. 2005, 2014; Moss et al. 2009; Moss and Thomas 2014) or on the role of the kidney in blood pressure regulation (Averina et al. 2012; Beard and Mescam 2012). We provide here a convenient implementation of the Ikeda et al. ( 1979) model in order to facilitate not only its use in its original form but also to enable its extension. One such improvement would be the incorporation of a more complete model of the RAAS system, which is now much better understood and for which a detailed model has recently been published (Guillaud and Hannaert 2010).

Electronic supplementary material

Appendix

Program Code

The source code for our implementation of the model of Ikeda et al. ( 1979), using the ODE solver Berkeley Madonna, is available as Supplementary Material on the website of Acta Biotheoretica. In addition to the basic version that corresponds strictly to the description in the original article, we also provide variants used to produce the figures of the present article.

We release the model codes under the CeCill free software license agreement (a copy of the CeCill free software license agreement is included as Online Resource 00, file: ESM_00).

We provide the following Berkeley Madonna source code files:

1. Online Resource 01 (file: "ESM_01"): Basic code for simulation of the model in steady-state (file: "ESM_01")

2. Oral water intake and intravenous infusion of physiological saline (Fig. 10 of Ikeda et al. ( 1979))

Online Resource 02, file: "ESM_02"-Simulation of water intake at a rate of 1000 ml per 5 min.

Online Resource 03, file: "ESM_03"-Simulation of intravenous infusion of physiological saline at a rate of 1000 ml per 5 min.

3. Transient response of the respiratory system to 5 % inhalation (Fig. 11 of Ikeda et al. ( 1979))

4. Glucose tolerance curve with the extracellular potassium concentration (Fig. 12 of Ikeda et al. ( 1979))

5. Respiratory acidosis and alkalosis with renal compensation (Fig. 13 of Ikeda et al. ( 1979)).

Online Resource 06, file: "ESM_06"-Simulation of 10 % inhalation during 48 h.

Online Resource 07, file: "ESM_07"-Simulation of ventilation at 15 l/min during 48 h.

List of Variables

Here we give the table of variables, with units and normal or initial values.

STPD refers to "standard temperature and pressure, dry", denoting a volume of dry gas at 0 C and a pressure of 760 mmHg.

References

Hunter P, Chapman T, Coveney PV, de Bono B, Diaz V, Fenner J, Frangi AF, Harris P, Hose R, Kohl P, Lawford P, McCormack K, Mendes M, Omholt S, Quarteroni A, Shublaq N, Skr J, Stroetmann K, Tegner J, Thomas SR, Tollis I, Tsamardinos I, van Beek JHGM, Viceconti M (2013) A vision and strategy for the virtual physiological human: 2012 update Interface Focus 3 doi:10.1098/rsfs.2013.0004 [PMC free article] [PubMed]

Kofranek J, Lu Danh Vu, Snaselova H, Kerekes R, Velan T. GOLEM-multimedia simulator for medical education. Proceedings of MEDINFO 2001. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2001;84:1042-1046. [[PubMed] Google Scholar]

Min FB (1982) Computersimulatie en wiskundige modellen in het medisch onderwijs: Het RLCS System. PhD Thesis (in Dutch) University of Limbug, Maastricht

Min FB (1993) Fluid volumes: the program "FLUIDS". In: van Wijk van Brievingh RP, Möller DPF (eds) Biomedical modeling and simulation on a PC-A workbench for physiology and biomedical engineering. Springer, New York

Moss R, Thomas SR (2014) Hormonal regulation of salt and water excretion: a mathematical model of whole-kidney function and pressure-natriuresis. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. doi:10.1152/ajprenal.00089.2013 [PubMed]

Thomas SR. Kidney modeling and systems physiology Wiley interdisciplinary reviews: systems. [[PubMed] Google Scholar]

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Implementation of a Model of Bodily Fluids Regulation

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The classic model of blood pressure regulation by Guyton et al. (Annu Rev Physiol 34:13-46, 1972a; Ann Biomed Eng 1:254-281, 1972b) set a new standard for quantitative exploration of physiological function and led to important new insights, some of which still remain the focus of debate, such as whether the kidney plays the primary role in the genesis of hypertension (Montani et al.