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by Chris, alex and Kyra

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By 1916 the campaigns that were used to enlist men into the war stopped being affective.
William Morris Hughes the Labour Prime Minister of Australia made the decision that Australia should follow the example of Britain and introduce conscription.
the Australian Labour Party or ALP did not agree with the decision and was against conscription but the Labour Prime Minister went against party policy and attempted to win support for conscription, through two campaigns in the years 1916 and 1917.
The subject of conscription created division in Australia the "Blood campaign" did not agree with conscription and fought against it.
In October 1916 the campaign for conscription lost in a referendum and the second referendum in 1917 was also conclusive.

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peace and commemoration

many of the consequences of world war 1 are not recognised

the survivors of the war emerged from the trenches to see a world in ruins

the German, Austro-Hungarian, Turkish and Russian empires were shattered

revolutions and civil wars broke out in the defeated empires

in November 1918, 260 000 australians had to be repatriated (taken back from Gallipoli to Australia).

there was a shortage of shipping so some Australians had to wait for 18 months to get back to their family

the troops also brought home the Spanish influenza to Australia (hooray) which swept the world and caused 12 000 deaths in Australia which resulted in many men being quarantined from the family they had just been reunited with.

the government gave small loans to ex-service men and trained them some trades  though none of these measures could clear from the minds the horrors of four years at war.

memorials were constructed in towns across Australia to honour the people who served. many of these memorials were also built in France and Belgium to honour the Australians even though they did not come from their country.

many australians saw World War 1 as a chance to prove their country worthy of being in Britain's military force

ANZAC day was first celebrated in 1916 to commemorate the landing on Gallipoli and this day became Australia’s unofficial national day.

Australia was not considered a nation until the 25th April 1915 in Gallipoli

from 1920 ANZAC day became a public holiday

Anzac day became a celebration representing the troops that fought in the war, risking their lives for their family, their friends and for their country. although Australia represented less than 10% of Britain's military, no front achieved as much in proportion to their numbers.

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WW1 took both money and lives and the Commonwealth Government gained power over Australia's war effort. Many taxes were introduced to help pay the debt caused by war. The government also removed many democratic rights such as freedom of speech, freedom of association and freedom of the press. Censorship became evident.

Australia became divided when opposition to the war grew pacifists and some Irish-Australians disagreed with WW1 and socialists believed that the war was a fight between Capitalist empires for the right to exploit the laborers of the world.

Schools were used to inspire patriotism in adolescents, at 12 years old boys would become junior cadets and girls made clothes for troops/war victims children also grew vegetables for the families of soldiers, read stories of the heroes of British and Australian forces and recited loyalty pledges.

Recruiting campaigns were used to encourage or shame men into enlisting, but as casualties increased the number of volunteers declined so recruiting officers started going to schools in 1918 and would use children to encourage family member to enlist

With the Australian Army Nursing Service 3000 women travelled overseas to aid wounded troops. Many women were wounded and 13 killed. While women were unable to join the armed forces they did help in recruiting campaigns, fund raising and charity work. Most women enthusiastically supported the war others like Vida Goldstein formed peace organisations and campaigned against conscription.

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analysing photographs:

photographs are useful primary sources but…

even during world war 1, although modern photography had not been invented skilled photographers could still find a way to alter the content in the photograph.

thousands of photographs were taken during WW1 by soldiers although it was against martial law.

although many were taken for an accurate documentation, there were a few photos that were edited for propaganda

some questions that need to be asked when analysing a photograph are:

who took the photograph and what is the source?

has the photo been posed or is it taken as the scene was?

has the photo been cropped or edited in any way?

has the photo been taken close up or far away and does this affect how we react to it?

what is the main subject in this photograph and what are some minor details?

where was the photograph taken?

how does the photograph provide evidence?

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8.11 summarises the fall and rise of the Russians during World War One.

The Russians had to leave WWI because of the revolution going on in their country.

peace, bread and land represented the three desires of the Russian people. peace meant ending the Russian involvement in the war. land meant the abolition of private property and the redistribution of land to the peasants and bread meant the end to widespread food shortage