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is all around you. is anything that has or takes up space. If it's made up of atoms or molecules, it's !

Even though is everywhere around the universe, it usually only comes in just a few forms. Scientists have discovered five states of so far: , , , , and Bose-Einstein condensates. The most common are solids, liquids, and gases.

What's the difference between these different states of ? It's all about the state of their atoms and molecules.

Solids have a particular size and shape. The atoms and molecules in a are packed together tightly and do not move much. Common examples of solids are an orange, a rock, or a coin.

Liquids have a specific size or , but no particular shape. Liquids take the shape of whatever container they find themselves in, whether it's a soda bottle or a creek bed. The particles in a are not packed as tightly as those in a . They tend to move around much more freely. Common examples of liquids are water, milk, and juice.

Gases tend to be harder to identify, because they have no color, shape, or size. The particles in a move quickly and freely and tend to have a lot of space between them. Gases can take the shape of any container. Common gases include and carbon dioxide.

To change from one state of to another, the properties of the must change. This usually happens through changes in temperature , , or other properties.

For example, when water (ice) gets hot, it melts and turns into water. The reverse of this process is freezing. When water gets hot enough, it vaporizes into a . When water vapor cools off, it condenses back into water.

It's also possible for a to turn directly into a without first changing into a . Dry ice, for example, is frozen carbon dioxide. When it heats up, it changes directly back to carbon dioxide in a process called sublimation .

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is all around you. is anything that has or takes up space. If it's made up of atoms or molecules, it's ! Even though is everywhere around the universe, it usually only comes in just a few forms. Scientists have discovered five states of so far: , , , , and Bose-Einstein condensates.

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During the Revolutionary War, France became a close friend of Americans seeking from Great Britain. To honor its friendship with America, France gave the U.S. a special gift: Frederic-Auguste Bartholdi's beautiful called Enlightening the World.

The of arrived in New York on June 19, 1885. It came in 350 pieces packed into 214 crates. The was assembled on a pedestal base built by the United States. The 151-foot tall has become a worldwide of and .

The of 's home is Bedloe's Island (renamed Island in 1956). From 1892 to 1943, "Lady " greeted over 12 million immigrants as they arrived on boats at the nearby Ellis Island Immigration Station.

The pedestal of the features words from Emma Lazarus that reflect immigrants' hopes and dreams for in America:
Give me your tired, your poor,
Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free,
The wretched refuse of your teeming shore.
Send these, the homeless, tempest-tost to me.
The represents Libertas, the Roman goddess of . She holds a torch in one hand and a tablet inscribed with the date of the Declaration of Independence in the other.

Built in France, the is made of hundreds of thin sheets assembled on a frame of steel supports. The inner was engineered and designed by Gustave Eiffel. He later used the same design on the Eiffel Tower in Paris.

Eiffel's design allows the of to move with changes in temperature and wind speed. It also allowed staircases to be built on the inside of the . Visitors can climb to an observation deck inside the crown.

The outer layer of the is that's only 3/32 of an inch thick - the thickness of two pennies put together. Despite how thin it is, the is strong. The amount of in the of could make 30 million pennies!

When the was originally assembled, it was a dull brown color, reflecting the natural color of its plates. Over the next 30 years, though, it slowly turned to the green color you see today.

What happened? Was it magic? Nope! It was science. A natural weathering process - called - took place when air and water reacted with the plates.

Over time, the weathering of the created a thin layer of called a . Although some people were worried that the changing color of the meant it was decaying, the actually protects the underneath from further .

Here are a few interesting facts about "Lady " you might not have known:

The alone stands 151 feet tall.

The pedestal stands 154 feet tall, making the top of the torch 305 feet above ground level.

The contains 62,000 pounds of and 250,000 pounds of steel. The concrete pedestal weighs 54 million pounds.

Winds of 50 miles per hour can cause the to sway up to 3 inches and the torch up to 6 inches.

The 7 points of the crown represent the seven seas and the seven continents.

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During the Revolutionary War, France became a close friend of Americans seeking from Great Britain. To honor its friendship with America, France gave the U.S. a special gift: Frederic-Auguste Bartholdi's beautiful called Enlightening the World. The of arrived in New York on June 19, 1885. It came in 350 pieces packed into 214 crates.

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Have you ever seen a really old car that's been sitting for a number of years? If so, it was probably reddish-brown and flaking in many places. Those spots where the metal has corroded are called .

is very common, because reacts easily with in the air. In fact, it reacts so readily with that it's actually very rare to find pure in nature.

can also refer to the reaction of and in an underwater environment. This can sometimes be seen on used in underwater pillars. Over time, green will appear on these pillars as the reacts with in the water.

occurs when or its alloys, such as , . The surface of a piece of will begin to first in the presence of and water. Given enough time, any piece of will change entirely into and disintegrate.

The process of rusting is a combustion reaction, similar to fire. Left in contact with , will with the to form . Unlike fire, though, the reaction is much slower and does not create a .

There are certain factors that can speed up the rusting process. For example, water speeds up the reaction. Other substances, such as salt, can also increase the speed of the rusting process.

To prevent , can be coated to prevent its reaction with and water. One such process is called galvanization . Galvanization usually involves coating an object with a protective layer of . The layer of helps to prevent the underneath from reacting with and water to form .

Another coating that's a popular means of preventing is much simpler and much more common. What is it? Paint! That's right. A simple coat of paint can also prevent from reacting with and water in the environment.

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Have you ever seen a really old car that's been sitting for a number of years? If so, it was probably reddish-brown and flaking in many places. Those spots where the metal has corroded are called . is very common, because reacts easily with in the air.

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Do you love the great outdoors? Here in Wonderopolis we love to go hiking, , and camping. Our favorite thing to do in the outdoors is to start a big campfire and cook s'mores!

There's nothing quite like telling a few ghost stories by the light of a campfire. Its heat feels so good at the end of a long day when the temperatures start to drop. The smell of the combined with the roasting of hot dogs makes our tummies .

We also love the unique sound of a campfire. Sound might not be the first thing you think of when you think of a campfire, but burning wood definitely makes a snap, crackle, and pop sound that many people find relaxing.

But what exactly is going on when a campfire makes noise? Why does burning wood crackle in a ? The answer lies within the wood itself!

Before we look within the wood, let's first learn a bit about . comes from a chemical reaction between oxygen in the air and a source of , such as wood or gasoline. Luckily, most sources of don't burst into flames spontaneously, since they're surrounded by oxygen all the time. Instead, sources must be heated to their temperature for the combustion reaction to occur.

For wood, the temperature is around 300º F. At this temperature, the heat begins to the wood's material. As this happens, the decomposing material takes several forms: gases (), (pure carbon), and (unburnable minerals).

The actual burning of the wood occurs when the gases reach temperatures around 500º F, at which point the molecules break apart and recombine with oxygen to form water, carbon dioxide, and other products. This is what we think of as the process of burning.

At the same time, the carbon in the combines with oxygen in a much slower reaction. You're probably already familiar with . You can buy it at the store, and it's called charcoal. Charcoal is simply wood that has been heated to the point where most of the gases have been removed. That explains why charcoal burns with no !

When you place a log of wood onto a campfire, it begins to burn. Inside the wood, there are tiny pockets of fluids, such as water and . As the wood burns, the heats these fluids as if they were in a pan on the stove.

The heat from the causes the fluids within wood to first boil and then into . This gets trapped in the pocket within the piece of wood. The trapped begins to exert pressure on the surrounding wood.

Eventually, the wood gives way. The snap, crackle, or pop sound you hear is the wood splitting along a crevice and releasing into the . If you've ever tried to use wet wood for firewood, you've probably noticed that it snaps, pops, and crackles much more than usual. That's because of the excess water trapped within the wood!

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Do you love the great outdoors? Here in Wonderopolis we love to go hiking, , and camping. Our favorite thing to do in the outdoors is to start a big campfire and cook s'mores! There's nothing quite like telling a few ghost stories by the light of a campfire.

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How are you when you get home from a day at school? ? ? ? Those are just a few of the adjectives that kids might use to their hunger pains when they through the front door.

Instead of starting on homework, the first stop many kids make is the refrigerator . If you've ever searched the refrigerator for food after school, you may have noticed that it also usually contains all sorts of other items that don't make a good after-school snack.

The door full of condiments contains items that are usually only good if they're added to something else. You're also likely to find other items that are used in the cooking process, such as vinegar. You might also find a box of baking soda intended to odors in the refrigerator .

If you can't find food, you might be to up your own concoction with some of the things you found inside. Before you become a mad scientist in the kitchen, though, you should know that some of those things might not make a tasty treat.

Take baking soda and vinegar, for example. Mixing those two ingredients will get you a reaction, but it won't taste good. In the right amounts and containers, the mixture can even be downright !

Baking soda and vinegar react chemically because one is a base and the other is an . Baking soda is a basic compound called sodium bicarbonate. Vinegar is a diluted solution that contains acetic .

The baking soda and vinegar reaction is actually two separate reactions. The first reaction is the -base reaction.

When vinegar and baking soda are first mixed together, hydrogen ions in the vinegar react with the sodium and bicarbonate ions in the baking soda. The result of this initial reaction is two new chemicals: carbonic and sodium acetate.

The second reaction is a decomposition reaction. The carbonic formed as a result of the first reaction immediately begins to decompose into water and carbon dioxide gas.

Just like carbon dioxide bubbles in a carbonated drink, the carbon dioxide (that formed as the carbonic decomposed) rises to the top of the mixture. This creates the bubbles and foam you see when you mix baking soda and vinegar.

If you mix a large amount of baking soda and vinegar in a small container with a narrow opening, expect an impressive eruption! Many science teachers use this simple chemical reaction to teach students about chemistry. If you've ever made a homemade volcano as a science experiment, then you know firsthand what happens when baking soda and vinegar react!

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What Happens When You Mix Vinegar and Baking Soda?

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How are you when you get home from a day at school? ? ? ? Those are just a few of the adjectives that kids might use to their hunger pains when they through the front door. Instead of starting on homework, the first stop many kids make is the refrigerator .