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Does situate criminal actions within the choices that individuals make
Critical of those that excuse criminal behaviour
Ignores wider issues such as poverty

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Wilson: Broken windows and Zero tolerance. 'Broken Windows' says you need to prevent crime and tackle it at the very first signs of determination.
Crime prevention policies for even small crimes should make the costs outweigh the rewards so they won't commit crime

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Assumes that individuals have free will and the ability to reason. Clarke argues that criminals decide to commit crime based on a rational calculation.

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Murray- Socialisation and the Underclass

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Murray- Socialisation and the Underclass

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Crime is increasing due to the growth of the rabble underclass that failed to socialise their children properly. Crime is therefore a result of poor socialisation and a growth in the underclass. The underclass is also a result of welfare dependency.

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View crime as a combination of biological and social factors. Biological differences make some innately more likely to commit a crime. 2011 findings show that murderers, psychopaths and individuals with aggressive, antisocial personalities have poorer functioning in the prefrontal cortex.

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Believe that there is a consensus in society that people and property should be protected against wrong-doing
The state has an obligation to deter criminality and punish offenders
Traditional values help to prevent criminal behaviour
Individuals have biological predispositions to risk taking and therefore to criminality
Those most likely to give into biological predispositions of criminality are found where traditional family and socialisation are weak

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No great abandonment of Marxist theory- the elements that lead to a crime are a result of inequalities generated by the capitalism society
Marxism don't believe a classless society which would not have crime in realistic
Local committees incorporating marginal groups to advise the police

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Previous view were based on the assumption that crime would cease to exist in a more equal society. The task was to develop a more realistic understanding of crime. NLR sees crime as a result of relative deprivation, marginalisation and the development of subcultures. They do make the following claims:
1. Street crime= a real social problem
2. Young working class men are the main perpetrators of crime
3. Crime should not be romanticised and seen as a political protest

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Writers argue that New Criminologists romanticise crime showing it as a justified response by the working class.
New Left Realists don't believe that Socialism is likely to happen, so look for a more realistic understanding of crime.
New Left Realists reject that crime is a political protest.
New Left Realists accept that official crime statistics show us an accurate picture of who is most likely to commit crime, but crime is concentrated among those who are most likely to be marginalised, suffer from relative deprivation and as a consequence are more likely to form subcultures.

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Political revolutions only occurred when the poor became aware of the sheer scale of the difference between themselves and the ric

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Became disillusioned with the Marxist approach that suggested criminals should be seen as victims of the capitalist system and we should focus on the crime of the powerful. Real victims of crime were the poor and the powerless and that these people viewed street crime and burglary as one of the main social problems that they faced.

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'Broken Windows' argued that crime flourished in situations where social control breaks down. Crime is prevented because of others checking, if it goes unchecked then it becomes more and more frequent and more and more serious.

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Possible causes:
Government are incapable of sorting crime, but it can be controlled
Policy Based Solutions: Only way to prevent crime is through local people feeling able to maintain order. Initially stricter policing to give people to confidence to impose formal control

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Wider causes are: Poverty and inequality in capitalist society. Immediate causes are- Marginalisation; Relative deprivation; Subcultures
Policy Based Solutions: Address wider problems through redistribution of resources. Address immediate problems by- Better collaborative policing; Better housing facilities; Recreating a sense of community