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The specification encourages discussion of sustainable schemes etc and the effect of global warming on flooding is that it will increase the flooding frequency because of higher water level when water expanding under heat.

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We need to reduce water wastage today as this will prevent future generations from having access to water.

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-Surrounding mountains directed water onto the floodplain.

-Lots of tributaries.

- Heavy rainfall and saturation.

-Urbanisationa and deforestation on the floodplain.

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-Unusually heavy monsoon/ antecedent rainfall therefore saturation and more surface runoff into the rivers

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-Dredging and straightening is repeatedly expensive and increases flood risk downstream. -Dams and Reservoirs are extremely expensive initially ad maintenance jobs. -River pumps take up large areas of land. -Levees are unnatural and unattractive, water velocity increases flood risk downstream. -Flood walls are only effective for small floods, are expensive and unnatural. -The Thames Barrier is expensive and needs to be replaced. -Afforestation is ineffective against large floods. -Wash lands give up valuable land on the floodplain. -Flood proofing is expensive also.

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-Dredging and straightening increases the bankfull discharge and exits the system quicker. -Dams and  reservoirs can store water and release it in a controlled way, jobs, electricity and tourism? -River pumps are quick and effective. -Levees relatively cheap, one off costs. -Flood walls reduce damage from flooding. -Thames barrier can quickly and effectively increase the bankfull discharge. -Afforestation is quite cheap and environmentally friendly. -Flood warnings cost almost nothing, are effective and save lives. -Flood proofing of buildings saves money in the long term. -It costs nothing to flood plain zone in the long term as you are merely places valuable buildings away from flood risk zones and thus saving money.

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Water stress and areas of deficit and surplus in the UK

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Water stress and areas of deficit and surplus in the UK

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There is a greater demand for water because: a larger population means more water required for concrete in infrastructure and agriculture but also a greater standard of living means more luxury items such as dishwashers, baths, sprinklers and jet washes. The area of the highest water stress in the UK is London because it is around this area that the population density is the highest whilst being in a lower rainfall area. The east and especially in the north have high rainfall and water surplus as they have low population densities which necessitates the need for water transfer.

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-Vegetation cover means that there is little or no interception so the water reaches the ground and river more quickly.

-Heavy rainfall means that there isn't time for the water to infiltrate leading to immediate surface runoff.

-Prolonged rainfall makes the ground saturated so little infiltration can occur and more surface runoff.

-Naturally impermeable rock means no percolation through the rock and therefore greater surface runoff and through flow.

-Relief is steep gradients near the river.

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-Deforestation causes water to enter the river basin at a faster rate due to lack of interception.

-Urban areas have lots of impermeable surfaces such as concrete and tarmac along with drainage systems cause water to flow quickly into the river.

-River management strategies and flood defences in one area, may cause the water to enter the channel at a faster rate and casue flooding downstream.

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-Saturation of the ground, no infiltration and more surface runoff.

-Drought, not much surface infiltration as the ground is hard and baked.

-Naturally impermeable rock increasing the through flow and surface runoff.

-Steep gradients increase the speed at which rainwater can enter the river channel.

-Tributaries adding the rivers discharge.

-Antecedent (or prolonged heavy rainfall)

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-Ploughing up and down slope by farmers creates artificial gullies for the water to flow through into the river.

-Urbanisation in the flood plain which means more impermeable surfaces.

-Paving front lawns, less infiltration and more surface runoff.

-Clogged drainage systems means even less infiltration and more surface runoff.

-Deforestation means less interception, more infiltration, less root absorption and more through flow.

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-The government gave £1million into clean up and repair.

-Cumbrian flood recovery fund established, got £1million in 10 days.

-Network rail opened a temporary railway station at Workington.

-Visit cumbr

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-1300 homes damaged and or contaminated with sewage.

-50 people evacuated by helicopter.

-Flooding of small businesses caused long term economic problems.

-£28,000 worth of damage per house and couldn't move back in for over a year.

-Insurance costs of around £100million

-Four bridges destroyed, 12 damaged, long journey.

-One man, Bill Barker, died.

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-Appeals launched by the UN and UK.

-Many charities and aid agencies provided help.

-Pakistan itself tried to raise money.

-Complained Pakistan didn't prepare enough.

-Saudi Arabia and the US  donated $600million

-UN had to cut food supplies due to the lack of donations.
-Pakistani army mobilised 60,000 troops, 1000 boats and entire C-130 fleet to rescue people and transport infrastructure and medicals camps. Rescued 1.4 million by September.
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-At least 1600 dead.

-20million affected and 6 million needed food aid. -Whole villages swept away and over 700,000 homes were damaged/destroyed.

-Hundreds of thousands were displaced and suffered form malnutrition and lack of clean water and therefore cholera. -5000 miles of road and over 1000 bridges destroyed.

-160,000 square km affected.

-6.5million acres of crop washed away.

-Punjab province alone needed $1.3 billion for temporary repairs.

-3months on, 7million were still homeless.

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-Increasing the cost of water will make people more hesitant to waste water on jet washes and the like.

-Variable flushes will save water that otherwise would've been wasted.

-Installing water meters will make people more conscious of their usage and therefore are les likely to use excess water.

-Water efficient appliances which save water which would've been wasted.

-Reducing water leakages with better piping underground will save water.

-Grey water recycling.

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-1.5 million trees were cut down to build it.

-A few families had to be relocated.

-Forest park was harvested for timber supplies.

-Loss of livelihood for some.

-It cost £167million.

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-Tourist attraction which has created jobs.

-North east of England has the most reliable water supply in England.

-Release of clean water into the river below has encouraged salmon and sea trout to migrate and breed.

-Clean water from Kielder can flush out pollution.

-Hydroelectricity and maintenence jobs.

-Water-transfer scheme which can drain water in timers of flood and drought.

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-Interception

-Saturated

-Percolation

-Through flow

-Infiltration

-Impermeable

-Surface runoff

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Case study of flooding in a rich part of the world and poor part of the world

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Case study of flooding in a rich part of the world and poor part of the world

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-Wash lands

-Afforestation

-Flood plain zoning

-Flood warnings

-Flood proofing

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-Channel Straightening

-River dams (3 Gorges dam in China)

-Dredging

-River Pumps

-Levees

-Flood walls

-Thames barrrier

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They form because the helical flow (corkscrew motion) focuses the erosion on the outer bend. Deepest, friction is low,  thalweg on the outer bend.

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Fertile because silt and finer sediment travels further outwards and suspension is more prominent in the lower course