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The life expectancy rate is higher for females than it is for men. Male mortality is 30% higher than female mortality. This means that women as a group live longer than men. The life expectancy rate for women is, on average, 79 years and for males it is 72 years. I believe this is because women tend to take part in less activities that are detrimental to their health in comparison to men. For example, men are more likely to take part in rough sports (rugby, football) often resulting in injuries and they are more likely to have a job involving manual labour which could lead to health problems in later life. Furthermore, the female hormone, oestrogen, is linked to long life. Oestrogen removes bad cholesterol and as a result can help the body reduce the risk of heart disease and other life threatening illnesses. On the other hand, the male hormone testosterone is linked to risk taking and violence, causing men to be at higher risk of being harmed and/or in danger, meaning their life expectancy is shorter. Men are also more likely to be exposed to what is known as “Manmade diseases”. These are: hazards of the workplace (industrial), smoking, road accidents and alcoholism.

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The life expectancy rate is higher for females than it is for men. Male mortality is 30% higher than female mortality. This means that women as a group live longer than men. The life expectancy rate for women is, on average, 79 years and for males it is 72 years. I believe this is because women tend to take part in less activities that are detrimental to their health in comparison to men. For example, men are more likely to take part in rough sports (rugby, football) often resulting in injuries and they are more likely to have a job involving manual labour which could lead to health problems in later life. Furthermore, the female hormone, oestrogen, is linked to long life. Oestrogen removes bad cholesterol and as a result can help the body reduce the risk of heart disease and other life threatening illnesses. On the other hand, the male hormone testosterone is linked to risk taking and violence, causing men to be at higher risk of being harmed and/or in danger, meaning their life expectancy is shorter. Men are also more likely to be exposed to what is known as “Manmade diseases”. These are: hazards of the workplace (industrial), smoking, road accidents and alcoholism.

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Over the last 40 years within the UK, coronary heart disease has been 26% higher among the working class individuals in comparison to the upper-class individuals. In addition, the individuals in the lower social class are known to have a unhealthier lifestyle because the individuals smoke more and exercise less. This increases the chances of high blood pressure and lowers the levels of blood glucose tolerance.             kate                                                                                                               The lower class individuals are more likely to suffer with coronary heart disease as they are more at risk of becoming ill, the reason for this is because the individuals are living within poverty and cannot fund medical treatment whereas the middle and upper social class have higher incomes and can afford professional medical advice and treatment.              ellie                                                                                                          Overall, the working class are more at risk of getting severe heart disease in comparison to the higher class however ] individuals within the higher social classes are still risk of coronary heart disease but their healthier lifestyle decreases the chances. 

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Over the last 40 years within the UK, coronary heart disease has been 26% higher among the working class individuals in comparison to the upper-class individuals. In addition, the individuals in the lower social class are known to have a unhealthier lifestyle because the individuals smoke more and exercise less. This increases the chances of high blood pressure and lowers the levels of blood glucose tolerance.             kate                                                                                                               The lower class individuals are more likely to suffer with coronary heart disease as they are more at risk of becoming ill, the reason for this is because the individuals are living within poverty and cannot fund medical treatment whereas the middle and upper social class have higher incomes and can afford professional medical advice and treatment.              ellie                                                                                                          Overall, the working class are more at risk of getting severe heart disease in comparison to the higher class however ] individuals within the higher social classes are still risk of coronary heart disease but their healthier lifestyle decreases the chances. 

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charlie

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Lung Cancer is the uncontrollable amount of growth of abnormal cells that usually start in one or both lungs and usually in the cells of the air passages. The cells do not develop sufficiently into healthy tissue therefore they divide rapidly and form tumours. The cancer that starts off in the lungs is known to be called primary lung cancer whereas cancer that travels to the lungs from another part in the body is known as secondary lung cancer – Kate

There are two types of lung cancer and they are classified by the type of cells of which the cancer may start. The first type is non-small-cell lung cancer, this is the most common. It accounts for more than 79% of cases and can be identified as squamous cell carcinoma or adenocarcinoma.  The second type is small-cell lung cancer, this is a less common type. However, it usually travels quicker than the non-small-cell lung cancer http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Cancer-of-the-lung/ - Charlie

Research from Cancer Research UK. (2017). Lung cancer incidence statistics, suggests that lung cancer was the third most common cancer in the UK in 2014 compared to 2016 where it was the fourth most common cancer in the UK. This shows a trend as the cancer has changed throughout the years as it has become less common. Last year in the United Kingdom, over 50,000 people were diagnosed with lung cancer. The most common cause was down to individuals smoking regularly which was damaging the lungs. November 2016, in the United Kingdom, over 24,000 men and 16,000 women were diagnosed. These statistics show that men had been diagnosed with lung cancer more than women – Kate

These statistics show that men are getting lung cancer more often than women. I believe this because men are more likely to have a lifestyle where they go out and drink which could affect their health negatively. This could mean that they are more prone into getting lung cancer than women which is why research from Cancer Research UK is correct. – Charlie

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Gender question 1Infant mortality rate is the amount of deaths of children under the age of one. In the UK, infant mortality rates are higher for boys in comparison to girls. My statistics are evidenced in the graph below. The graph shows a repetitive sequence for the data in 2009 for boys having a higher death mortality rate at 650.5000 deaths per year whereas girls have a lower mortality rate at 536.1000 deaths per year.

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Gender question 1Infant mortality rate is the amount of deaths of children under the age of one. In the UK, infant mortality rates are higher for boys in comparison to girls. My statistics are evidenced in the graph below. The graph shows a repetitive sequence for the data in 2009 for boys having a higher death mortality rate at 650.5000 deaths per year whereas girls have a lower mortality rate at 536.1000 deaths per year.

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who dies more
pattern & trend

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Over the past 40 years in England and Wales the rise in mortality from coronary heart disease has continued unabated among working-class men, whereas among professional men the rate has changed little for the past 20 years. As a result it is now 26 per cent higher in social class V compared with social class I. The difference in women is larger (+ 152%), and it has been present for at least 40 years. The social class gradient for men was confirmed in a survey of 17530 London civil servants aged between 40 and 64 (the Whitehall Study). When men in the lowest employment grade were compared with those in the top (administrative) grade, the age-adjusted prevalence rate was 53 per cent higher for angina, 77 per cent higher for ischaemic-type electrocardiographic abnormalities, and 75 per cent higher for the prevalence of electrocardiographic abnormality among men with angina. At follow-up, the seven-and-a-half year coronary mortality was 3.6 times higher in the lowest than in the top grade. This social class difference was partly explained by known coronary risk factors: men in the lower grades smoked more and exercised less, they were shorter and more overweight, and they had higher blood pressures and lower levels of glucose tolerance. Most of the difference, however, remains unexplained. It seems that there are major risk factors yet to be identified, and that these may throw light on how it is possible for members of a highly-placed social group to have a relatively low risk of coronary heart disease.

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Over the past 40 years in England and Wales the rise in mortality from coronary heart disease has continued unabated among working-class men, whereas among professional men the rate has changed little for the past 20 years. As a result it is now 26 per cent higher in social class V compared with social class I. The difference in women is larger (+ 152%), and it has been present for at least 40 years. The social class gradient for men was confirmed in a survey of 17530 London civil servants aged between 40 and 64 (the Whitehall Study). When men in the lowest employment grade were compared with those in the top (administrative) grade, the age-adjusted prevalence rate was 53 per cent higher for angina, 77 per cent higher for ischaemic-type electrocardiographic abnormalities, and 75 per cent higher for the prevalence of electrocardiographic abnormality among men with angina. At follow-up, the seven-and-a-half year coronary mortality was 3.6 times higher in the lowest than in the top grade. This social class difference was partly explained by known coronary risk factors: men in the lower grades smoked more and exercised less, they were shorter and more overweight, and they had higher blood pressures and lower levels of glucose tolerance. Most of the difference, however, remains unexplained. It seems that there are major risk factors yet to be identified, and that these may throw light on how it is possible for members of a highly-placed social group to have a relatively low risk of coronary heart disease.

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3.	What is life expectancy by class?  Life expectancy by class is the average period an individual will live however, class determines and effects the life expectancy. In addition, incomes from different social classes can increase or decrease an individual’s life expectancy because, if a person can afford to smoke on a daily basis then that individual will have an 85% chance of decreasing their average life expectancy. On the other hand, an unemployed citizen could live in a poverty area where illness is common, this suggests that person will be more likely to contract illnesses and decrease their life expectancy in comparison to individuals who live in upper class areas where illness rarely occurs.   Ellie

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3.	What is life expectancy by class?  Life expectancy by class is the average period an individual will live however, class determines and effects the life expectancy. In addition, incomes from different social classes can increase or decrease an individual’s life expectancy because, if a person can afford to smoke on a daily basis then that individual will have an 85% chance of decreasing their average life expectancy. On the other hand, an unemployed citizen could live in a poverty area where illness is common, this suggests that person will be more likely to contract illnesses and decrease their life expectancy in comparison to individuals who live in upper class areas where illness rarely occurs.   Ellie

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Limiting long-term illness varies between ethnicities because of employment, area and household well-being. Particularly ethnic groups such as Bangladeshi’s who rely upon family members for care and support instead of counsellors or medical professionals. Further barriers that cause long term limiting illness for ethnic groups in the UK including Pakistani is language barriers as most have unclear accents or speak Pakistani as their first language.  Ellie QUESTION 4 ETHNICITY

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Limiting long-term illness varies between ethnicities because of employment, area and household well-being. Particularly ethnic groups such as Bangladeshi’s who rely upon family members for care and support instead of counsellors or medical professionals. Further barriers that cause long term limiting illness for ethnic groups in the UK including Pakistani is language barriers as most have unclear accents or speak Pakistani as their first language.  Ellie QUESTION 4 ETHNICITY

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Anon, (2017). [online] Available at: http://www.ethnicity.ac.uk/medialibrary/briefingsupdated/which-ethnic-groups-have-the-poorest-health.pdf- [Accessed 3 Apr. 2017].

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Q4 genderWhat changes do you notice in lung cancer rates by gender over the last 50 years? 1957-2017Throughout 1957-2017 the rates of lung cancer have changed in the UK. Since the early 1990s, Lung cancer has decreased by 7% however, the graph shows the diagnosis for women in 1993-1999 has increased from 52.6 to 55.5 per thousand people whereas the diagnosis for men in 1993-1990 has decreased from 104.9 to 118.3. This suggest the trend of diagnosis lung cancer is decreasing for men but increasing for women. However in 2003-2014, according to the graph, the lung cancer rates have increased 4% for the combined genders. The trend for both genders shows slight increases and decreases throughout the 50 years but overall stays closely to the rate of 90,000 per person.The males rates consists of a downwards trend whereas the female rate contrasts and is and upwards trend. Overall the pattern for  lung cancer rates by gender is based around 70-82,000 people in each year suffer from lung cancer but men are affected more in 1993-2002 where as women are more affected in 2002-2017, the statistical data shows male diagnosis has decreased 8% and women’s has increased 18%. This portrays a change through the 50 years because men were contracting lung cancer more than women however up to 2002, women are now more likely to be diagnosed with lung cancer. http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/sites/default/files/cstream-node/inc_asr_uk_lung_I14.pdf

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Q4 genderWhat changes do you notice in lung cancer rates by gender over the last 50 years? 1957-2017Throughout 1957-2017 the rates of lung cancer have changed in the UK. Since the early 1990s, Lung cancer has decreased by 7% however, the graph shows the diagnosis for women in 1993-1999 has increased from 52.6 to 55.5 per thousand people whereas the diagnosis for men in 1993-1990 has decreased from 104.9 to 118.3. This suggest the trend of diagnosis lung cancer is decreasing for men but increasing for women. However in 2003-2014, according to the graph, the lung cancer rates have increased 4% for the combined genders. The trend for both genders shows slight increases and decreases throughout the 50 years but overall stays closely to the rate of 90,000 per person.The males rates consists of a downwards trend whereas the female rate contrasts and is and upwards trend. Overall the pattern for  lung cancer rates by gender is based around 70-82,000 people in each year suffer from lung cancer but men are affected more in 1993-2002 where as women are more affected in 2002-2017, the statistical data shows male diagnosis has decreased 8% and women’s has increased 18%. This portrays a change through the 50 years because men were contracting lung cancer more than women however up to 2002, women are now more likely to be diagnosed with lung cancer. http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/sites/default/files/cstream-node/inc_asr_uk_lung_I14.pdf

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 Q2 I believe mortality rates are affected by social class because, I know from my research that babies born into families from C2 and below suffer from high mortality rates in comparison to C1 and above families; this is shown in the graph. The graph has a general trend of mortality rates decreasing in both social classes for example in 1999, the social class 1-4 has a rate of 6,500 deaths per year where as the death rates in 2009 have lowered to around 4,900 per year, the death rates in social class 5-8 have also decreased. In addition, the pattern in this graph consists of the social class 5-8 having higher infant mortality rate for example in 2001, social class 5-8 has 6000 death rates per year where as social class 1-4 has 4000 per year. This is consistent throughout as the social class 1-4 has lower death rates in every year.  In conclusion this graph demonstrates social class does affect mortality rates.  

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 Q2 I believe mortality rates are affected by social class because, I know from my research that babies born into families from C2 and below suffer from high mortality rates in comparison to C1 and above families; this is shown in the graph. The graph has a general trend of mortality rates decreasing in both social classes for example in 1999, the social class 1-4 has a rate of 6,500 deaths per year where as the death rates in 2009 have lowered to around 4,900 per year, the death rates in social class 5-8 have also decreased. In addition, the pattern in this graph consists of the social class 5-8 having higher infant mortality rate for example in 2001, social class 5-8 has 6000 death rates per year where as social class 1-4 has 4000 per year. This is consistent throughout as the social class 1-4 has lower death rates in every year.  In conclusion this graph demonstrates social class does affect mortality rates.  

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Social classWhat are infant mortality rates by class? Infant mortality rates by class are the number of deaths within the first year of a baby’s life who are amongst the social class system. The six social statuses are shown in the table.   

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Social classWhat are infant mortality rates by class? Infant mortality rates by class are the number of deaths within the first year of a baby’s life who are amongst the social class system. The six social statuses are shown in the table.   