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Sustainable development has been defined in many ways, but the most frequently quoted definition is from Our Common Future, also known as the Brundtland Report:"Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. 

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Sustainable development has been defined in many ways, but the most frequently quoted definition is from Our Common Future, also known as the Brundtland Report:"Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. 

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A Look at the Sustainable Development Goals

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https://www.globalgoals.org On September 25th 2015, 193 world leaders will commit to 17 Global Goals to achieve 3 extraordinary things in the next 15 years. End extreme poverty. Fight inequality & injustice. Fix climate change. The Global Goals for sustainable development could get these things done. In all countries. For all people.

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The Sustainable Development Goals Explained: Clean Water and Sanitation

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Largest urban farm opens in abandoned factory in Netherlands   BBC News

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A Scottish farmer has opened Europe's largest urban farm in an abandoned factory in the Netherlands. Anna Holligan reports.

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Renewable Energy Explained in 2 1/2 Minutes

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With 2016 being the second-warmest year on record, and with issues like high executive pay and diversity gaining more awareness, you may be curious to know what companies care most about sustainability. Since 2005, Toronto-based magazine and research firm Corporate Knights has put together the Global 100, an annual list of the world's most sustainable companies. Using publicly available data, Corporate Knights rates large firms on 14 key measures, evaluating their management of resources, finances and employees.

For the ranking, Corporate Knights considers about 4,000 companies with market values of at least $2 billion (methodology details ). It's an intensive research undertaking, taking about 1,000 hours each year to produce. Corporate Knights just released the 2017 edition and will present the results today at the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland.

For the top 20 on the Global 100, open the gallery below. For the full list, see the end of this post.

Siemens, the German industrial conglomerate whose businesses range from power plants to medical imaging machines, took the top spot. It was the most energy-efficient firm in its sector, producing more revenue per kilowatt used than any other industrial corporation. Siemens scored highly on nearly every metric in Corporate Knights' ranking, such as having a low carbon footprint and low employee turnover. The conglomerate is also dedicating a growing portion of its business to creating environmentally friendly infrastructure, with products like green heating and air conditioning systems.

Norwegian insurance company Storebrand ASA came in second. Across all measures, it performed strongest on executive pay. Storebrand's CEO gets paid just 12 times more than the average Storebrand employee. That may sound like a huge gap, but among firms in the MSCI All Country World Index (ACWI), a basket of stocks designed to represent a wide range of companies across the globe, CEOs make 115 times more than their firms' workers.

"Scandinavians tend to be more rational about many business practices," says Corporate Knights founder Toby Heaps, who's critical of firms with sky-high CEO salaries. "I have yet to see compelling academic evidence that you generate additional shareholder returns by paying CEOs excessive salaries."

American networking technology company Cisco ranked third on the Global 100 and fared particularly well on Corporate Knights' diversity measure: 38% of Cisco's senior executives are women, compared with 21% for ACWI companies, according to Heaps. Corporate Knights doesn't currently track racial diversity. Heaps says the available data isn't as reliable, but thinks it's just a matter of time before it becomes standard.

Heaps points out several ways in which Global 100 companies differ from the ACWI basket. At 80% of Global 100 firms, top executives receive higher bonuses if the company meets sustainability targets. Across the ACWI, only 23% of companies offer such bonuses. Global 100 CEOs make eighty times the salary of average employees, while ACWI company CEOs make 115 times the rank and file.

For pension payments, Global 100 firms contribute almost twice as much per employee compared to all ACWI companies. 28% of board seats at Global 100 firms are held by women compared with 21% for the broader ACWI. And Global 100 organizations are 25% more energy efficient.

You might think companies that invest heavily in sustainability might incur higher costs and become less profitable. But the Global 100's stock returns suggest otherwise. If you had invested $100 in Global 100 companies in 2005, it would have been worth $232 at the of 2016. If you did the same for the ACWI, you'd have $208. In other words, the Global 100's cumulative return is 24 percentage points higher than the ACWI benchmark.

The countries with the biggest share of Global 100 companies were the U.S. (19), France (12), the U.K. (11), Canada (6), Germany (6) and the Netherlands (5).
The World's Most Sustainable Companies 2017 - Full List (Company Name | Country | Industry)
1. Siemens AG | Germany | Industrials

2. Storebrand ASA | Norway | Financials

3. Cisco Systems Inc | United States | Information Technology

4. Danske Bank A/S | Denmark | Financials

5. Ing Group | Netherlands | Financials

6. Commonwealth Bank of Australia | Australia | Financials

7. Koninklijke Philips NV | Netherlands | Industrials

8. Johnson & Johnson | United States | Health Care

9. Koninklijke DSM NV | Netherlands | Materials

10. Enagas SA | Spain | Utilities

11. Dassault Systemes | France | Information Technology

12. Derwent London PLC | United Kingdom | Real Estate

13. Centrica PLC | United Kingdom | Utilities

14. McCormick & Co Inc/MD | United States | Consumer Staples

15. Henkel AG & Co KGaA | Germany | Consumer Staples

16. Bayerische Motoren Werke AG | Germany | Consumer Discretionary

17. Credit Agricole SA | France | Financials

18. Nokia OYJ | Finland | Information Technology

19. Natura Cosmeticos SA | Brazil | Consumer Staples

20. Intesa Sanpaolo SpA | Italy | Financials

21. Holmen AB | Sweden | Materials

22. Syngenta AG | Switzerland | Materials

23. Neste Oyj | Finland | Energy

24. Allergan plc | United States | Health Care

25. Kesko OYJ | Finland | Consumer Staples

26. Iberdrola SA | Spain | Utilities

27. Schneider Electric SE | France | Industrials

28. Vivendi SA | France | Consumer Discretionary

29. Television Francaise 1 | France | Consumer Discretionary

30. City Developments Ltd | Singapore | Real Estate

31. TOTAL SA | France | Energy

32. Marks & Spencer Group PLC | United Kingdom | Consumer Discretionary

33. Pearson PLC | United Kingdom | Consumer Discretionary

34. DNB ASA | Norway | Financials

35. POSCO | South Korea | Materials

36. Novozymes A/S | Denmark | Materials

37. Royal Bank of Canada | Canada | Financials

38. L'Oreal SA | France | Consumer Staples

39. Enbridge Inc | Canada | Energy

40. Shinhan Financial Group Co Ltd | South Korea | Financials

41. BT Group PLC | United Kingdom | Telecommunication Services

42. BNP Paribas SA | France | Financials

43. Peugeot SA | France | Consumer Discretionary

44. Prologis Inc | United States | Real Estate

45. Sun Life Financial Inc | Canada | Financials

46. Skandinaviska Enskilda Banken AB | Sweden | Financials

47. Statoil ASA | Norway | Energy

48. Coca-Cola European Partners PLC | United Kingdom | Consumer Staples

49. adidas AG | Germany | Consumer Discretionary

50. National Australia Bank Ltd | Australia | Financials

51. Sky PLC | United Kingdom | Consumer Discretionary

52. Singapore Telecommunications Ltd | Singapore | Telecommunication Services

53. Colgate-Palmolive Co | United States | Consumer Staples

54. Hennes & Mauritz AB | Sweden | Consumer Discretionary

55. Hang Seng Bank Ltd | Hong Kong, SAR China | Financials

56. Assicurazioni Generali SpA | Italy | Financials

57. Accenture PLC | Ireland | Information Technology

58. Toronto-Dominion Bank/The | Canada | Financials

59. Legrand SA | France | Industrials

60. Banco Santander Brasil SA | Brazil | Financials

61. Bank of Montreal | Canada | Financials

62. Eni SpA | Italy | Energy

63. Intel Corp | United States | Information Technology

64. Diageo PLC | United Kingdom | Consumer Staples

65. LG Electronics Inc | South Korea | Consumer Discretionary

66. UCB SA | Belgium | Health Care

67. Takeda Pharmaceutical Co Ltd | Japan | Health Care

68. Novartis AG | Switzerland | Health Care

69. StarHub Ltd | Singapore | Telecommunication Services

70. Sysmex Corp | Japan | Health Care

71. Cameco Corp | Canada | Energy

72. Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson | Sweden | Information Technology

73. Hess Corp | United States | Energy

74. Daimler AG | Germany | Consumer Discretionary

75. Microsoft Corp | United States | Information Technology

76. Reckitt Benckiser Group PLC | United Kingdom | Consumer Staples

77. Wolters Kluwer NV | Netherlands | Industrials

78. Analog Devices Inc | United States | Information Technology

79. Rexel SA | France | Industrials

80. Kering | France | Consumer Discretionary

81. Edwards Lifesciences Corp | United States | Health Care

82. HP Inc | United States | Information Technology

83. Telenor ASA | Norway | Telecommunication Services

84. Apple Inc | United States | Information Technology

85. Astellas Pharma Inc | Japan | Health Care

86. NEC Corp | Japan | Information Technology

87. Amadeus IT Group SA | Spain | Information Technology

88. Varian Medical Systems Inc | United States | Health Care

89. Sonova Holding AG | Switzerland | Health Care

90. Outotec OYJ | Finland | Industrials

91. Merck & Co Inc | United States | Health Care

92. General Mills Inc | United States | Consumer Staples

93. Smiths Group PLC | United Kingdom | Industrials

94. Applied Materials Inc | United States | Information Technology

95. ASML Holding NV | Netherlands | Information Technology

96. Fraport AG Frankfurt Airport Services Worldwide | Germany | Industrials

97. RELX PLC | United Kingdom | Industrials

98. Lenovo Group Ltd | China | Information Technology

99. General Electric Co | United States | Industrials

100. Autodesk Inc | United States | Information Technology

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The World's Most Sustainable Companies 2017

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With 2016 being the second-warmest year on record, and with issues like high executive pay and diversity gaining more awareness, you may be curious to know what companies care most about sustainability. Since 2005, Toronto-based magazine and research firm Corporate Knights has put together the Global 100, an annual list of the world's most sustainable companies.

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Sub-Saharan Africa may collectively have terrible access to clean water (only 22% of Somalians have running drinking water, for instance), but the lowest rates in the world are Afghanistan. Only 22% of Afghanis have clean drinking water - and only 30% of them have proper sanitation facilities.
These figures are the latest available from the World Health Organisation, which has a searchable database of every possible health indicator in the world and is the most credible source available.
DATA: access to water around the world
* Can you do something with this data? Please post us your visualisations and mash-ups below or mail us at datastore@guardian.co.uk
See all our data at the Data Store directory

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Sub-Saharan Africa may collectively have terrible access to clean water (only 22% of Somalians have running drinking water, for instance), but the lowest rates in the world are Afghanistan.

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Children are the most visible victims of undernutrition. It is estimated that undernutrition-including stunting, wasting, deficiencies of vitamin A and zinc, and fetal growth restriction (when a baby does not grow to its normal weight before birth)-is a cause of 3·1 million child deaths annually or 45 percent of all child deaths in 2011 (UNICEF, World Health Organization [WHO], & The World Bank, 2018). Undernutrition magnifies the effect of every disease, including measles and malaria. The estimated proportions of deaths in which undernutrition is an underlying cause are roughly similar for diarrhea (61%), malaria (57%), pneumonia (52%), and measles (45%) (Black 2003, Bryce 2005). Undernutrition can also be caused by diseases, such as those that cause diarrhea, by reducing the body's ability to convert food into usable nutrients.

From GAIN. https://www.gainhealth.org
Stunting

Globally 150 million under-five-year olds were estimated to be stunted in 2017. (UNICEF, WHO, & The World Bank, 2018).

The global trend in stunting prevalence and numbers affected is decreasing. Between 2000 and 2017 stunting prevalence declined from 33 percent to 22 percent and numbers declined from 198 million to 150 million (UNICEF, WHO, & The World Bank, 2018).

In 2017, about half of all stunted children under five years of age lived in Asia and over one-third in Africa (UNICEF, WHO, & The World Bank, 2018).

Wasting and severe wasting

Globally, 50.5 million under-five-year olds were wasted (or low weight for height) in 2017 (UNICEF, WHO, & The World Bank, 2018).

Globally, wasting prevalence in 2017 was estimated at almost 8 percent (UNICEF, WHO, & The World Bank, 2018).

Approximately two-thirds of all wasted children under five years old lived in Asia and over one-quarter in Africa, with similar proportions for severely wasted children (UNICEF, WHO, & The World Bank, 2018).

Take a three-question hunger quiz on this section
Quite a few trace elements or micronutrients-vitamins and minerals-are important for health. Three very important micronutrient deficiencies in terms of health consequences for people in lower-middle-income countries are:
Iron

In many lower-middle-income countries, iron deficiency anemia is aggravated by worm infections, malaria and other infectious diseases such as HIV and tuberculosis.

The major health consequences include poor pregnancy outcome, impaired physical and cognitive development, increased risk of morbidity (illness) in children and reduced work productivity in adults. Anemia contributes to 20 percent of all maternal deaths (FAO, 2017).

Vitamin A

Vitamin A deficiency can cause night blindness and reduce the body's resistance to disease. In children, vitamin A deficiency can also impair growth.

An estimated 250 million preschool children are vitamin A deficient. An estimated 250,000 to 500,000 vitamin A-deficient children become blind every year, half of them dying within 12 months of losing their sight (FAO, 2017).

Iodine

Iodine deficiency is one of the main cause of impaired cognitive development in children, especially in iodine-deficient areas of Africa and Asia. About 38 million babies are born with iodine deficiency (FAO, 2017).

Iodine deficiency has a simple solution: iodized salt. Thanks to this intervention, the number of countries where iodine deficiency is a public health problem has been halved over the past decade. However, 54 countries still have a serious iodine deficiency problem. (WHO)

The world produces enough food to feed everyone. For the world as a whole, per capita caloric availability and food diversity (the variety of food groups in a diet) have increased between the 1960s and 2011 (FAO, 2017). This growth in food availability, along with improved access to food, helped reduce the percentage of chronically undernourished people in lower-middle-income countries from about 30 percent in the 1990-92 to about 13 percent two decades later (FAO, 2017). A principal problem is that many people in the world still do not have sufficient income to purchase (or land to grow) enough food or access nutritious food. This is an element of "food security". The FAO defines four dimensions of food security, all of which must be fulfilled simultaneously, for food security to exist. The four dimensions are: 1) physical availability of food, 2) economic and physical access to food, 3) food utilization, and 4) the stability of those other dimensions over time.

Poverty is the principal cause of hunger. The causes of poverty include lack of resources, unequal income distribution in the world and within specific countries, conflict and hunger itself. As of 2013, when the most recent comprehensive data on global poverty was collected, about 767 million people are living below the international poverty line of less than $1.90 per person per day (The World Bank, 2016). This was a decrease of about 1 billion people below the poverty line from 1990 (The World Bank, 2016). However, although the number of people living in extreme poverty globally has been declining, in lower-middle-income regions, such as sub-Saharan Africa, the number is actually growing (FAO, 2017).

Hunger is also a cause of poverty, and thus of hunger, in a cyclical relationship. By causing poor health, small body size, low levels of energy and reductions in mental functioning, hunger can lead to even greater poverty by reducing people's ability to work and learn, thus leading to even greater hunger. See Victoria et al. 2008.

Conflict. More than half (489 million) of the 815 million hungry people in the world live in countries affected by conflict (FAO et al., 2017). Ranging from non-state and state-based violence to one-sided violence, some of the conflicts that result in internal or international displacement have occurred in Syria, Yemen, Somalia, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Myanmar, among many other countries throughout the world. In addition, most of the 19 countries listed by FAO as countries in complex, prolonged conflict are located in Africa (FAO et al., 2017).

In 2016, the average prevalence of undernourishment in countries undergoing conflict was about four percentage points greater than the prevalence in non-conflict countries (FAO et al., 2017). About 75 percent of children in the world who are stunted live in conflict areas (FAO et al., 2017).

Conflict in rural areas interferes with food and agriculture production, when transportation or market infrastructure are affected, land is seized or resources are destroyed, or the violence forces displacement from home (FAO, 2017). In addition to impacting food systems, conflict can also impact the economy, driving up food prices and making it difficult to buy necessary foods (FAO et al., 2017). In areas of severe violence, it may be difficult to deliver humanitarian assistance to address undernutrition (FAO, World Food Programme [WFP], & European Union [EU], 2018).

Source: FAO, WFP, & EU, 2018

Political instability. In countries facing political instability, the resulting decline of the economy reduces the value of the country's currency, leading to higher food prices and less nutritious food available for purchase (FAO, WFP, & EU, 2018). The loss of jobs in a declining economy also impacts people's ability to afford food, as income declines as well (FAO, WFP, & EU, 2018). Countries like the Democratic Republic of Congo, South Sudan, Yemen and Venezuela are examples of countries in which political instability is currently affecting food security (FAO, WFP, & EU, 2018).

Food and agricultural policy. A lack of adoption of more productive technologies for agriculture in lower-middle-income countries contributes to large differences in amount of crops produced when compared with upper income countries (FAO, 2017). Within regions, the gap between potential crop yield and actual crop yield can be as large as 76 percent, as seen in Sub-Saharan Africa (FAO, 2017).

Also, past agricultural practices implemented to increase crop yield have unintended consequences in the form of land and soil degradation, and using up or polluting the available groundwater (FAO, 2017). This then affects future capacity for food production, as these resources have been permanently depleted (FAO, 2017). However, more countries are beginning to adopt "conservation agriculture," where various strategies are used to prevent the rapid depletion of scarce natural resources (FAO, 2017).

Climate change. Throughout the previous 30 years, natural disasters have become increasingly common (FAO, 2017). Unstable weather patterns can lead to drought - in 2016, El Niño was responsible for conditions of severe food insecurity for 20 million people (FAO, WFP, & EU, 2018). On the other extreme, hurricane and cyclone seasons have produced more powerful storms, causing damage to livelihoods, agricultural production and local market prices, in countries in the Caribbean and Asia (FAO, 2017). In agricultural-driven areas, especially in parts of Africa (Somalia, southeastern Ethiopia, and countries in West Africa), drought has driven economic, food production and political stability crises (FAO, WFP, & EU, 2018). For countries facing prolonged conditions or yearly disasters, undernutrition worsens, as there is little time for recovery (FAO, 2017).

The ecological impacts of climate change can affect the emergence or re-emergence of diseases on a larger scale, especially those with vectors (like mosquitoes and fleas) that thrive in warm humid environments (FAO, 2017). Disease caused by these vectors can prolong the cycle of malnutrition (FAO, 2017).

Source: FAO, WFP, & EU, 2018
Revised May 25, 2018, with the assistance of Crystal Lam, George Washington University, MPH candidate
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World Hunger, Poverty Facts, Statistics 2018 - World Hunger News

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The facts & stats on world hunger, undernourishment, malnutrition & poverty are sad. There's enough food on Earth to feed everyone. WHES teaches how to help

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Every day too many men and women across the globe struggle to feed their children a nutritious meal. In a world where we produce enough food to feed everyone, 821 million people - one in nine - still go to bed on an empty stomach each night. Even more - one in three - suffer from some form of malnutrition.

Eradicating hunger and malnutrition is one of the great challenges of our time. Not only do the consequences of not enough - or the wrong - food cause suffering and poor health, they also slow progress in many other areas of development like education and employment.
In 2015 the global community adopted the 17 Global Goals for Sustainable Development to improve people's lives by 2030. Goal 2 - Zero Hunger - pledges to end hunger, achieve food security, improve nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture, and is the priority of the World Food Programme.

Every day, WFP and its partners work to bring us closer to a zero hunger world. With our humanitarian food assistance, we provide nutritious food to those in urgent need. Meanwhile our complementary programmes address the root causes of hunger, building the resilience of communities, so we don't need to keep saving the same lives each year.
​
The world has made great progress in reducing hunger: There are 216 million fewer hungry people than in 1990-92, despite a 1.9 billion increase in the world's population. But there is still a long way to go, and no one organization can achieve Zero Hunger if it works alone. If we want to see a world free of hunger by 2030, governments, citizens, civil society organizations and the private sector must collaborate to invest, innovate and create lasting solutions.

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Every day too many men and women across the globe struggle to feed their children a nutritious meal. In a world where we produce enough food to feed everyone, 821 million people - one in nine - still go to bed on an empty stomach each night.

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Coal Mining's Environmental Impact | From The Ashes

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 Drought and civil war create food crisis in sub-Saharan AfricaNearly 10 million people are in need of emergency food assistance in sub-Saharan Africa, according to a new FAO report. Severe drought and persistent civil strife and insecurity in many countries in the region have displaced large numbers of people and disrupted food production.The situation is particularly serious in Angola. "Angola is facing a catastrophe," said Mwita Rukandema, FAO senior economist and editor of the report, Food Supply Situation and Crop Prospects in Sub-Saharan Africa. Since fighting resumed in December 1998, UNITA rebels have carried out a systematic campaign to drive the country's rural population into government-held cities and towns. The rebels have isolated these cities from the rest of the country by laying mines and carrying out ambushes along roads. For the nearly 2 million displaced people as well as the urban populations trapped in these besieged cities, "the food outlook is very bleak," states the report. [...] only a fraction of the food aid has reached those in need. [...]According to the report, the food situation is also "extremely grim" in Somalia, where inadequate rainfall, high temperatures and an outbreak of armyworms have lead to the seventh consecutive poor harvest. Resulting food shortages and escalation of factional fighting have displaced 70 000 people so far, and the report estimates that "more than a million people face serious food shortages, with over 400 000 at risk of starvation."In Ethiopia, the crops planted during the early "belg" season have largely failed, and the report estimates that more than 5 million people, including the 385 000 people displaced by the war with Eritrea, will need emergency food aid. In Eritrea, the war has displaced nearly 250 000 people and some 61 500 deportees have arrived from Ethiopia. Despite Eritrea's good 1998 harvest, the food situation for these populations is "very tight".In Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania, where the political situation is more stable, a prolonged drought has seriously affected crop and livestock production. The drought conditions have caused large numbers of cattle producers in western Uganda to move to northern Tanzania in search of water and pasture. Cereal production is also down significantly in Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa and Zimbabwe.However, not all the news contained in the report is bad. The report says that the food supply situation in most of western Africa, notably in the Sahel, is "expected to remain satisfactory until the next harvest."12 August 1999

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 Drought and civil war create food crisis in sub-Saharan AfricaNearly 10 million people are in need of emergency food assistance in sub-Saharan Africa, according to a new FAO report. Severe drought and persistent civil strife and insecurity in many countries in the region have displaced large numbers of people and disrupted food production.The situation is particularly serious in Angola. "Angola is facing a catastrophe," said Mwita Rukandema, FAO senior economist and editor of the report, Food Supply Situation and Crop Prospects in Sub-Saharan Africa. Since fighting resumed in December 1998, UNITA rebels have carried out a systematic campaign to drive the country's rural population into government-held cities and towns. The rebels have isolated these cities from the rest of the country by laying mines and carrying out ambushes along roads. For the nearly 2 million displaced people as well as the urban populations trapped in these besieged cities, "the food outlook is very bleak," states the report. [...] only a fraction of the food aid has reached those in need. [...]According to the report, the food situation is also "extremely grim" in Somalia, where inadequate rainfall, high temperatures and an outbreak of armyworms have lead to the seventh consecutive poor harvest. Resulting food shortages and escalation of factional fighting have displaced 70 000 people so far, and the report estimates that "more than a million people face serious food shortages, with over 400 000 at risk of starvation."In Ethiopia, the crops planted during the early "belg" season have largely failed, and the report estimates that more than 5 million people, including the 385 000 people displaced by the war with Eritrea, will need emergency food aid. In Eritrea, the war has displaced nearly 250 000 people and some 61 500 deportees have arrived from Ethiopia. Despite Eritrea's good 1998 harvest, the food situation for these populations is "very tight".In Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania, where the political situation is more stable, a prolonged drought has seriously affected crop and livestock production. The drought conditions have caused large numbers of cattle producers in western Uganda to move to northern Tanzania in search of water and pasture. Cereal production is also down significantly in Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa and Zimbabwe.However, not all the news contained in the report is bad. The report says that the food supply situation in most of western Africa, notably in the Sahel, is "expected to remain satisfactory until the next harvest."12 August 1999

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Source : FAO

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Read about the benefits of renewable energy and the different types of renewable energy.

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Sustainable communities

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Masdar City - The green city project in the UAE

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Wind turbines in Sicily, near Palermo. Photo: Marcello Paternostro/AFP

Over 17 percent of energy in Italy comes from renewable sources, according to data published by Eurostat, the EU's statistical office, this week.

The figure had reached 17.5 percent by the end of 2015, Eurostat said, putting the country ahead of its target for 2020 five years early.

That was almost triple the figure of 6.3 percent in 2004.

Italy is one of 11 member states which has already reached its target, with Bulgaria, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Lithuania, Hungary, Romania, Finland, and Sweden also achieving the feat.

At the other end of the scale however, the Netherlands was furthest off reaching its 2020 target, followed by France, Ireland, the UK, and Luxembourg. That's despite the UK and Luxembourg having lower targets than countries like Italy.

The countries have been given different targets depending on factors such as population and natural resources.

Overall, Italy is in the middle of the pack when it comes to the proportion of its energy generated through renewable resources, placed 13th out of the 28 member states.

Every single town in the country can boast at least one source of renewable energy, with Italy a world leader in solar power in particular.

But one group which has unexpectedly benefited from the green energy boom is the mafia.

The poorer regions of Sardinia and Sicily were prime candidates for converting their warm climates into renewable energy, but in 2015, prosecutors warned of mafia infiltration in the sector - meaning the regions saw little of the profits made by energy firms.

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Italy has already surpassed its renewable energy target for 2020

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Wind turbines in Sicily, near Palermo. Photo: Marcello Paternostro/AFP Over 17 percent of energy in Italy comes from renewable sources, according to data published by Eurostat, the EU's statistical office, this week. The figure had reached 17.5 percent by the end of 2015, Eurostat said, putting the country ahead of its target for 2020 five years early.

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An ugly side of current scares over future food supply is wealthy, land-poor states, like those in the Gulf and South Korea, acquiring tracts of undeveloped countries to use as allotments. It is a campaigning cause of the multi-charity IF campaign against hunger. Ethiopia, Sudan, Madagascar and Cambodia have been targeted and a total area the size of Spain may already have been acquired.

An ugly side of current scares over future food supply is wealthy, land-poor states, like those in the Gulf and South Korea, acquiring tracts of undeveloped countries to use as allotments. It is a campaigning cause of the multi-charity IF campaign against hunger. Ethiopia, Sudan, Madagascar and Cambodia have been targeted and a total area the size of Spain may already have been acquired.

Problem: Hard to police. Difficult to distinguish between genuine investment in Africa and the expropriation of land from the poor who need it to grow their food. Chances: 3/10

BLOCK THE SPECULATORS

Huge sums of investment fund money have flooded into the commodities markets since the financial crisis, looking for returns no longer available in equities. Automated trading systems that exploit tiny flaws in the market and encourage volatility make it impossible for traditional traders to keep prices stable and hedge against spikes.

Problem: Much discussed in the G20 and G8, an international agreement on reforming and regulating the commodities markets looks no nearer than when the problem was first identified. Banks and investors have marshalled strong arguments against interference. Chances: 3/10

PRODUCE LESS BIOFUEL

The pressure to achieve targets on reduced carbon emissions from fossil fuel has seen rich countries turning sugar, maize and other food crops into ethanol and biodiesel.

Problems: Many economists doubt how important this issue really is in food price rises. Food and fuel prices are inextricably linked, so producing biofuel may lower food prices. A proportion of food crops have always been used for energy - 100 years ago 10% of the world's grain went to feeding horses. Second-generation biofuels won't use food crops, but wood, stalks and other waste. Chances: 1/10

STOP THE MEAT FEAST

Meat production is a wasteful use of the planet's limited resources - even today, 40% of grain crops are going to feed livestock and fish. It is most inefficient with intensive beef farming, where it has been shown that just 2.5% of the feed given to cattle emerges as calories for our consumption.

That is why the UN says agricultural production will have to rise 60% to feed the extra 2 billion mouths in 2050.

Problems: There is no international mechanism to regulate or alter collective human diets, and no models other than famine that have ever worked. Chances: 0/10

SUPPORT SMALL FARMERS

Most African farmers are less productive than a US farmer was 100 years ago. There is a consensus between NGOs and governments that supporting and training small farmers is the best possible solution to future food security. A combination of aid, education in low-tech methods such as better rice planting and irrigation, and the introduction of better seeds and fertilizer could spark a green revolution in Africa, such as the one that transformed South Asia in the 20th century.

Problem: Rich countries have proved poor at delivering on their aid pledges. Genetically modified crops are already part of these schemes.
Chances: 8/10
TARGET INFANT NUTRITION

"Eliminating malnutrition is achievable. It's within our reach," Bill Gates told the London summit, and many companies and rich nations are backing an African government-led plan to tackle it. Big improvements have already been made. The solution lies in education on good feeding techniques and getting the right nutrients to the mother and child from the beginning of pregnancy. Overall, malnutrition makes people poorer - it is responsible for an 11% decline in GDP in affected countries.

Problem: Critics say it diverts policy makers' attention from the job of solving the systemic problems in food supply.
Chances: 9/10
ROLL OUT BIOTECH

Huge gains could be available for health and agricultural productivity if the promises of genetic modification can be believed. Gene-splicing crops to help them withstand drought and flood may be vital. Pigs and chickens could have their digestive systems altered so that they eat food not required by humans, and pollute the environment less.

Problem: There are risks with the technology, and no satisfactory regulatory system in place. Public distaste at the idea of GM, especially in Europe, is holding up research and stopping investment. Safer ideas, like stem cell meat fed on algae, are still far from production. Chances: 6/10

REDUCE POVERTY

Economic growth has long been seen as the key to reducing hunger. More trade, financial liberalisation and open markets should aid the flow of food, of which there's no overall shortage. Successful poverty reduction in China has led some economists to predict there will be no more hungry people there by 2020.

Problems: Not easy to organise, with the west in economic recession and aid spending falling. More importantly, economic growth does not necessarily trickle down to the hungry poor.Child malnutrition has increased in India during the past decade despite the country's boom.
Chances: 2/10

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An ugly side of current scares over future food supply is wealthy, land-poor states, like those in the Gulf and South Korea, acquiring tracts of undeveloped countries to use as allotments. It is a campaigning cause of the multi-charity IF campaign against hunger.

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By: Bruce Durham, Stephanie Rinck-Pfeiffer (PhD), and Dawn Guendert

A local contractor finishing concrete work at a public water tap.

Click here to enlarge image

Integrated Water Resource Management through reuse and aquifer recharge promotes long-term sustainable solutions to water supply and wastewater issues in urban California and South African townships.

Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) is becoming recognised as the only sustainable solution to water scarcity. This holistic water resource approach, referred to as the Dublin - Rio principle (UNCED Rio de Janeiro 1992), highlights that freshwater is finite, vulnerable and essential to sustain life, economic development and the environment. Water development and management should be based on a participatory approach, involving users, planners and policy makers at all levels.

Water production and consumption growth rates in many regions are clearly unsustainable. For example, analysts predict that eleven countries in the Mediterranean region will have consumed more than 50% of their renewable water resource by 2010. In 2025, this percentage is predicted to exceed 100% in eight countries and more than 50% in three others. Currently, an estimated 427 million inhabitants reside in the 21 Mediterranean coastal countries. Some 145 million live near the sea with an additional 180 million tourists each year. By 2025 the population is expected to increase by 17% to 19% and the tourist population by 40%.

Residents of Amatikwe, South Africa using community standpipe.

Click here to enlarge image

The long-term effects of climate change, evidenced by a proven increase in average temperatures and rainfall reduction in the region, calls for water professionals with political support from government leaders, to optimise water resource management and increase desalination and water reuse.

IWRM promotes a holistic approach for the finite water resource that considers all users, planners and policy makers. One practical benefit that resulted from numerous high-level environmental conferences is an increase in communication and initiatives between municipalities, non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and private enterprise. For example, the KwaZulu-Natal pilot project in South Africa demonstrates that this tri-sector partnership brings added value to both township communities and to all three parties. These informal settlements provide homes for 26% of the population in Durban.

The worldwide Business Partners for Development (BPD) programme, established by the World Bank in 1998, includes this pilot project. Vivendi Water, with their project partners - Durban Metro, City of Pietermaritzburg, Umgeni Water, Mvula Trust (NGO) and Water Research Commission - installed and operate a new water distribution network for the townships in Durban and Pietermaritzburg. The partnership also trains employees to operate the system.

The water system implemented in the KwaZulu pilot project includes low-pressure water distribution that continually feeds a potable water tank in the customer's property with a maximum of 200 litres per day. Trained water bailiffs selected by the community manage the system in addition to standpipes available for those who are not connected to the low-pressure system. Trained local staff works with water bailiffs to provide maintenance. Customers using less than 200 litres per day are supplied free of charge following an initial US$ 24 connection fee.

Durban Water Recycling (DWR) is a Durban Metro - Vivendi Water public-private partnership that provides a 20-year build-own-operate and transfer service to Durban Metro, which started operating in May 2001. Primary sewage is treated and reclaimed water is repurified at 47,500 m3/day. This recycling system treats seven percent of the wastewater being discharged to the sea and guarantees a low cost, high quality industrial water supply to the MONDI Paper mill and the SAPREF Refinery.

These sustainable solutions in Durban provide the following benefits:
* Community partnership with affordable water supplies in poor informal settlements;
* Making available an additional eight percent of potable water for the community;
* Guaranteeing lower water costs to industry (25% than potable);
* And reducing flow to an overloaded long sea outfall, thereby extending its life.

By 2004, the 330,000 m3/day groundwater replenishment project at Orange County Water District's (OCWD) Water Factory 21 in the US state of California will purify for reuse highly treated wastewater that is currently discharged to the ocean. The project will provide a drought-proof water resource for industry and irrigation, reduce wastewater disposal to the sea, and provide clean water to inject into deep groundwater aquifers to prevent seawater intrusion. The OCWD plans to eventually expand capacity to 405,000 m3/day.

Over abstraction of groundwater resulted in saline ingress up to eight kilometres inland along the Californ-ian coast in the 1950s. Consequent-ly, three fresh water injection barriers were created to control saline ingress. Imported fresh water has been injected for more than 40 years and for 25 years repurified wastewater treated to drinking water standards has been used to provide saline ingress control and aquifer recharge for indirect potable use.

The Orange County Water District (OCWD) supplies approximately two million people with potable water. The population is expected to increase to almost three million within the next 20 years. To meet the increased demand, OCWD and Orange County Sanitation District (OCSD) developed a cost-effective solution to provide a supplemental source of high quality water. The two agencies are sponsoring this water purification project, known as Groundwater Replenishment System (GWRS), to purify for reuse additional highly treated wastewater.

Secondary wastewater from OCSD will be treated through microfiltration, reverse osmosis and ultraviolet disinfection. Approximately 80% of the potable quality water produced by the GWRS will be piped 21 km to the OCWD recharge facilities, while the balance will be used to expand the existing seawater intrusion barrier.

Newtown, South Africa benefits from KwaZulu-Natal pilot project.

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The aquifer recharge project provides 75% to 80% of the potable water source for the area through direct injection and surface percolation ponds in the Santa Ana river basin. The GWRS will be capable of supplying approximately 22% of the water needed to recharge the ground-water basin by the year 2020.

In 1992 OCWD confirmed that the key issue to be resolved was identifying the most effective RO pre-treatment solution based on their 16 years experience of operating RO on lime clarification and rapid gravity sand filtration. This experience led to the long-term pilot study (> 53,000 hrs) at their world-renowned test centre so that they could select and budget for their 405,000 m3/d system.

Reclaiming secondary sewage with the GWR system consumes 1.21 kWh/m3 compared with imported water from Northern California or the Colorado river at 1.82 to 2.82 kWh/m3. Wastewater reclamation will also delay by 10 years a US$ 150 million investment in a new ocean outfall.

The OCWD selected the USFilter-Memcor CMF-S submerged microfiltration system for its RO pretreatment following extensive studies.

In the Fall of 2002, USFilter begins its first stage of construction of a temporary CMF-S system that will process 25,000 m3/day. This system will be incorporated into a 300,000 m3/day permanent treatment system fed with 327,000 m3/day of microfiltered water.

Integrated water resource management needs a holistic long-term approach that must be supported by legislation, quality standards and international finance to facilitate project completion. This is helped when one governmental water agency is responsible for all water resource issues - ranging from freshwater to wastewater treatment - rather than separate regulators responsible for a single part of the total solution.

Increasing global experience in large high-efficiency systems continually reduces water production costs. Lowering the cost of power, finance, equipment and membranes is the key to maximising opportunities for sustainable projects. Hybrid systems provide real benefits by taking advantage of the process synergy between power generation, desalination, reuse and aquifer recharge in one system. These innovative solutions enable water-scarce coastal cities to move rapidly towards Integrated Water Resource Management.
Author's note
Based in Wirksworth, Derbyshire, UK and at the Paris headquarters in France, Bruce Durham is the Alternative Resource Manager for Vivendi Water. Stephanie Rinck-Pfeiffer (PhD) is the project manager of Groundwater Resource Management for KompetenzZentrum Wasser Berlin, based in Berlin, Germany. Dawn Guendert is the Memcor CMF-S product manager for USFilter, based in Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA.
Wastewater reuse benefits community

* Planning for a sustainable future requires reliable knowledge of resource available, recharge, future demand and a positive involvement of the community.
* Partnerships provide affordable water supplies to poor communities by building on local experience and skills.
* Increases availability of potable water and reducing water cost by repurifying wastewater for industry and irrigation.
* Provides drought-proof water resource through reuse.
* Helps grow cash crops and creates employment in areas blighted by soil salinisation.
* Positively controls saline ingress and recharges aquifers to create sustainable water resource.
* Reduces wastewater disposal to sea and protects bathing beaches
* Supports tourism industry through irrigation of landscapes and golf industry with repurified water.

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By: Bruce Durham, Stephanie Rinck-Pfeiffer (PhD), and Dawn Guendert A local contractor finishing concrete work at a public water tap. Click here to enlarge image Integrated Water Resource Management through reuse and aquifer recharge promotes long-term sustainable solutions to water supply and wastewater issues in urban California and South African townships.

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FINAL TASK

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green roofs

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Green Architecture Saving the World | Visiting Sustainable Buildings from Across the Planet