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Muhammad Faisyal bin Mohamed 5521711449 LO3

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Kalsum Binti Ismail
ID : 55211115361
LO3

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Nor Shaheera binti Zawakhir
55211115093
LO3
Vanadium oxide
Vanadium(V) oxide is the inorganic compound with the formula V₂O₅. Commonly known as vanadium pentoxide, it is a brown/yellow solid, although when freshly precipitated from aqueous solution, its colour is deep orange
During the Contact Process for manufacturing sulphuric acid, sulphur dioxide has to be converted into sulphur trioxide. This is done by passing sulphur dioxide and oxygen over a solid vanadium(V) oxide catalyst.

The sulphur dioxide is oxidised to sulphur trioxide by the vanadium(V) oxide. In the process, the vanadium(V) oxide is reduced to vanadium(IV) oxide. The vanadium(IV) oxide is then re-oxidised by the oxygen. Although the catalyst has been temporarily changed during the reaction, at the end it is chemically the same as it started.

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Muhd Nur Rahimi Bin Mohd Asri
55213115288 L03
H20 + CO2 <---> H+ + HCO3-
*carbonic anhydrase catalyzes the reaction of water + carbon dioxide to form bicarbonate
role of Zn(II) in proteins are for the stability of the protein structure, or arrangement of the active site (structural)
Zn-free enzyme has activity, addition of Zn2+ enhance or inhibit activity (regulatory)
Carbonic anhdrase is an enzyme that is located in red blood cells, it contains about 0.31% to 0.34% zinc. This is important because it's the first known direct physiology function of zinc.
1.deprotonation
2.carboxylation (anionic oxygen form nucleophilic attack on the carbon)
3. formation of ring structure
4.formation of bicarbonate
5.carbonic anhydrase mechanism
usage of carbonic anhydrase in medical:
treat glaucoma
carbonic anhydrase use during emergency because they are able to rapidly reduce the pressure that has built up inside the eye by 40% to 60%. The less fluid that is allow to build up yields less pressure behind the eye.

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Name: Sharifah Nur Jamilah Binti Syed Walid
ID no.: 55211115357
L03
Naturally occurring amorphous silicas, synthetic amorphous silicas and amorphous silicas (silica fume) arising as by-products of industrial processes must be distinguished with respect to their occurrence, production and uses for purposes of occupational hygiene. The term "amorphous silica" is used here for the pure forms of SiO2 such as colloidal silica, precipitated silica, silica gel, pyrogenic silica, silica fume, quartz glass, fused silica and also the skeletons of Radiolaria and diatoms in the form of diatomaceous earth. These silica skeletons are comprised of an amorphous opaline substance. It is currently not clear whether the content of water, which varies from ca. 2 to 20 % w/w, can invalidate the classification as pure silica. The definition does not include those amorphous silicas like glass which contain, in addition to SiO2, other partly intentional constituents such as, e.g., Al2O3, MgO, Na2O. Thus, e.g., window glass, laboratory glass, fibre glass, rock and slag wools are not to be assessed according to the threshold limit values given here . Amorphous silica (SiO2) is an inorganic material commonly used in semiconductor circuits to isolate different conducting regions. Due to its mechanical resistance, high dielectric strength, and selectivity for chemical modification, amorphous silica has also become a key material in microelectronics and chromatography. Because of its unique properties, silica is quintessential for a broad range of applications: chips, optical fibers, and telescope glasses are manufacture on silica. Furthermore, molecular biologists employ silica in resins and optical beads to study the biomacromolecules. In recent years, the synergy between molecular biology and nanotechnology has opened up opportunities for many applications that involve macromolecules and silica, such as nanoelectronics, self-assembly of nanostructures, microfluidics, DNA microarray technology and nanopore sensors. The picture on the left side shows one of such nanodevices, a MOS nanopore manufactured on a poly-Silicon-Silica-Silicon membrane and a single-stranded DNA molecule (blue) translocating through it. It has been proposed that nanopores could be used to sequence DNA with single base resolution, leading to a fast and cheap DNA sequencing technology, which promises to have a enormous impact in life sciences and personal medicine. Therefore, an atomic level understanding of the interactions between biomolecules and silica is now central for further development of bionanotechnology applications.

Uses

Amorphous silica are used for a multitude of different purposes [3]. They serve as reinforcers/fillers in the indiarubber industry and as additives in varnishes, paints and glues. In addition, amorphous silica are used in the production of free-flowing powders for foodstuffs, animal feeds, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. Adsorbents and insulation materials are more recent applications. The ability of amorphous silicas to modify flow properties (thixotropism) is put to use in paint production. Paints should be as easy as possible to apply, which requires a low viscosity, and once applied should remain on the painted surface without dripping or forming runs, for which a high viscosity is necessary. The properties of amorphous silicas have led to their wide distribution as technical additives, e.g. in resins. Silicas are added to unsaturated polyester resins (UP resins) and epoxide resins to adjust their viscosity for industrial applications involving laminar processes. The rheological properties play a role in mixtures with PVC plastisols for the production of imitation leather and of underbody protective coatings. Other areas of application include pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. Amorphous silicas serve to adjust the viscosity of creams, ointments, suppositories and pastes. Finally they are used in the production of moulds.

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NURDAYANA BINTI AHMAD MUSA
55211115001

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Reaction          : Producing Nitric Acid NH3
Catalyst used : Platinum

Named after the scientist , it is one of the easiest way to create nitric acid.

The balanced equation for this reaction is different for each step:
Step 1:
4NH3 (gas) + 5O2 (gas) → 4NO (gas) + 6H2O (gas)
In this step, ammonia is heated with oxygen. This yields nitric oxide (NO) and water as products.

Step 2:
2NO (gas) + O2 (gas) → 2NO2 (gas)
In this step the nitric oxide (NO) that was created in the first is combined with oxygen again to create nitrogen dioxide (NO2).

Step 3:
3NO2 (gas) + H2O (liquid) → 2HNO3 (aqueous solution) + NO (gas)
In this step, the nitrogen dioxide is absorbed with water to create nitric acid (HNO3) as an aqueous solution. This also yields nitric oxide (NO).

Step 4:
4NO2 (gas) + O2 (gas) + 2H2O (liquid) → 4HNO3 (aqueous solution)
For this last step, the nitric oxide created along with the nitric acid is recycled and combined with oxygen and water to create a higher concentration of nitric acid (HNO3).

By
Noraini Saini
55214115102
L03-T1

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Horseradish peroxidase is a 40-kDa protein that catalyzes the oxidation of substrates in the presence of hydrogen peroxide, resulting in a colored product or the release of light as a byproduct of the reaction. HRP functions optimally at a near-neutral pH and can be inhibited by cyanides, sulfides and azides. Antibody-HRP conjugates are superior to antibody-AP conjugates with respect to the specific activities of both the enzyme and antibody. In addition, its high turnover rate, good stability, low cost and wide availability of substrates makes HRP the enzyme of choice for most applications.

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Horseradish peroxidase is a 40-kDa protein that catalyzes the oxidation of substrates in the presence of hydrogen peroxide, resulting in a colored product or the release of light as a byproduct of the reaction. HRP functions optimally at a near-neutral pH and can be inhibited by cyanides, sulfides and azides. Antibody-HRP conjugates are superior to antibody-AP conjugates with respect to the specific activities of both the enzyme and antibody. In addition, its high turnover rate, good stability, low cost and wide availability of substrates makes HRP the enzyme of choice for most applications.

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NUR ANISAH BT MOHD SHAH
55218115098

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Nur Aiman Amini Bt Mohd Shakri
55211115221

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muhammad  ikhwan bin mohamad azlan
55213115438
LO3
nickel (catalyst)

Ethene reacts with hydrogen in the presence of a finely divided nickel catalyst at a temperature of about 150°C. Ethane is produced.

This is a fairly pointless reaction because ethene is a far more useful compound than ethane! However, what is true of the reaction of the carbon-carbon double bond in ethene is equally true of it in much more complicated cases.

Catalysts can be divided into two main types - heterogeneous and homogeneous. In a heterogeneous reaction, the catalyst is in a different phase from the reactants. In a homogeneous reaction, the catalyst is in the same phase as the reactants.

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Muhamad Raizal Azrai B. Rohaimi (55211115248)
Catalyst: Enzyme Lipase

Lipase are used to hydrolize milk fats and give characteristic flavors to cheeses. Stronger flavored cheeses, for example, the Italian cheese, Romano, are prepared using lipases. The flavor comes from the free fatty acids produced when milk fats are hydrolyzed.
Animal lipases are obtained from kid, calf and lamb, while microbial lipase is derived by fermentation with the fungal species Mucor meihei. Although microbial lipases are available for cheese-making, they are less specific in what fats they hydrolyze, while the animal enzymes are more partial to short and medium-length fats. Hydrolysis of the shorter fats is preferred because it results in the desirable taste of many cheeses. Hydrolysis of the longer chain fatty acids can result in either soapiness or no flavor at all.

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Name : MUHAMMAD HAFIZ IZUDDIN BIN ZULKIFLI         Id : 55211115322 ( L03 - T3 )                                    Catalyst : Potassium Permanganate                      Reaction : Decompose of hydrogen peroxide

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Name : MUHAMMAD HAFIZ IZUDDIN BIN ZULKIFLI         Id : 55211115322 ( L03 - T3 )                                    Catalyst : Potassium Permanganate                      Reaction : Decompose of hydrogen peroxide

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Hydrogen peroxide will decompose into water and oxygen gas. Two molecules of hydrogen peroxide will produce two molecules of water and one molecule of oxygen. A catalyst of potassium permanganate can be used to speed up this process. Adding potassium permanganate to the hydrogen peroxide will cause a reaction that produces a lot of heat, and water vapor will shoot out.

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ID: 55205113699
Class: L03
Catalyst: Ziegler Natta Catalyst

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REACTION: CATALYTIC CRACKING IN PETROCHEMICAL INDUSTRY

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Catalyst: Carbonic Anhydrase
Reaction: Reaction of Carbon Dioxide and water to form Carbonic Acis

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Catalyst : Sodium Methoxide
Reaction : Transesterification in Biodiesel Production

Sodium methoxide is used as an initiator of anionic addition polymerization with ethylene oxide, forming a polyether with high molecular weight. Biodiesel is prepared from vegetable oils and animal fats, that is, fatty acid triglycerides, by transesterification with methanol to give fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs). This transformation is catalyzed by sodium methoxide.

Biodiesel is made through a chemical process called transesterification whereby the glycerin is separated from the fat or vegetable oil. The process leaves behind two products -- methyl esters and glycerin.

In organic chemistry, transesterification is the process of exchanging the alkoxy group of an ester compound by another alcohol. These reactions are often catalyzed by the addition of an acid or base.

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NUR DAYANA BINTI MUHAMAD RAFFIN   55220115334   (LO3)

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NUR DAYANA BINTI MUHAMAD RAFFIN   55220115334   (LO3)

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Biological catalyst @ Enzymes

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HALIDA BINTI SAAD
55214115363
L03

Ozone, O₃, is constantly being formed and broken up again in the high atmosphere by the action of ultraviolet light. Ordinary oxygen molecules absorb ultraviolet light and break into individual oxygen atoms. These have unpaired electrons, and are known as free radicals. They are very reactive.The oxygen radicals can then combine with ordinary oxygen molecules to make ozone.
Ozone can also be split up again into ordinary oxygen and an oxygen radical by absorbing ultraviolet light.

This formation and breaking up of ozone is going on all the time. Taken together, these reactions stop a lot of harmful ultraviolet radiation penetrating the atmosphere to reach the surface of the Earth.

The catalytic reaction in destroys the ozone and stops it absorb the UV:

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) like CF₂Cl₂, for example, were used extensively in aerosols and as refrigerants. Their slow breakdown in the atmosphere produces chlorine atoms - chlorine free radicals. These catalyse the destruction of the ozone.

This happens in two stages. In the first, the ozone is broken up and a new free radical is produced.

The chlorine radical catalyst is regenerated by a second reaction. This can happen in two ways depending on whether the ClO radical hits an ozone molecule or an oxygen radical.

If it hits an oxygen radical (produced from one of the reactions):

Or if it hits an ozone molecule:

Because the chlorine radical keeps on being regenerated, each one can destroy thousands of ozone molecules.

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FATIN AQILAH BINTI FAUZI (55211115053)
Catalyst used: Platinum and rhenium on alumina
Function: used to reform naphtha.
Bifunctional catalysts are able, as the name implies, to catalyse the conversion of one compound to another, using two substances on the surface.

For example, in reforming naphtha (a mixture of straight chain alkanes, with 6-10 carbon atoms) a bifunctional catalyst is used. The most well known one is platinum impregnated on the surface of alumina and both the metal and the oxide play their parts in the process. As can be seen (Figure 10), the first step is the dehydrogenation of the alkanes to alkenes, catalysed by the metal, followed eventually by adsorption of the alkene molecules on alumina. Because platinum is involved, the reforming is sometimes called platforming. The hydrogen ensures that the resulting alkenes and cycloalkenes subsequently react with hydrogen to form saturated compounds.

In this example butane is dehydrogenated to butene.

Figure 10 A mechanism for the reforming of butane to 2 methylpropene (isobutene).

The branched alkene molecule is desorbed into the gas phase until it is readsorbed on to a metal site where it is hydrogenated to form a branched alkane, 2-methylpropane (isobutane), which is then desorbed into the gas phase.

In the industrial process, naphtha vapour is passed over platinum and rhenium (ca 0.3% each) which are finely dispersed over aluminium oxide. The rhenium is thought to play an interesting role. If a sulfur compound is allowed to pass over the surface of the catalyst, it is preferentially adsorbed by the rhenium. If sulfur compounds are not removed, reactions occur leading eventually to the formation of carbon which causes the activity of the catalyst to be markedly reduced.

Equation : Making Naphtha

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STUDENT : NUR ARIFFA BINTI SUHAIRI (55211115356)
SECTION : LO3-T3
Catalyst used : Vanadium(V) oxide

The Contact Process is used in the production of sulphuric acid. In this process, it involves a temporary chemical change in the catalyst. Catalyst is used to speed up the rate of reaction.

Initially, the first step of The Contact Process does not require the use of catalyst since it involves the burning of clean sulphur in air to produce sulphur dioxide as shown below;

S(s) + O₂(g) -> SO₂(g)

The next step is to feed the sulphur dioxide into a converter in order to produce sulphur trioxide in the reaction;

2SO₂(g) + 0₂(g) -> 2SO₃(g)

The sulphur dioxide is oxidized to sulphur trioxide by the use of vanadium (V) oxide as the catalyst. In the process the vanadium (V) oxide is reduced vanadium (IV) oxide. The vanadium (IV) oxide, V₂O₄ is then re-oxidized by the oxygen.

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NURUL SZAWANI BINTI MOHD ZUBRI (55211115024)

Catalyst : Rhodium and platinum
Application: Catalyst in the reaction to convert carbon monoxide into carbon dioxide

Cars nowadays use catalytic converter which is functional to convert harmful carbon monoxide gas from the burned fuel into less harmful carbon dioxide and water so that it is safe for the environment. The catalytic converters use rhodium and platinum as the catalyst to increase the rate of react so that the conversion becomes faster. Both catalysts used for catalytic converter have high surface area to increase the effectiveness of the catalyst and it can work at high temperature thus it can function in the engine of cars.

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NAME   : FARAH NAJIHAH BT MAT AZMAN

ID NUM: 55214115228

REACTION: Manufacture of epoxyethane from ethane

CATALYST: Silver

This manufactured is occurred when ethane is reacting with a limited amount of oxygen in the presence of silver as a catalyst. The reaction happened at 250-300 degree Celsius and pressure less than 15 Atm. The solid silver is catalyzing the gas reaction. It is also known as heterogeneous catalysis. The reaction need to be controlled carefully to prevent further oxidation of the ethane to carbon dioxide and water.

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55202113705
L03-T2
Title: Silver/Copper (Ag/Cu) catalyst deposited onto Hotspring Mud for degradation of phenol from aqueous solution.

This is my final year project title, which is synthesis of metal catalyst to enhance degradation of industrial effluents such as phenolic compounds, industrial dyes, and other harmful substances. This method of degrading compounds is using photocatalytic reaction by visible light.

Electrochemical method is one of the mechanisms used in the degradation of harmful contaminant. In this process, two plates are synthesized in a medium of hotspring mud, Tetraethyl Ammonium Perchlorate TEAP and deionized water for the further photocatalytic process. Hence, Both the silver and platinum plates are prepared using a simple and rapid electrochemical process form, and replaced by Silver plate which exhibited high photoactivity in the degradation of the targeted compound. Electrosynthesis process is used as the method for obtaining the AgO/CuO/HM photocatalyst from bonding silver oxide metal onto the surface of the hotsrping mud (HSM).  These nano sized metal oxides play important reaction enhancement roles aside from possessing synergistic effects that were provided by both the metal oxide and the support (Sapawe et al., 2013). The second metal introduced drastically improved and endowed extra properties to the photocatalyst through the alteration and the reconstruction of the material structure.

Photocatalyst amount is an important factor for degradation efficiency. Theoretically, the rate of degradation would be increased with the increase of catalyst dosage. However, when the dosage exceeds the limit of the optimum value the removal efficiency would be decreased. The decreased efficiency with increased catalyst amount might have been caused by the solution turbidity that hindered the light transmission (Ma et al., 2015).

Generally, the influence regarding initial concentration of the solution on the photocatalytic degradation rate of most organic compounds can be described by the pseudo first order kinetics, which corresponds to Langmuir-Hinshelwood model (Sapawe et al., 2011). A lower concentration of the targeted compound added into the mixture for the simulated solution yields a higher first-order rate constant, thus photocatalytic process suitability for low compound concentrations can be demonstrated.

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55214115111
L03-T1
REACTION :Sulfuric acid production
CATALYST : VANADIUM (V) OXIDE

The important use of vanadium(V) oxide is in the manufacture of sulfuric acid , an important industrial chemical with an annual worldwide production of 165 million metric tons in 2001, with an approximate value of US$8 billion. Vanadium(V) oxide serves the crucial purpose of catalysing the mildly exothermic oxidationof sulphur dioxide to sulphur trioxide by air in the contact process:

2 SO₂ + O₂ ⇌ 2 SO₃

The discovery of this simple reaction, for which V₂O₅ is the most effective catalyst, allowed sulfuric acid to become the cheap commodity chemical it is today. The reaction is performed between 400 and 620 °C; below 400 °C the V₂O₅ is inactive as a catalyst, and above 620 °C it begins to break down. Since it is known that V₂O₅ can be reduced to VO₂ by SO₂, one likely catalytic cycle is as follows:

SO₂ + V₂O₅ → SO₃ + 2VO₂

followed by

2VO₂ +½O₂ → V₂O₅

It is also used as catalyst in the selective catalyst reduction(SCR) of NOx emissions in some power plants. Due to its effectiveness in converting sulfur dioxide into sulfur trioxide, and thereby sulfuric acid, special care must be taken with the operating temperatures and placement of a power plant's SCR unit when firing sulfur-containing fuels.

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The most common use of platinum is as a catalyst in chemical reactions, often as platinum black. It has been employed as a catalyst since the early 19th century, when platinum powder was used to catalyze the ignition of hydrogen. Its most important application is in automobiles as a catalytic converter, which allows the complete combustion of low concentrations of unburned hydrocarbons from the exhaust into carbon dioxide and water vapor. Platinum is also used in the petroleum industry as a catalyst in a number of separate processes, but especially in catalytic reforming of straight-run naphtha's into higher-octane gasoline that becomes rich in aromatic compounds. PtO₂, also known as Adams' catalyst, is used as a hydrogenation catalyst, specifically for vegetable oils. Platinum also strongly catalyzes the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen and it is used in fuel cells as a catalyst for the reduction of oxygen.

Other Uses
Under the strongly oxidizing conditions of the Ostwald process, considerable quantities of volatile platinum oxides, primarily platinum dioxide, are formed which are carried off by the gas flow and thus can lead to high precious metal losses during the course of typical process campaigns lasting several months. In the 1960s it was found that palladium gauzes installed beneath the platinum gauzes (gas stream from above) can catch, i.e. reclaim, a large proportion of the platinum. Initially, palladium-gold alloys were used for the catchment gauzes, in particular PdAu80/20. However, since the 1980s the alloy PdNi95/5 has been used almost exclusively. The catchment of platinum is presumably achieved via an exchange reaction between the platinum dioxide in the gas phase and metallic palladium resulting in the formation of palladium oxide. The value of the palladium lost in this way is normally considerably less than the value of the reclaimed platinum.

Salsabilla Binti Shahrim
55211115210

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Zeolite is heterogeneous reaction. It form with many different crystalline structure built from aluminium, oxygen and silicon elements which have large open pores and have a size as small molecules structure. Zeolites catalysts are used in catalytic cracker to break large hydrocarbon molecules. Another important use for zeolites is as catalyst in pharmaceutical production (drug). They usually applied in pellet form. One of the main industrial problems with use of zeolites is that the reaction side products clog the pores or block the active sites of catalyst.
NORSHAFIKAH BT SARLEE (55214115328) LO3-T2

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55213114200

Water gas shift reaction

The water gas shift reaction was first used industrially at the beginning of the 20th century. Today the water gas shift reaction is used primarily to produce hydrogen that can be used for further production of methanol and ammonia.

(WGS) reaction:

CO + H₂O ↔ H₂ + CO₂ |   |   |
| (1)

The reaction refers to carbon monoxide (CO) that reacts with water (H₂O) to form carbon dioxide (CO₂) and hydrogen (H₂). The reaction is exothermic with ΔH= -41.1 kJ/mol and have an adiabatic temperature rise of 8–10 °C per percent CO converted to CO₂ and H₂.

The most common catalysts used in the water-gas shift reaction are the high temperature shift (HTS) catalyst and the low temperature shift (LTS) catalyst. The HTS catalyst consists of iron oxide stabilized by chromium oxide, while the LTS catalyst is based on copper. The main purpose of the LTS catalyst is to reduce CO content in the reformate which is especially important in the ammonia production for high yield of H₂. Both catalysts are necessary for thermal stability, since using the LTS reactor alone increases exit-stream temperatures to unacceptable levels.

The equilibrium constant for the reaction is given as:

Kp=(pH2 x pCO2)/ (pCO x pH2O) |   |   |
| (2)

Kp=e((4577.8K/T-4.22)) |   |   |
| (3)

Low temperatures will therefore shift the reaction to the right, and more products will be produced. The equilibrium constant is extremely dependent on the reaction temperature, for example is the Kp equal to 228 at 200 °C, but only 11.8 at 400 °C. The WGS reaction can be performed both homogenously and heterogeneously, but only the heterogeneously way is used commercially.

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Zeolites are hydrated aluminosilicate minerals made from interlinked tetrahedra of alumina (AlO4) and silica (SiO4). In simpler words, they're solids with a relatively open, three-dimensional crystal structure built from the elements aluminum, oxygen, and silicon, with alkali or alkaline-Earth metals (such as sodium, potassium, and magnesium) plus water molecules trapped in the gaps between them. Zeolites form with many different crystalline structures, which have large open pores (sometimes referred to as cavities) in a very regular arrangement and roughly the same size as small molecules.

The cage-like structure of zeolites makes them useful in all sorts of ways. One of the biggest everyday uses for zeolites is in water softeners and water filters. In ion-exchange water softeners, for example, hard water (rich in calcium and magnesium ions) is piped through a column filled with sodium-containing zeolites. The zeolites trap the calcium and magnesium ions and release sodium ions in their place, so the water becomes softer but richer in sodium. Many everyday laundry and dishwasher detergents contain zeolites to remove calcium and magnesium and soften water so they work more effectively.

AMEERA NURUL SARAH BINTI AZMAN

55214115287

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The oxidation of ethanedioic acid by manganate(VII) ions

In autocatalysis, the reaction is catalysed by one of its products. One of the simplest examples of this is in the oxidation of a solution of ethanedioic acid (oxalic acid) by an acidified solution of potassium manganate(VII) (potassium permanganate).

The reaction is very slow at room temperature. It is used as a titration to find the concentration of potassium manganate(VII) solution and is usually carried out at a temperature of about 60°C. Even so, it is quite slow to start with.

The reaction is catalysed by manganese(II) ions. There obviously aren't any of those present before the reaction starts, and so it starts off extremely slowly at room temperature.

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In many therapeutic drugs the active component is a single enantiomer. Generally, chemical reactions give enantiomeric mixtures as the product. Subsequent purification, for example, by fractional crystallisation, to isolate the active enantiomer is an extra process that adds to production costs.

By using chiral catalysts or asymmetric catalysts the single active enantiomer can be produced. In the 1970s William Knowles found that rhodium bonded to chiral phosphine ligands could perform asymmetric catalytic hydrogenation. The method was soon developed for the commercial production of the anti-Parkinson drug, l-dopa.

One of the example of chiral catalysts is (R,R)-N,N′-Bis(3,5-di-tert-butylsalicylidene)-1,2- cyclohexanediaminoaluminum chloride. This catalyst is used for Asymmetric iodolactonizations, Cyanosilylation reactions and Phospho-aldol catalysis.

Today, with the huge expansion of the pharmaceutical industry, there is demand for chiral compounds and other chiral catalysts are now being developed.

ABDUL RAHMAN B MOHD SAUFIAN
55211115321

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-Hydrogen peroxide decomposes on its own into water and oxygen gas.This process is speed up by a catalyst. In this reaction, the catalyst is potassium permanganate and the bubbles are full of oxygen gas. Thus, it cause the reaction to happen at a faster rate by lowering the activation energy.

NUR SYAHIRAH BINTI JAAPAR
55214115028

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Crabtree's catalyst is an organoiridium compound with the formula [C₈H₁₂IrP(C₆H₁₁)₃ C₅H₅N]PF₆. It is a homogeneous catalyst for hydrogenation and hydrogen-transfer reactions, developed by Robert H. Crabtree. This air stable orange solid is available commercially. Besides, Crabtree’s catalyst is also effective for the hydrogenations of mono-, di-, tri-, and tetra-substituted substrates. Whereas Wilkinson’s catalyst and the Schrock–Osborn catalyst do not catalyze the hydrogenation of a tetrasubstituted olefin, Crabtree’s catalyst does so to at high turnover frequencies (table)

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It is a clay/ layered materials type catalyst with multifunctions and multipurposes for wide range of reaction. Specific reaction is biodiesel production "Simultaneous esterification and transesterification reaction"