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Sustainable tourism

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A balance must be found between limits and usage so that continuous changing, monitoring and planning ensure that tourism can be managed. This requires thinking long-term (10, 20+ years) and realizing that change is often cumulative, gradual and irreversible.

Economic, social and environmental aspects of sustainable development must include the interests of all stakeholders including indigenous people, local communities, visitors, industry and government.

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Sustainable Tourism | Sustainable & Responsible Planning and Management for the Tourism Industry

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A balance must be found between limits and usage so that continuous changing, monitoring and planning ensure that tourism can be managed. This requires thinking long-term (10, 20+ years) and realizing that change is often cumulative, gradual and irreversible.

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Eco tourism - a short introduction

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Subject knowledge animation: What is Ecotourism?

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How is mass tourism destroying cities?

For this project, you are going to use the following sources to help you answer the question above. Watch the videos, read the articles and debate this question in groups. Then, plan to present your findings in a presentation to your class.

Firstly, consider how the tourism industry is changing...

What is the problem with modern mass tourism?
What are the positive and negative impacts of tourism?
Many people around the world feel that tourism is killing culture and communities. For example, the mayor of Venice wants the city on the world heritage blacklist.

Do you think that too many people want to travel these days?

So how can cities benefit from tourism?

Could tourism make us more tolerant of other cultures?

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How is mass tourism destroying cities? For this project, you are going to use the following sources to help you answer the question above. Watch the videos, read the articles and debate this question in groups. Then, plan to present your findings in a presentation to your class.

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In 2006, a Thai court ordered Twentieth Century Fox and other officials to pay compensation for the damage caused to Maya Bay during the filming of The Beach.

When the bay reopens, Thai authorities plan to limit visitor numbers to 2000 a day and to ban the use of anchors.

On Wednesday, the Philippines also said it would limit the numbers of tourists on Boracay when it reopens on October 26 after a six-month closure to allow it to rehabilitate.

The island, which spans slightly less than four square miles, received almost two million local and foreign visitors last year.

When it reopens, just 19,000 tourists will be allowed on the island on any day, along with up to 15,000 workers. Only half of its 12,000 hotel rooms will be allowed to be used and beachfront parties will be banned.

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Thai bay made famous in 'The Beach' shuts indefinitely as Philippines places visitor cap on 'cesspool' Boracay

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In 2006, a Thai court ordered Twentieth Century Fox and other officials to pay compensation for the damage caused to Maya Bay during the filming of The Beach. When the bay reopens, Thai authorities plan to limit visitor numbers to 2000 a day and to ban the use of anchors.

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Residents in tourism hotspots have had enough. So what's the answer?

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Tourism brings money and jobs to cities - but can also damage residents' day-to-day lives, culture and heritage. Here are some solutions

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AP Photo/Frank Franklin II

A preliminary analysis of 100 U.S. metro areas suggests Airbnb bears at least some responsibility for soaring housing costs.

Regulators wary that Airbnb is eroding affordable housing availability have a new piece of evidence in their arsenal: A new study finds that spikes in Airbnb listings were strongly linked to rent increases in some of the largest US metro areas.

The new independent study, which has not yet been peer reviewed, is the first to analyze the impact of Airbnb listings by ZIP code in 100 of the largest metro areas. Using rental and home price data from Zillow, the researchers found that for every 10 percent growth in Airbnb listings, a ZIP code's average rent increased by 0.4 percent.

Authors Kyle Barron, a research assistant in economics at MIT; Edward Kung, an assistant professor of economics at UCLA; and Davide Proserpio, an assistant professor of business at USC, analyzed data from 2012 and 2016 to consider a causal relationship between Airbnb growth and housing prices. They caution that the study's findings are still preliminary.

Previous research in cities with tight rental markets has found a link between Airbnb growth and increased housing costs. A study released last yearby Keren Horn and Mark Merante found that Airbnb had a direct impact on increased housing prices in Boston.

Horn, who is an assistant professor of Economics at the University of Massachusetts, said hers and this new study are two of the first to find a causal relationship between Airbnb listings and housing prices, rather than just a correlation between the two.

"The problem with identifying the impact of Airbnb on rents is that cities are becoming more expensive and at the same time more tourists are coming to visit them," Horn said. "If you just look at these correlations you'd think they're moving in the same direction. But is it really Airbnb that's having a direct effect on rents?"

In the new study, the researchers scraped the ZIP codes with the greatest number of listings on Airbnb and Zillow. Using data on rental rates and house prices from Zillow, they were able to compare a given ZIP code's annual Airbnb growth to its annual increase in rental rates and house prices. (Note that because the study uses data from Zillow, this averages all types of properties for sale, from one bedroom houses to single family homes, which can vary by ZIP code.)

These small percentageincreaseshave a noticeable dollar impact-especially on neighborhoods popular with tourists. There's a reason you may have heard more French and German on the sidewalks of Bushwick and Bed-Stuy: the number of Airbnb listings in those central Brooklyn neighborhoods grew by a whopping 41 percent, on average, every year from 2012 to 2016.

During that same period, rents in these neighborhoods grew about 7.7 percent a year from a baseline average of $1,712 per month in 2012-that's an estimated average increase of $131 every year.

But not all of that growth is attributable to Airbnb. Controlling for other factors that influence housing costs-such as population growth, income, and employment rates-the findings would suggest that Airbnb was responsible for an estimated $27 of this increase.

How might Airbnb increase rents? Primarily by taking units off the market. In 2015, seekers of long-term housing in ZIP codes with average growth in Airbnb listings-think of suburban communities like Pleasant Valley, in the Austin, Texas metro-would have found one Airbnb unit for every 13 houses that were vacant-for-rent in their neighborhood. In the ZIP codes that saw the highest relative growth rate of Airbnbs-such as vacation hotspots like Sunset Beach in St. Petersberg, Florida-as much as 50 percent of potentially available homes were placed on Airbnb instead of the long-term rental market.

The study, however, finds that two different sorts of Airbnb listings have different impacts.

ZIP codes where the majority of landlords are owner-occupiers-those who rent out an extra room or rent for short periods while they are away-experienced minimal increases in housing costs. But ZIP codes with more absentee landlords-those who do not live in the homes they rent out-wereespecially influenced by increased Airbnb listings.

Huntington Beach, California, for example, has a high owner-occupancy rate of 51 percent. Between 2012 and 2016, Huntington Beach experienced 48 percent growth in Airbnb listings, but rent prices grew only 2.7 percent a year.

Hollywood, on the other hand, has a notably low owner-occupancy rate of only 5 percent. In turn, the number of Airbnb listings grew by an average of 50 percent per year, and rent prices grew about 6.4 percent.

"It has been argued that Airbnb income allows some hosts to stay in their homes in rapidly appreciating housing markets," said Edward Kung, one of the study's authors. But to assess this and other potential economic benefits of Airbnb to communities, he says, there needs to be more research on the home-sharing service, including on the extra income hosts can generate through Airbnb, and how it affects their lives.

Airbnb has been the world's largest home-sharing platform for nearly a decade. Since its founding in 2008, the company has faced harsh criticism for skirting traditional rental regulations and draining housing supplies in cities where rent prices already soar. The company has taken many of its critics head on: most recently, it started paying hotel tax-as of May 15, they had paid nearly a quarter of a billion dollars in hotel and tourist taxes globally. This helps the home-sharing service to alleviate some of its impacts, like raised housing costs.

The company has also adopted a "one host, one home" policy in San Francisco and New York-limiting hosts from listing rentals at more than one address-to account for the uniquely constrained supply of housing in these cities.

Some city officials are exploring additional regulation in anticipation of impacts like the one found by this study. Barron, Kung, and Proserpio's close-up examination of ZIP code-level trends may offer guidance for legislators. Their research suggests that while Airbnb growth is a factor, it is not primarily to blame for shutout rental prices. But how regulators and policymakers attempt to mitigate its effect may differ between neighborhoods.

"They [Airbnb] have the advantage of working in lots of cities," Horn said. "They could be a data steward and also a policy proposal steward."

Horn suggested data-sharing agreements between Airbnb and cities might be key as leaders seek reliable data on where listings are spreading-and where apartments, in turn, might disappear.

"A lot of cities aren't responding well to Airbnb," she added, "that's definitely not good for them, and maybe it's not good for the city, either."

Recommended
CORRECTION: A previous version of this story mischaracterized the neighborhoods with the highest relative growth rates of Airbnbs. In those ZIP codes, as much as 50 percent of available homes were placed on Airbnb rather than the long-term rental market.

About the Author

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A preliminary analysis of 100 U.S. metro areas suggests Airbnb bears at least some responsibility for soaring housing costs. Regulators wary that Airbnb is eroding affordable housing availability have a new piece of evidence in their arsenal: A new study finds that spikes in Airbnb listings were strongly linked to rent increases in some of the largest US metro areas.

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Airbnb is revolutionizing the lodging market by keeping hotel rates in check and making additional rooms available in the country's hottest travel spots during peak periods when hotel rooms often sell out and rates skyrocket, a new study shows.

That's bad news for hotels, which have traditionally earned their biggest margins when rooms were scarce and customers were forced to pay higher rates-such as in Midtown Manhattan on New Year's Eve. And it's good news for travelers who don't have to pay through the roof to get a roof over their heads during holidays or for big events.

"The benefits to travelers and the reduction in pricing power of hotels is really concentrated in particular cities during certain times," says Chiara Farronato, a co-author of the study. "When hotels are fully booked, Airbnb expands the capacity for rooms."

Released today, the research shows that in the 10 cities with the largest Airbnb market share in the US, the entry of Airbnb resulted in 1.3 percent fewer hotel nights booked and a 1.5 percent loss in hotel revenue.

The paper, The Welfare Effects of Peer Entry in the Accommodation Market: The Case of Airbnb, was written by Farronato, a Harvard Business School assistant professor, and Andrey Fradkin, postdoctoral fellow at the Initiative on the Digital Economy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Competition between traditional hotels and Airbnb is intensifying. Last Friday, Airbnb announced it is expanding its "experiences" offerings to an additional 1,000 cities. Meanwhile, the lodging industry is not only adding its own offerings, but stepping up lobbying efforts in local and federal circles for stricter regulations governing Airbnb.

The study focused on data from 2014, and the impact on hotels could be even greater today given Airbnb's strong growth since then.

In addition to access to more rooms, travelers reaped other rewards in places where Airbnb competed with hotels, the study shows. During busy travel times, guests enjoyed an average "consumer surplus" of $57 per night. This surplus didn't necessarily amount to more money in a visitor's pocket, but it did mean better accommodations at more reasonable prices, Farronato explains.

"Consumers don't always pay a lower price," Farronato says. "What changes is the quality of the listings. You might find a Fifth Avenue apartment or a place by the beach at a more reasonable price than you would if Airbnb wasn't an option. Or a listing might have additional amenities, like a kitchen. And if you still prefer a hotel room, competition from Airbnb means you'll pay a lower price for it."
Airbnb's rapid growth
Airbnb, an online community marketplace where people can list and book short-term lodging accommodations around the world, was founded in 2008 and has grown rapidly at a time when plenty of other industry-disrupting platforms have flourished, including Uber, Craigslist, and Spotify.

Airbnb offers listings in 191 countries, and its total number of listings-4 million--is higher than the top five major hotel brands combined.

To compare the performance of hotels versus Airbnb, the researchers used hotel data from Smith Travel Research, which tracks more than 161,000 hotels, as well as proprietary data provided by Airbnb, creating "the perfect setup to study market competition between new online platforms and traditional service providers," Farronato says. They studied prices and occupancy rates in 50 major US cities between 2011 and 2014, targeting markets with the largest number of hotels.

During the study period, Airbnb made a relatively small dent in the overall short-term accommodations market. Its rooms represented 4 percent of all guests and less than 1 percent of total housing units across all cities. And Airbnb didn't have much effect on hotel occupancy rates overall. Since Airbnb bookings occurred especially when hotels were already near full capacity, a large share of these bookings-between 40 and 60 percent-would not have been made at hotels if Airbnb wasn't an option.

The San Francisco-based home-sharing platform still made its mark on the hotel industry, however. The researchers found that Airbnb's growth through 2014 reduced hotel variable profits by up to 3.7 percent in the 10 US cities with the largest Airbnb presence.

This effect was particularly strong in cities with limited hotel capacity during peak demand days. On those days, hotel room prices were affected relatively more than occupancy rates, meaning that a hotel in one of these cities might still be fully booked during a peak period, but the competition from Airbnb may have forced the hotel to lower its rates for those rooms.

Airbnb rooms were more plentiful in cities with a big demand for accommodations, as well as areas with higher-priced hotels, like New York, Los Angeles, and San Francisco. In other places such as Oklahoma City and Memphis, however, listings were sparse by comparison.

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The Airbnb Effect: Cheaper Rooms For Travelers, Less Revenue For Hotels

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Airbnb is revolutionizing the lodging market by keeping hotel rates in check and making additional rooms available in the country's hottest travel spots during peak periods when hotel rooms often sell out and rates skyrocket, a new study shows.

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How can mass tourism impact a place?

Think about:

The economy
The environment
Local culture
Local community/ residents

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For more tolerance, we need more ... tourism?

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Aziz Abu Sarah is a Palestinian activist with an unusual approach to peace-keeping: Be a tourist. The TED Fellow shows how simple interactions with people in different cultures can erode decades of hate. He starts with Palestinians visiting Israelis and moves beyond…

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Reading - upper int

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Reading - pre-int/ int

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Reading - advanced

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Read and make notes

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Traveling is fantastic. If you've never had the travel bug hit you, or feel just a little apprehensive planning a trip to a country you've never been to, check out this course on travel hacking and learn the tips and tricks from the pros. When it boils down to it, tourism is great for not just individual travelers, but also the local economies. Primarily it's just a fantastic source of income, because its money that wouldn't have been earned if the tourists were not there.

Tourism also allows wealth to be injected into a community in a variety of ways. The great benefit of this industry is that it's extremely labor intensive, and many of the businesses that operate within it are only small businesses and micro operators. This means that every dollar coming into the industry is felt quickly by business owners and staff, and is directly related to a boost in local spending. For a community with the potential to become a tourist destination, there are a huge range of benefits. It's also great for individual travelers, because with a booming tourism industry there is lots to do, plenty of places to stay, and as a result more and more tourists are drawn in.

For anyone that is still wondering how all this trickles down into the economy, check out this course on economics and learn how the different parts are all connected. This article will cover the obvious, and the not so obvious advantages of tourism for the local industry, in addition to the main benefit of bringing income into a community that would otherwise have not been earned.

Employment

One of the easiest advantages to identify is the jobs tourism brings. This ranges from directly influenced positions like tour guides, hotel staff, coach services, and restaurants. What's great about all these businesses is that they not only pay wages to their staff, but source goods and products locally, giving a boost to local industry. What's great about tourism is that the supporting industries like retail and food production also benefit, although it is not as obvious to the untrained eye as this is mostly occurring behind the scenes. For a better understanding of the key macroeconomic indicators that need to be seen in a healthy economy, check out this recent post.

Increased Spending in the Local Community

This comes twofold. First you have the money that is spent directly by tourists in the economy. Not just on tourism, but there are a huge range of basic human requirements that need to be purchased, like food, clothing, hairdressing, medical services, and transportation needs that all need to be filled, along with souvenirs and amusements. In its own way, tourism supports global trade, which you can learn more about in this course on the new economy.

In addition to what is spent by tourists, the tourism dollars that are earned, by both businesses and individuals is often re-injected into the local economy. So you've got more money being earned locally thanks to tourism, which is then spent in the local economy as well. This is why tourism revenues are often referred to as having a multiplier effect, because a large percentage of every tourist dollar earned is reintroduced back into the economy, again and again. This is the multiplier effect. Ultimately, the more tourist dollars coming in, the larger the economic benefit for everyone.

Diversification

In addition to bringing prosperity to an economy, it also allows an economy to develop a new form of income. This acts as an insurance policy in case of hard times, because the additional dollars coming in can help support traditional industries in case they come under financial pressure. This is especially important for communities that rely on a single industry, or where there is a concentration of industry that is environmentally damaging such as mining or manufacturing. It's also important for rural communities, where there is significant risk based on the farming conditions and global commodity prices. Tourism allows a community to diversify their sources of income, and rely less on a single industry.

Infrastructure

The additional revenue that comes into a community also benefits the local council or governments. It means more tax dollars, which allows public projects to be launched or developed. This means the infrastructure improves, with new roads being built, parks developed and public spaces improved. The better facilities brings in more visitors, but is a fantastic benefit to local residents, especially when there is enough revenue to build new airports, schools and hospitals, which all support the economic development even further. Without a good infrastructure, the flow of goods and services is impossible, and tourism revenues allow this to be supported.

Social advantages

In addition to the revenue, there are also fantastic cultural advantages to tourism. It can be a source of pride for local communities, and allows them to look at their history, and cultural heritage and develop their own community identity. This helps the local residents to maintain their traditions and culture, while also showcasing it for all the visitors. This advantage of tourism is what has saved many local heritage sites from destruction, in addition to giving tourists a wonderful insight into the local ways of life. Tourism can help to preserve the history of a region that may be at risk of being lost.

Environmental Advantages

Many tourism operators are differentiating themselves from their counterparts by offering tours and packages with an environmental twist, and supporting the conservation of the local area. This helps both the environment in dealing with the influx of tourists, but also helps to build a strong reputation for the tourism operator. As a traveler, remember to respect the places you visit, and always leave them as you found it. One of the best ways to practice this is this course on becoming an expert travel photographer, so you can have all the memories, but leave only your footprints.

Opportunities

Bringing tourists into a community gives it new life, and creates opportunities for entrepreneurs to establish new services and products, or facilities that would not be sustainable based on the local population of residents alone. Tourists are all potential customers, and with the right approach can be targeted in a business strategy that allows for fantastic success.

There's no doubt tourism is fantastic for a local community. The key to remember when you're traveling yourself is to be a sustainable tourist, always act to support the cultural diversity of the place you are visiting, and make sure you take part in activities that add value to the local community. Never do anything that deteriorates the environment, and support the local and community owned establishments that form the heart of the local tourism industry. This course is great to teach you the tricks of the best travelers, and you'll be a jet-setter supporting local economies all over the world in no time!

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Traveling is fantastic. If you've never had the travel bug hit you, or feel just a little apprehensive planning a trip to a country you've never been to, check out this course on travel hacking and learn the tips and tricks from the pros.

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Go to this website and read about the advantages and disadvantages of tourism.

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BBC - GCSE Bitesize: Tourism in an LEDC: advantages and disadvantages

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A secondary school revision resource GCSE Geography on the pros and cons to tourism in LEDCs.

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Does tourism destroy the culture of a place ?

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Debate.org is a dynamic social community where you can voice your opinion on today's hottest issues.

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Read and make notes

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For those of you that have ever gone on vacation, you know how special an experience it can be. And by vacation, we don't mean visiting your parents for the holidays - vacations shouldn't trigger migraines. By vacation, we mean the "saving up money for months, taking time off of work way in advance, buying a fanny pack" type of vacation - not a trip, but an honest-to-goodness vacation. Unless you yourself happen to live in a tourist destination, chances are you don't even think about the other side of the equation when visiting another part of the world, or another part of your own country. If you did, then you might feel a bit guilty for renting, then erratically driving, those scooters you find in beach towns, or taking that slow guided tour through the busy streets of downtown.

Most people either never even consider this, or if they do, they don't want to think about it, because a vacation is supposed to be stress-free fun, and no one should feel guilty about taking a vacation. But in reality, there is a downside to tourism - the places you're visiting, no matter how magical they may seem, have residents who live there all year round, and they, the businesses, environment, everything, are all affected by tourism. Today, we're discussing the negative side of tourism, and how the throngs of tourists can have a detrimental effect on their dream destination. Hopefully, we don't scare you away from traveling after reading this article, but if it does freak you out a bit, then this course on traveling with confidence, and this article on packing for travel should be enough to get you excited about it again.

Some of the following negative issues associated with the otherwise-enriching experience of tourism and traveling may seem obvious, and others you probably never would have thought of. Either way, try to be aware of them next time you plan a trip somewhere, and try your best to be a conscientious traveler.

Stress on Insufficient Infrastructure

Many times, local governments are unable to prepare for the dramatic influx of people that accompany a destination's "busy season", or for a special event, like the ones that revolve around sports, such as the World Cup or the Olympics, or a cultural event, like Carnival or Mardi Gras. Traffic jams and crowded streets full of ambling tourists can bring local life to a grinding halt. Granted, all the planning in the world can't make already-existent streets any wider, but with major events only getting more and more packed as population increases, without sufficient planning, tourism can put a strain on local facilities and infrastructure, which may prove difficult, and perhaps impossible, for a community to overcome.

Loss of Privacy

There are countless local communities the world over that have felt a loss of not only privacy, but the feeling that their town is no longer theirs. Whether it's a small medieval city in Italy, or a colonial town in Central America, excessive tourism can can strip the locals of a feeling of privacy. It may be due to the newly-packed restaurants and bars, or the very streets that used to be empty, it's not unusual to feel as if their humble town has been taken over by outsiders.

Change of Priorities for Government

Because the local governments of smaller towns and cities are easily overwhelmed, especially if they happen to be a popular tourist destination, or are poised to become one, they may start focusing on the potential influx of money brought in by tourists' dollars, sometimes at the cost of focusing on local issues. This may be especially true if a community is not yet a destination, but has some type of event or landmark it can use to bring in revenue. They may decide to focus attention and resources on this potential cash flow rather than the local population and its issues.

Higher Prices

Anyone who's been to a popular tourist destination knows that they're going to spend a lot of money, not only due to the volume of purchases, but because tourist destinations tend to jack up the prices of everything: food, hotels, drinks, services, etc. Many tourists don't think about this, but the locals must also pay they exorbitant prices, which are at their current state directly due to tourism. To learn how to stay on budget when on the road, check out this course on traveling more and spending less to save some bucks.

Local Job Market Affected

In tourist destinations that tend to rely on the weather for their tourist dollars, like places in the Caribbean, or towns with good skiing, a majority of their workforce is tourism-reliant. What this means for them is that many, if not most of these jobs are seasonal, and virtually non-existent in the off-season, and when they are working, these positions tend to be low paying. Hopefully this situation doesn't describe you, but if it does, or you're just out of a job right now, no matter where you live, then this course on getting a good job will help you work on your resume, as well as your networking and interviewing skills.

Resources and Land Affected

This issue is related more to destinations that cater to nature-lovers, and whose tourist appeal lies in their physical beauty. These communities tend to be on the smaller side, and feel the magnified effects of the tourism industry more so than other places might. Here, natural resources such as water, energy, food, and even habitat areas, which were possibly already in precarious positions, feel much more strain when a large population is using them, in addition to the locals. Also, the physical land may be at risk of negative affects. Soil erosion, pollution, discharge into water, deforestation, and issues with local species of animals and plants may come about due to the increased activity. If you're planning a trip to a beautiful destination, in addition to respecting the physical beauty, make sure you document it, as well, and this course on the art of travel photography will show you how to take better photos of the beauty that surrounds you.

Commodification

When a tourist destination also happens to be sacred, with spiritual and/or religious notions and activities associated with it, there's a good possibility that these places and ideas can just become entertainment and commodities to some visitors. Associated with the concept of "reconstructed ethnicity", various rites, rituals, festivals, and places that are seen as spiritually important, may end up taking on an air of entertainment, possibly resulting in changes in local values, as well as lost respect for these things.

Standardization

Tourists go to a place because it's different than what they're used to, which influences some destinations to play up their "unusualness", but not too much so. While they may attempt to keep their identity for tourists, destinations sometimes don't want to be too "different", and must water down and standardize their product, as well as throw in the food and hotel chains that many tourists feel comfortable with.

Hopefully we haven't scared you away from your next vacation to a tropical paradise, or a small ancient town. All we wanted to do was inform you of some of the potential downfalls of the normally glamorous tourism industry. Rarely do people discuss the other side of this coin, and while these situations may not always be the case, they very well could exist - just be aware of them, and try to be a respectful and conscientious tourist next time you're on vacation, and make sure you document your travels well, which this course on travel journaling will help you out with.

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8 Disadvantages of Tourism: The Dark Side of Vacations

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For those of you that have ever gone on vacation, you know how special an experience it can be. And by vacation, we don't mean visiting your parents for the holidays - vacations shouldn't trigger migraines.