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Genes are passed down from generation to generation. The peacock mantis shrimp passes on the trait for its punching club to its offspring. Shrimp with a faster punch could kill prey easier, and therefore survive to reproduce. Over time, the punch grew quicker and quicker until it reached the lightning speeds of mantis shrimp today.
https://notexactlyrocketscience.wordpress.com/2006/08/28/mantis-shrimps-the-worlds-fastest-punch/

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Fiddler crabs that can defend themselves the best with their large claws survive more successfully than fiddler crabs that have smaller (and less intimidating) claws. The smaller-clawed crabs will be out-competed for habitats, food, and mates by larger-clawed crabs.
http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-14793436

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Larger eye size is a reproductive advantage in Daphnia obtusa Kurz. They have micro-evolved to possess a new phenotype. Larger organisms can produce more offspring, and females with a deviation from the normal phenotype (i.e., a larger eye) produce an average of one more egg per brood.
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/11/151121105802.htm

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Males are attracted to females with more prominent calcium plates, which indicates a higher reproductive receptivity period. They reproduce between May and September, during which time 2 or 3 broods of 30-40 young are raised.
http://onestoppest.com/dfw-occasional-pests-removal/

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Males build a burrow and stand outside. When a female walks by, the male waves his claw. Females choose a mate based on claw size and performance. Claw size indicates burrows width, width indicated incubation temperature, so the female chooses which one will have the best temperature for her eggs. They mate every two weeks in the summer.
http://study.com/academy/lesson/fiddler-crab-facts-lesson-for-kids.html

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Males approach females in their burrows and display their intentions. Females must be assured that the males will not steal their burrows, so they prefer males that are smaller than them because they are less threatening. They mate year round but peak in warmer months. Most take several mates, but some individual species will mate for life.
http://www.cjclandandseaphoto.com/eLS_rainbow_mantis.htm

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In the case of the Pronghorn Spiny Lobster, individual species local to the region around the Red Sea show a significant break in genetics from other related species. Currents and other ocean routes may have been the reason for distribution of their drifting larvae. This gradual speciation comes from offspring being relocated to new, isolated areas.
http://matthewmeierphoto.photoshelter.com/image/I0000vZmP9BoNU6k

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Origins of freshwater crabs diverged from the generic order Brachyura in the early Cretaceous period. They evolved to live solely in a freshwater habitat instead of saltwater, forming two distinct branches of crabs.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/earth/hi/earth_news/newsid_8171000/8171268.stm

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Boxer crabs have a symbiotic relationship with anemones. Symbiosis is thought to be a major driving force in evolutionary selection (since the first eukaryotes came from big bacteria absorbing little bacteria and coexisting). The crabs carry around the anemones and use them to fend off predators, and the anemones get the crab’s messy leftovers to eat. They have evolved to rely on one another to survive.
https://www.pinterest.com/pin/466263367640683014/

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Most crustaceans molt as they grow. The molting process is controlled by a specific gene, which codes for a molting hormone. This hormone is found in many crustaceans. This shows that they all are genetically related, since this gene and its respective hormone is present in most of them.
http://www.funpecrp.com.br/gmr/year2004/vol2-3/gmr0081_full_text.htm

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Both mantis shrimp and crayfish are born with most of their adult appendages, and grow more as they molt. This shows how they begin by looking similar, but then become more different as they age, showing their evolutionary relatedness in their early stages.
https://www.pinterest.com/pin/453174781229895609/

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Homologous Structures within Kingdom Animalia

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Homologous Structures within Kingdom Animalia

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Legs of insects and legs of crustaceans. They are both used for walking and are structurally similar, with an exoskeleton and multiple joints. However, some insects use wings instead of their legs as their main source of transportation, while crustaceans rely on their limbs.
https://www.dailydot.com/unclick/crab-steals-cigar/

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All members of subphylum Crustacea have biramous limbs, which are limbs that split into two branches (claws are considered biramous limbs). They also have either a thick carapace or exoskeleton. These shared traits show descent from a common ancestor that possessed those traits and passed them on.
https://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/n/simple-complex-animals-vocab/deck/11107594

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Time period: Cambrian
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadaspis

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Time period: Eocene
http://paleoportal.org/index.php?globalnav=fossil_gallery&sectionnav=detail&submission_id=886&taxon_id=127&state_id=&period_id=&assemblage_id=&last_section=search

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Time period: Quaternary
http://paleoportal.org/index.php?globalnav=fossil_gallery&sectionnav=detail&submission_id=1012&taxon_id=127&state_id=&period_id=&assemblage_id=&last_section=search

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Time period: Tertiary
http://paleoportal.org/index.php?globalnav=fossil_gallery&sectionnav=detail&submission_id=884&taxon_id=127&state_id=&period_id=&assemblage_id=&last_section=search

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Time period: Tertiary
http://paleoportal.org/index.php?globalnav=fossil_gallery&sectionnav=detail&submission_id=1423&taxon_id=127&state_id=&period_id=&assemblage_id=&last_section=search

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Time period: Late Cretaceous
http://paleoportal.org/index.php?globalnav=fossil_gallery&sectionnav=detail&submission_id=572&taxon_id=127&state_id=&period_id=&assemblage_id=&last_section=search

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Fossils of organisms within subphylum Crustacea resemble modern day crabs and crustaceans, proving that they evolved from a common ancestor that shared those traits.

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Armadillidium vulgare

Physical Characteristics

Gray, segmented body

Six pairs of legs

Habitat

Dark, humid, terrestrial habitats

Under logs, stones, and dead leaves

Behavior

Roll into a ball when disturbed

Scavenge for food

https://sites.google.com/a/arlington.k12.ma.us/organisms/pill-bugs

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Uca pugilator

Physical Characteristics

Four pairs of walking appendages

Wide carapace on back

Males have one distinctly enlarged claw

Habitat

Mud, sand or salt marshes

Coasts or beaches near the high tide mark

Behavior

Dig burrows

Sift through sediments for algae and decaying plants to eat

Eat with small claw

Males fight other males with large claw, and wave it to attract a mate

https://www.thespruce.com/fiddler-crabs-1237222

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Odontodactylus scyllarus

Physical Characteristics

Clublike front appendages that provide an extremely powerful punch (impact velocity of a .22 caliber rifle)

Hardest and fastest punch known to science

Habitat

Indo-Pacific Ocean

Lives in burrows

Behavior

Prey on other crustaceans by smashing carapace with club

Biparental care for eggs

https://montereybayaquarium.tumblr.com/post/52384365014/peacock-mantis-shrimp-hes-baaaaack-tiny

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Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
- Subphylum: Crustacea
Class: Malacostraca
Order: Stomatopoda
Family: Odontodactylidae
Genus: Odontodactylus
Species: scyllarus
https://www.tes.com/lessons/x12PkPUDnaxDVQ/model-peacock-mantis-shrimp

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Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
- Subphylum: Crustacea
Class: Malacostraca
Order: Decapoda
Family: Ocypodidae
Genus: Uca
Species: pugilator
http://www.allthesea.com/Sea-Crabs-Fiddler-Crab.html

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Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
- Subphylum: Crustacea
Class: Malacostraca
Order: Isopoda
Family: Armadillidiidae
Genus: Armadillidium
Species: vulgare
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armadillidiidae

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Major Characteristics of Subphylum Crustacea

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Major Characteristics of Subphylum Crustacea

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Physical

Two pairs of antennae

Biramous limbs (limbs that branch off into two)

Compound eyes

Exoskeleton

Behavioral

Most have courtship rituals

Scavengers, parasites and predators

Habitats

Saltwater or freshwater

Moist, humid land environments

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Taxonomy of organisms can show how closely related organisms are. In the case of the three exemplary organisms here, they all share a common class (Malacostraca). After that, they branch off into three different orders within Class Malacostraca.
Organisms that share more specific taxonomic levels, such as Order or Family, are more closely related that two organisms that only share a common Kingdom or Class.

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https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/11/151121105802.htm

http://thefiddercrabresource.weebly.com/reproduction.html

http://www.rjpbcs.com/pdf/2014_5(2)/[212].pdf

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiddler_crab

http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Armadillidium_vulgare/

http://mantisshrimpresource.weebly.com/evolution.html

http://www.sc.edu/uofsc/posts/2015/11/dudycha_daphnia_eye_variation.php#.WS7KnRgrLrc