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After attaining his freedom, Nelson Mandela led the ANC in its negotiations and trying to  put an end to Araptheid and the establishment of multiracial government. An overwhelming majority chose the ANC to lean the country, and on May 10 Mandela was sworn in as the first black president of South Africa. As president, he establish the Truth and Reconciliation Commission. He also introduced numerous social and economic programs designed to improve the living standards of South Africa's black population. in 1996, Mandela presided over the enactment of a new South African constitution, which established a strong central government based on majority rule and prohibited discrimination against minorities, including whites. He improved race relations, discouraging blacks from retaliating against the white minority and building a new international image of a united South Africa. He proclaimed the country a "rainbow nation at peace with itself and the world. His marriage to Winnie ended in 1992. The following yea, he retired from politics.

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Nelson Mandela was born on July 18th, 1918 into a royal family of the Xhose tribe. His father, Gadla Henry  Mphakanyiswa's served as a chief. His mother, Nosekeni Fanny was the third of his four wives. Whom he had nine daughters and four sons.  Thereafter, his father died in 1972. Mandela was the first in his family to receive an education. He completed his primary studies at a local missionary school, in which a teacher named him Nelson as a part of a practice where they give African American students English names. He progressed studying at a Methodist secondary school, where he excelled in boxing, track, and academics. Further on, he attended the Elite University of Fort Hare, the only Western style institute for South African blacks at the time. During the following year, he and some of his fellow classmates ,  were sent home to participate in a boycott against university policies.  After discovering that his guardian arranged his marriage, Mandela left to Johannesburg and worked as a night watchman and then as a law clerk, while completing his bachelors degree  by correspondence. Furthermore, Nelson studied law at the University of Witwatersrand, where he became involved in the movement against racial discrimination. Later on, he married his first wife, Evelyn Ntoko Mase , and he had four children with her before their divorce in 1957.

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Nelson Mandela's commitment to politics and the ANC grew stronger. after 1948 election victory of the Afrikaner-dominated National Party which then introduced a formal system of racial classification and segregation. The proceeding, the ANC adopted ANCYL's plan to achieve full citizenship for all South Africans through boycotts, strikes, and civil disobedience. On December,  Mandela and 155 other activists were arrested and went on trial for treason. In 1961, Nelson Mandela co-founded and became the first leader of Umkhonto we Sizwe. also known as MK, a new armed wing of the ANC.The trial would put him behind bars for three decades. Nelson Mandela spent the first 18 of his 27 years in jail at the brutal Robben Island Prison where he was confined to a small cell without a bed. As a black prisoner he received fewer privileges than other inmates. He was only allowed to see his wife, Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, who he had married in 1958. Mandela and his fellow prisoners weer routinely subjected to inhumane punishments for the slightest offenses. There were reports of guards burying inmates in the ground up to their necks and urinating on them. While in confinement Mandela earned a Bachelor's of law degree from the University of London and served as a mentor to his fellow prisoners. encouraging them to seek a better treatment through non violence. He also smuggled out political statements and a draft of his auto biography "Long Walk to Freedom" published five years after his release. Mandela remained the symbolic leader of the Antiapartheid movement. Oliver Tambo introduced a "Free Nelson Mandela" campaign that fueled the growing international outcry against South Africa's racist regime. As the pressure increased, the government offered Mandela his freedom in exchange for various political compromises. in 1988 he was placed under house arrest. The following year, newly elected president F.Q. de Klerk lifted the ban on the ANC and called for a nonracist South Africa. On Febuary 11, 1990, he ordered Mandela's release.

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Resistance to Apartheid started mostly as non-violent protests and marches that demanded an end to the segregation and economic devastation  the Apartheid laws caused. In 1952 The African National Congress held a meeting along with the South Indian National Congress in which they all burned their pass books. The government broke up the meeting and charged everyone with treason, but it signified that the people were going to take more action against Apartheid. In 1960 the Pan-African Congress was having a protest march when police fired on the unarmed group. 67 black people were killed and about 180 injured. This became a turning point and many were now convinced of the evils of Apartheid and that it could not be taken down peacefully.  Large scale protests were held in which Africans would intentionally do things against the law to get themselves arrested. These things included going into places and using facilities that were labelled white only. When a group of protesters were attacked with tear gas and rubber bullets in 1976, countries across the globe took notice and strongly encouraged South Africa to repeal Apartheid laws.

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Among the may qualities that Mandela has he was able to easily decied the right and most ethical thing to do. "In 1993 , a white man assassinated Chris Hani, a leader of the South African Communist Party, triggering a widespread demonstration against the de Klerk government. Mandela, recently out of prison, had the guts to call for peace when people wanted revenge." This is a great example of how he was able to get over his own personal setbacks and be able to help others. Mandela aligned himself well and was able to understand and make room for a new perspective or idea. In his inaugural presidential address he used key plural pronouns, we, us, and our, to align a deeply divided nation around a common vision: “We understand it still that there is no easy road to freedom…none of us acting alone can achieve success. We must therefore act together as a united people, for national reconciliation, for nation building, for the birth of a new world.” Lastly, and the most crutical leadership quality that Manela has is the abilty to learn. Mandela exemplifies how a strategic leader adjusts strategy and execution amid complex social, political, legal and economic forces without compromising deeply held values. Leadership is not just about motivating people and creating political support for a strategy, but also about maintaining broad support through successive adjustments to the plan.

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Apartheid was a series of policies that allowed the government in South Africa to segregate it's people. Apartheid was named by the National Party in 1948, although discrimination was around in South Africa long before. Apartheid acted similar to the "separate, but equal" laws put into place in America during the 1960s. Sections of the land were cut up a designated for one of four race groups. These groups included White, Indian, Coloured, and Native .Many of the laws passed under apartheid claimed to give rights to non-white community, but actually striped the people of their rights. Apartheid was eventually overturned after the pressure from countries across the world were increased by multiple attacks on protesters.

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Apartheid specifically prevented people from marrying or having sexual relationships with those outside their respective race groups. While it did not specifically prevent friendships or more causal relationships its passing caused them to become taboo. Furthermore, it often prevented people from gaining political power or economic prowess.  Many African leaders were forced from their positions and replaced with white people or coloured people who worked with the government. Natives who owned farmland were already struggling to keep a hold of their land; Apartheid now forced them to sell it at low prices to white men. Several people were killed and injured in protests against the Apartheid laws.  Overall Apartheid ruined people's lives in a social, economical, political and personal ways.

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"Mandela was a gifted visionary. He exercised a full range of cognitive, emotional and behavioral abilities to bring about profound change in South Africa. All leaders who aspire to be more strategic can learn from Mandela’s key behaviors that distinguish him as a true strategic leader." (6 principles that made Nelson Mandela a renowned leader
Paul J.H. Schoemaker,Steven Krupp).  An excellent leadership quality that Mandela holds is the power to anticipate. He looked ahead and could see that South Africa’s system of apartheid would not survive into the future. From his prison cell, he strategically assessed his moves and anticipated reactions. Mandela also challenged life. Despite harsh prison life, Mandela kept his energy up to challenge his keepers. Through word, deed and symbol, he challenged the system that denied him liberty. A qualitly that Mandela had that the reader strives to gain, is the ability to interpert. He recognized that South Africa could follow in Zimbabwe’s footsteps, unless he practiced racial harmony. That meant forgiving without forgetting and sharing power. He was a master of symbolism, and being truly humble.

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In an article entitled 11 Leadership Qualities of Nelson Mandela by Skip Prichard it goes into detail of Mandela's time on Robben Island, the prison he spent 18 of his 27 years in, and the conditions of the prison. There were even first hand experieces from former prisoners of daily struggle of being on this island. Through this and many other times in his life, Mandela has been able to over come demanding and ambitous challenges in his life. Through Mandelas experiences and mindset through it all he has been able to influence the world positviely and become an excellent leader or role model. Some of Mandela's most well know leadership qualities include: He was a man of peace, He had a powerful presence and disarmed enemies with his smile, He showed the world what forgiveness looks like, He was positive, thinking about what could be, He was a visionary and could see the big picture, He was focused on goals and a mission beyond himself, He had remarkable endurance, He showed grit and determination, He was humble, He was full of hope, not hate, and He was patient.