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Tackling Climate Change Brazil 2017 ─ Molly, Nick, Nora, Annabel, & Brittany  Presentation Slide 1: Opener Climate Change - Brazil - 2017 Slide 2: Intro to Brazil Since the 2009 conference in Copenhagen (COP15) Brazil’s position on climate change has been one that is strong by agreeing to cu...

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Brazil is home to more than half of the planet’s rainforests, the Amazon and holds 207.8 million people as of 2015. However Brazil’s energy sector is not the largest contributor to greenhouse gases, rather it is the unsustainable use of land and forestry that is increasing the temperatures. One of the largest emitters of greenhouse gases, their plans for the future are bold and what they have already achieved is a good start. Their urban centres are already being positively being affected due to Brazil’s production and consumption of ethanol, an alcohol fuel distilled from plant materials. The use of ethanol in these built-up areas has seen a reduction in pollution. This improvement came with the ethanol program of 1975, with the limiting of greenhouse gases being an added bonus in their bid to create the largest application of biomass both for production and consumption of energy globally. Biomass being the organic matter used as a fuel, particularly for use in power stations as electricity. In addition to the successful ethanol program, PROCEL and PROINFA programs made an appearance. The first being an initiative aimed at the reduction of wasted electrical power in terms of both consumption and production.

Not only has Brazil worked extensively in the past trying to reduce their own greenhouse gas emissions and the education of such endeavours to the wider community, they have bold plans for the future. Prior to Paris talks on Climate Change in 2015, Brazil wished for the cut of emissions by 37% within 20 years from 2005. Additionally reducing deforestation and boost the share of renewable energy sources.

As the main issue relating to Brazil going into the Paris talks was about the responsibility developing nations have towards climate change action as having historically been the highest emitters of greenhouse gases. However, Brazil has significantly reduced its emissions not just with Ethanol program and education into the reduction of power wastage but with their actions towards lowering deforestation levels in the Amazon, saving the lungs of our planet and this highly fragile and biodiverse region which is so universally integral.

One of the principal concerns for Brazil’s future developments against climate change is money. The United Nations outlining the “insufficient budgetary and financial resources, which are chronically unavailable when required.” Which is why when negotiations with another country that are more developed and wealthier, should Brazil ask for money. The nation already has a strong vision for the future and its history of climate change action has shown commitment as they are one of the leading countries in their promotion of renewable resources. However, their budgets are making these plans difficult to enforce leaving the Amazon to slowly wither away each day and the region to rise in temperature created a major catalyst.
https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/sep/28/brazil-pledges-to-cut-carbon-emissions-37-by-2025

http://www.unesco.org/new/en/brasilia/natural-sciences/environment/climate-change/

http://www.scidev.net/global/policy-brief/brazil-climate-change-a-country-profile.html

http://thebrazilbusiness.com/article/energy-sources-in-brazil

http://erwin.bernhardt.net.nz/america/brazilfacts.html

http://www.climatecentral.org/news/with-climate-change-brazil-faces-drop-in-crops-16439

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COP 21

First time virtually all nations committed to reducing carbon emissions asap

Keep global warming below 2 degrees Celsius

THIS IS NOT LEGALLY BINDING *issue*

With Brasil being apart of the BRIC nations (developing) its hard to see countries focus on planets good over they countries own economic growth

Agreement includes setting new targets every 5 years in accordance to new advances in science and technology

Sent a clear message that the days of burning fossil fuels is coming to an end

Summary - COP 21 was where the world committed to a low carbon future focusing on clean energy

Paris Agreement for Climate Change

195 countries reached a climate change agreement to keep temperatures well below 2 degrees Celsius

National targets for 2025/2030 with review of these targets and a change every 5 years starting in 2018

Goal - low carbon future and a safe climate

Each country was able to set they own goals called "intended nationally determined contributions (INDC)" meaning each nation has they own, reachable goals - WIN

To help developed countries overachieve they goals rich countries pledged 100billion dollars/year in public/private investment by 2020 to get affordable clean energy

Brazil

Expected to make the same cuts as already developed countries who where doing the same burning of fossil fuels a few decades ago.

Playing catch up with other countries

INDC from COP 21 was to cut 37% of they carbon emissions

Curb deforestation of the Amazon to keep the Amazon sink in tact

Ahead of COP 21 Brazil set goals - 43% drop in carbon emissions, 0 deforestation by 2030

2014 lost 5000 square km of jungle in the Amazon due to deforestation

Our opening position

Due to Brazil still being a developing country they shouldn’t be subject to the huge cuts in carbon emissions that the developed countries are.

Brazil will set targets that accommodate economic growth as well as reductions in deforestation and fossil fuels that don’t hurt this growth in a significant manner

In 2015 Brazil has said it will cut 37% of carbon emissions. In 2017 it will cut 40% a small increase in number but a big increase in terms of moving the right direction.

Negotiation

Every nation needs to agree to maintain this strong stance against producing fossil fuels and cutting carbon emissions.

Due to Brazil being a developed nation, to help reach our targets funding from richer nations will be required if we are to meet our projected targets. This will be used towards getting affordable clean energy

Following our strong presence at the COP 15 we want everyone who signed the Paris Agreement at COP 21 to implement a 'national plan on climate change'. Each nation will make they own goals that will work with they nations needs as well as the globes as a whole aiming to keep temperatures below 2 degrees.

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Brazils propositions:

As we are still a developing country we are requesting funding, to continue our national actions, which aim to combat climate change. Three reasons why we should get funding

http://blog.conservation.org/2015/08/3-ways-brazils-environmental-decisions-impact-the-world/?gclid=COea7s3c6dMCFQsQvQodxxwP-g

Brazil wants all countries to make an ‘National Plan on Climate Change’. As we know international laws, unless ratified can be broken. Brazil wants countries to make their own plan which is equivalent to the one they created in 2008.

The consumption of sustainable charcoal to replace coal in steel plant.

Implementation of National ‘policy for energy efficacy’

Increasing recycling

Increase use of renewable energy

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http://www.mma.gov.br/estruturas/208/_arquivos/national_plan_208.pdf

This is Brazils current plan towards domestically enforcing laws in relation to climate change. Shows initiative and that every other country should be doing to same.

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Huge impact on the Amazon The consequences of global warming include extreme temperatures and a rise on the sea level, among others.        “The impact on the Amazon would be huge,” says author Erick Fernandes, World Bank Adviser for Climate Change and Natural Resources Management.                                                                 - Forest fires could double by 2050 with a warming of approximately 1.5°C to 2°C above preindustrial levels.                                                      - Changes would be expected to be even more severe in a 4°C warmer world                                  “If forest fires become more frequent with climate changes, the biodiversity of this region will be threatened in the long run,” says Fernandes.           - Worldwide, around 20% to 30% of plant and animal species assessed so far are likely to be at increased risk of extinction, if the global average temperature rises by 2ºC–3°C.

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Huge impact on the Amazon The consequences of global warming include extreme temperatures and a rise on the sea level, among others.        “The impact on the Amazon would be huge,” says author Erick Fernandes, World Bank Adviser for Climate Change and Natural Resources Management.                                                                 - Forest fires could double by 2050 with a warming of approximately 1.5°C to 2°C above preindustrial levels.                                                      - Changes would be expected to be even more severe in a 4°C warmer world                                  “If forest fires become more frequent with climate changes, the biodiversity of this region will be threatened in the long run,” says Fernandes.           - Worldwide, around 20% to 30% of plant and animal species assessed so far are likely to be at increased risk of extinction, if the global average temperature rises by 2ºC–3°C.

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- Annabel

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- Annabel

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Brazil has unveiled its plan to encourage farmers in the Amazon region to develop sustainable sources of income and turn their backs on the illegal logging that is ravaging the rainforest.
The Sustainable Amazon Plan includes £300m in low-interest loans that will be made available to farmers.
Some 40,000 families who were formerly involved in logging will also get social security and unemployment benefits.
The loans will be offered at 4% annual interest, well below Brazil's benchmark 11.75% rate, said the environment minister, Marina Silva.
A recent surge in illegal deforestation threatens to reverse three years of improvement, leading the government to boost efforts to combat illegal logging. The plan is an attempt to reconcile economic development with conservation.
"We are reaffirming the concept that the Amazon is not only a mass of trees, but also of the more than 24 million Brazilians who live there," said the national integration minister, Geddel Vieira Lima, who is responsible with coordinating rural development.
The plan also aims to improve Amazon highways and river transport, expand ports and broaden access to electricity, Lula said.
Brazil is actively aiming to reduce the impact of logging on the environment. this proves that they care about the amazon and acknowledge the importance it has to the health of the world.

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Brasil's position at the last conference was -

Paris Agreement -

Agreement within the UN framework convention on climate change dealing with greenhouse gas emissions mitigation, adaption and finance starting in the year 2020.
Brazil signed to ratify 2.48% of they emission

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https://thinkprogress.org/brazil-has-done-more-to-stop-climate-change-than-any-other-country-study-finds-b33f413bf46c
- Brazil’s Amazon rainforest — which once had the highest deforestation rate in the world as of 2005 — absorbs a huge amount of carbon dioxide, effectively preventing the gas from being emitted into the atmosphere.
- Thanks to its effort to reduce tropical deforestation, Brazil has kept 3.2 billion tons of carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere since 2004.
- When so much of that forest was burned and plowed over, though, a huge amount of carbon was emitted into the atmosphere instead of absorbed, making Brazil one of the world’s biggest greenhouse gas emitters

- But now, Brazil seems to be taking steps to reduce their impact. The study, published in the journal Science, showed that Brazil was able to save more than 33,000 square miles of Amazon rainforest since 2004 - According to National Geographic, the cuts are more than three times bigger than the effect of taking all the cars in the U.S. off the road for a year.
- Brazil’s forest code was also updated in 2012, requiring landowners to preserve 80 percent of the Amazon’s virgin forest.
- While the 2007 report from the United Nations’ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change showed that roughly 17 percent of all greenhouse gas emissions come from deforestation, the UCS says that number has now decreased to 10 percent — thanks to efforts by Brazil and several other tropical countries.

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The Ministry of the Environment has restructured itself through the creation of a Climate Change Department: the Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation (Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade - ICMBio).Ibama (Brazilian Institute for the Environment and Renewable Natural Resources) has new focus on actions aimed at environmental licensing, inspection and control.

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Background -

Turned its international climate commitments into national law,

Pledged greenhouse gas reductions targets to the UNFCCC, brasil has turned this into national law

Newly found oil reserves -

32 emission reducing activities being implemented

Mitigation to be quantifiable and verifiable

Newly found deep-water oil reserves

Fills in gaps

STARTING POSITION

International community should do this

Brasil's position is this

Compromise

Brasil's position - powerful presence + showing serious dedication(like our one Copenhagen) / drafted an accord to commit to internationally verified emissions cut

Continue to furthur develop the Copenhagen accord

Start of the fund to help poorer countries with technology and climate change

Meetings every three months = consistent action

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- 9th largest economy in the world by nominal GDP // 8th largest by purchasing power parity
- 207.8 Million people in 2005

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Definitions for those like me that are a little dim and can never remember what's what

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Definitions for those like me that are a little dim and can never remember what's what

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Greenhouse gases- gas that contributes to the greenhouse effect by absorbing infrared radiation. E.g. Carbon dioxide and chlorofluorocarbon.

Greenhouse effect- Trapping of sun’s warmth in a planet’s lower atmosphere, due to the greater transparency of the atmosphere to visible radiation from the sun than to infrared radiation emitted from the planet’s warmth.

Fossil fuels- Natural fuel like gas/ coal formed in the geological past from the remains of living organisms.

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What  current commitments have been made internationally and nationally i.e. CC

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What  current commitments have been made internationally and nationally i.e. CC

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https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/sep/28/brazil-pledges-to-cut-carbon-emissions-37-by-2025 (September, 2015- ahead of Paris Climate talks)
IN TERMS OF CC
- First major developing country to pledge absolute reduction in greenhouse gas emissions.
- Cut emissions by 37% by 2025 from 2005 levels.
- Reducing deforestation and boosting share of renewable sources in its energy mix
- Brazil has already achieved significant emissions cuts in the past decade primarily because of efforts to reduce deforestation in the Amazon.
- A crunch issue in UN climate talks is how to divide the responsibility of fighting climate change between developed countries who have historically released the highest emissions and developing nations whose emissions are growing the fastest.

http://www.unesco.org/new/en/brasilia/natural-sciences/environment/climate-change/

-Brazil has tried to align sector structures with the national and international situation on Climate Change. However, Brazil still faces issues related to scarcity of human resources (both in quantity and quality), and poor infrastructure and logistics to adequately address emerging issues related to conflicts between economic development and measures to ensure protection, conservation and sustainable use of environmental assets.

-Insufficient budgetary and financial resources, which are chronically unavailable when required, together with low capacity for executing international grants and financing funds, hinder the ongoing management of programmes and projects essential for developing and establishing integrated management of environmental policies

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Identify countries in comparable position on CC impact

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Identify countries in comparable position on CC impact

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China and India are also the largest emitters of the of greenhouse gases in the developing world.
- Brittany

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Questions to answer on Brazil’s position

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Questions to answer on Brazil’s position

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o   What are the current commitments have been made internationally and nationally ie. CC

o   Impact of CC on country/ people/ environment

o   What’s being done domestically to respond to those impacts / What is it doing at national level

o   What could be done domestically to respond to CC

o   Identify countries in comparable position on CC impact

o   What are the beliefs/ ideological position re CC and/or responses to it

o   What has currently been agreed to re action on CC

o   How could they improve their domestic responses to CC

o   Are there substantial/substate governments that can have their own position/ take action

o   How the country uses and consumes energy à Energy usage per capita, hydro, geothermal energy, dams?

o   Economics of the country, is it developing or developed from a long time back. Rich/poor

o   Industrialised/agricultural? GDP/HDX

o    Populous?

o    Powerful?

o   Governance/ regulatory frameworks/ ability to act

o   Any special arguments based on country’s history/ position/ circumstances

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http://climateactiontracker.org/countries/brazil.html

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http://www.scidev.net/global/policy-brief/brazil-climate-change-a-country-profile.html
http://thebrazilbusiness.com/article/energy-sources-in-brazil

>        Top ten largest economies

>        Home to one of the greatest ecosystems and forest on the planet

>        Third largest emitter after India and China

>        Energy sector doesn’t contribute much to greenhouse gas emissions; unsustainable land us and forestry contributes more

>        World’s largest producer and consumer of ethanol, reducing greenhouse gas emissions and pollution in urban centres

>        Vulnerable to CC à Fragile, biologically diverse ecosystems e.g. tropical rainforest of Amazon and Pantanal wetland. Rising temperatures, dryer amazon, more frequent fires, releasing more greenhouse gases, increasing concentration in atmosphere which increases temperatures

>        Increase in temperatures can change rainfall patterns, poorer water resources and a reduced water supply. Agriculture will suffer, aggravating risk of famines. Will affect hydropower supply which apparently provides 80% of Brazil’s energy
>        Ethanol and PROCEL programmes weren’t created with primary objective of limiting greenhouse gases but came as a positive side effect

>        Biodiesel and PROINFA are programs aimed at reducing emissions

>        ETHANOL PROGRAM: 1975 created. Largest commercial application of biomass for producing and using energy in the world. Showed technical feasibility of large-scale ethanol production from sugarcane and is used as fuel for cars. Curbed increase of air pollution in Brazil’s cities and reduced greenhouse gases. Sugarcane ethanol.

>        PROCEL PROGRAM: Electrical Energy Conservation Program. Created to reduce waste of electrical power on both supply and consumer side. In 1990’s bulk of Brazil’s energy consumption was hydropower.

>        PROINFA: Incentives for renewable energy sources. In 2002 congress approved law aiming to establish a compulsory renewable energy market. Helps independent power producers using renewable energy sources to supply a higher share of electricity to the national grid. The program had 2 phases.

-          1.  Install 3,300 megawatts of electricity generating capacity based on biomass, small hydro power plants and wind power. In 2002 this represented just under 1% of total electricity production.

-          2. Increase share of these sources to 10% but new regulations in the power sector have needed a review of this so phase two is not yet designed.

>        Brazil is an important developing-country player in international climate change negations and with China and India, one of the three largest emitters of greenhouse gases in the developing world.

>        Brazil leads countries in promotion of renewable energy sources.

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Bem-vindos à Conferência sobre Mudança do Clima 2017

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Bem-vindos à Conferência sobre Mudança do Clima 2017

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- Brett