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SCENE 1  A classroom scene. The teacher is teaching his students. A slave enters the scene, seemingly curious about what education is like so she peers into the classroom. The teacher then notices the slave and is angered by the intrusion.  TEACHER: The Persian War..etc.   The slave sneezes, inte...

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Greek cultural elements and beliefs throughout the play:

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as ASPASIA

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Athens loses its democratic government. Control is put into the Board of 30. Sparta's subject allies have to pay 1000 talents annually.
Thirty Tyrants rule Athens.

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- 1st Stage of the War (Archidamian War)

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- 1st Stage of the War (Archidamian War)

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Athens (under Pericles and then Nicias) was successful until 424. Athens makes little forays on the Peloponnese by sea and Sparta destroys areas in the countryside of Attica. Athens makes a disastrous expedition into Boeotia. They try to recover Amphipolis (422), unsuccessfully. Athens fears more of her allies would desert, so she signs a treaty (Peace of Nicias) that allows her to keep her face, basically setting things back to how they were before the war except for Plataea and Thracian towns.

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- 3rd Stage of the War (Decelean War/ Ionian War) 

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- 3rd Stage of the War (Decelean War/ Ionian War) 

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Under the advice of Alcibiades, Sparta invades Attica, occupying the town of Decelea near Athens. Athens continues to send ships and men to Sicily even though it is disastrous. Athens, which had started the war with the advantage in naval battle, loses this advantage to the Corinthians and Syracusans. Sparta then used Persian gold from Cyrus to build her fleet, stirs up trouble with Athenian allies in Ionia, and destroys the Athenian fleet at the Battle of Aegosotami. The Spartans are led by Lysander.

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Corinth forms coalitions against Athens. Alcibiades stirs up trouble and is exiled. Betrays Athens to Sparta. Both sides seek the alliance of Argos but after the Battle of Mantinea, where Argos loses most of her military, Argos no longer matters, although she becomes an Athenian ally.

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(all dates in the 5th century B.C.)

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Greek warriors of battle wore tunics of leather with metal plaque reinforcements. Helmets and leg protection called greaves added more skin coverage.

The metal battle dress itself was valuable since it had to be crafted by skilled metalworkers. The higher the rank the better the dress armour and shield was crafted, and possibly, the more protective it became.

Some of the decorative metal elements paid homage to favourite Gods the Greeks thought would take care of them in battle and in the after life.  One characteristic of the Greek helmet was that it almost totally enclosed the head and sometime had moveable sides, (but no visor) enabling the soldier to push back the face cover when at ease.

Horsehair crests made the helmet an impressive sight.

Greek light infantrymen wore double felt or leather tunics and leather greaves. All wore the Chlamys in battle as a cloak or as a left arm wrap for battle blows  protection.

Greek male battle dress shares a similarity with Roman battle dress.

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Over the centuries hair dressing was important to create various complex updo hairstyles.  Women used gold, silver hair pins, cone headdress and tiaras.  Young girls used fresh flowers and ribbons.  Only boys and women had long hair and men cut their hair once they became youths.

Plaiting, crimping and waving of female hair as well as decoration with pins, tiaras and bands.

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TOGA
Very long length of woolen fabric that the Greeks wrapped around themselves, draping it over the left shoulder and arm and leaving the right arm free.
PURPLE BORDER
he purple border was worn by magistrates and by boys until the age of 16.

SINUS
Part of the toga that draped down over the left shoulder and went under the right arm, creating carefully arranged folds.
PEPLOS
In ancient times, a rectangle of woolen fabric wrapped around the torso and pinned at the shoulders, worn by Greek women.
FOLD
Part of the cloth folded over the belt to make it puff out.
FIBULA
In ancient times, a pin or metal fastener used to secure clothing.

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Greek men mostly wore a tunic, a sort of knee-length t-shirt made of wool or linen, tied with a belt at the waist. Men used the fold of cloth over their belt as a pocket. Often, as in this statuette, they wore their tunic only over one shoulder, as a himation.

Over the tunic men wore a wool cloak if it was cold out, which they could also use as a blanket if they needed to (for instance if they were off somewhere fighting a war). Their legs were bare, and they wore leather sandals when they weren't barefoot. But many men went barefoot their whole lives.

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Greek women generally wore one large piece of wool or linen, wrapped around them and pinned in various ways to make it stay. The ways of pinning it changed over time.

One way was to fold the cloth in half, and put it so that the fold in the cloth came under your right armpit and down your right side. Then pull up on the front and the back of the cloth so they meet over your right shoulder and pin the front and the back together with a big safety pin. Then pull more of the front up over your left shoulder, and pin it to the back in the same way. Finally you will notice that your dress is still open all along your left side: tie a belt around your dress at the waist to keep your dress closed. These dresses came down to their ankles, even for younger girls.

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Getting Dressed in Ancient Greek

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Getting dressed in Ancient Greece. Part of an online course for Cambridge University's eLearning course.

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The Ancient Greeks represented here are from left to right:

a Greek in traveling clothes, two women, a king, a bridal couple, a female basket bearer at a sacrificial festival and a priestess of the goddess Ceres.

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A common fashion choice of ancient Greece was to wear a belt around their waists to tuck the Chiton. It was made ad a common culture to wear belts especially for women.

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Worn by both men and women, the Himation was worn as cloaks over their Chitons.

When worn by men, the Himation would be carefully wrapped around their left shoulders as a bare left shoulder was considered to be a sign of barbarism. The would also be sure to not drag the edges on the ground as that would be poor taste. Women would wear their Himations in a variety of styles.

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Though people at the time would walk around barefoot at home, they would wear some form of footwear while travelling. Usually made of leather and had sandal designs most shoes of the ancient Greek were made for purpose and not attraction. A common footwear was known as the carbatine.

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Most common attire among the women of ancient Greece would have been the peplos. Made popular due to it's design, where top is folded down and gave the appearance of a second piece of clothing.

It was also worn during rituals.

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The chiton was popularly used by both men and women. It's made of a rectangular cloth and was kept in place by two pins on the shoulders.

Doric chiton:

The Doric style chiton is an earlier version of the chiton. It had no sleeves.

Ionic chiton:

The Ionic chiton was made of a wider piece of cloth and the excess fabric would be gathered at the waist.

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Commonly confused for a toga, which was actually clothing in Ancient Rome, the "Chlamys" is what we would call a cloak.

It's made of a simple rectangular cloth and was pinned on the right shoulder.

This clothing was most famous in Ancient Greece that it became a typical military attire for Greece.

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Children in Ancient Greece rarely wore clothes as they would usually be indoors and clothing was unnecessary. However, if they were to wear something, it would be something as a simple as a piece of cloth around their waists.

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[DIY] Greek Costume (Men)

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Turning a bed sheet into a toga is a simple DIY costume that can be done on any budget. Read more on how to make this bed sheet toga here: http://abt.cm/1yato7G Visit http://video.about.com/ for more!

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[DIY] Greek Goddess Costume

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DIY Greek Goddess Costume Easy Tutorial How To Make

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Have you watched my latest Fall Routine Video? Watch it here: http://vid.io/xoje Please Take a moment and LIKE or SUBSCRIBE if you haven't (^_^) Thank you! Okay A Halloween project!!! =P There was a lot of request for this, so here it is!!! Start working on your costume before it's too late!!.

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The war between Athens and Sparta began in 431 B.C.; initiating the Peloponnesian War.

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Aspasia and Pericles was one of the most famous couples of Ancient Greece.

Aspasia was known as a strong influence as she was the lover and partner of Pericles who was a brilliant general, orator, patron of the arts and politician. Aspasia's brain and potential influence over Pericles in matters of administration were likely quite threatening to other Athenians, and she and Pericles were often the target of scandalous rumours and personal attacks. It was rumoured as well that she plays a role in inciting the Peloponnesian War. (taken from http://www.ancient.eu/article/73/

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This scene depicts a short snippet of the life of a Spartan woman who so happens to be the Spartan general's right-hand-man (woman).

Ancient Sparta was famous for its military prowess. Besides having men to serve in military, women were also encouraged to do the same. Women were seen to share the same status as those of men's.

Spartan women had a reputation for boldness and licentiousness that other Greeks found unseemly. (taken from http://www.womenintheancientworld.com/women%20in%20sparta.htm)

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A teacher is teaching his students in a classroom when he notices a female slave peering in.

Slaves were not allowed to be on institutional grounds without their masters.

Education was not free as only the privileged can afford to send their children.

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Aspasia, an influential hetaera in Ancient Greece, brought the abandoned slave to her house to give her care.

In Ancient Greece, prostitution was a popular and common source of entertainment entertainment especially with the emergence of visiting sailors and merchants. There were two types of prostitutes, the pornai and the hetaera. A pornai sells his/her body to the customers whereas a heatera sells his/her companionship.

Though not usually thought of as highly ranking citizens, some prostitutes had the opportunity to assert themselves not only physically, but also intellectually. Women known as hetaerai, or “companions”, were stunning physically, but also highly educated and artistic. These women were stimulating company to Athenian men at drinking parties (symposia), often much more so than their wives. Aspasia, the long-time companion to Pericles, is among the most famous hetaerai. (taken from http://www.ancient.eu/article/28/)

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The priestesses of Athena goes out of the temple to town to gather helpers to create the peplos for the goddess to commemorate her birthday. This celebration is called the Panathenaia.

The ancient cult of Athena in Athens centres around the Acropolis, specifically in the Parthenon, which housed the most famous cult image of the goddess ever to have been crafted. This sculpture, now lost, was made of wood, and covered in gold and ivory and was clothed in a real dress (peplos). The icon would receive a new dress every four years as part of the Panathenaea festival, in which all of Athens would gather in honour of the goddess. The festival is believed to have been in honour of the goddess' birthday and the moment presenting priests with Athena's new peplos is believed to be shown on the Parthenon Frieze.  (taken from http://www.ancient.eu/article/74/)

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The slave was thrown out of her house by her master as she became impure.

The slaves were akin to family members to the household; they represent the family image as well.

Purity is very important to the Greeks. Since the slave was stripped of her own purity, she is seen to be impure hence, bearing an aura of misfortune.

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The Greeks felt like if they didn't worship the gods they would get punished through whatever nature they were god of.  For example if they didn't worship Zeus, the God of the Sky, he would send down a lightning bolt and burn down the whole village.  They felt like if they did worship them, they would have good nature and crops and there would be nothing wrong.  They felt if they worshipped more than one god, the other would become angry or jealous and cause them destruction on them or their village.  To avoid this, they worshipped the gods equally.  They did this by having a temple for each god and a priest or priestess that maintained the temples.  They considered the gods to control everything.  Typically one god would control one thing although there were some that controlled multiple things.  There were major and minor gods, but they mostly worshipped the major gods and the decendents of the major gods. The Greeks goal were to make the gods happy.

How did the Greeks worship their Gods?

Temples were considered the places of the gods and were not for worshipping.  They were basically to honor the gods and the Greeks worshipped them in seprate places for worshipping.  They had an altar inside the temples were they would sacrifice animals and food to please the gods.  It was rare that they sacrificed humans in the late history of the Greeks although there were some hints that there were some.  They had oracles and priests that were  considered to be the gods keepers and speakers.  The priests would be in the temples and conducting the sacrifices and keeping the temples clean.  The oracles made important decisions by asking the gods about things the Greeks wanted to know.  Temples were public for all people to go in but was not for worshipping.
Second page to how the Greeks worship the Greek Gods.

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The Greek Independence Day is celebrating the declaration of the Independence War against the Ottomans on March 25th, 1821

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The Hobgoblins are known as the kallikantzari in Greek. The hobgoblins are short and ugly creatures with many deformities. All year round, they live underground and saw the Christmas tree. From Christmas day to Epiphany Day, they will tease people with many pranks. On Epiphany day, the villager's houses and rooms will be sprinkled with blessed waters from the priest so that the hobgoblins return to the underground.

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When a black cat passes a person it is believed that the person will have a bad luck for the whole day. It is also believed that someone will have a bad luck for seven years if a glass or mirror breaks.

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Easter is the most important celebrations for Greeks, even more than Christmas. On Good Thursday or Good Saturday, women dye eggs in red and bake buns. On the Good Friday, the day of mourning, the Epitaphios, the tomb of Christ decorated with flowers is taken out from the church carried around the village followed by a slow procession. The believers kiss the image of the Christ after the procession return to the church.

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When someone talks bad news such as deaths, accidents and etc, the others will slightly spit three times saying 'ftou,ftou,ftou'. This is believed to chases the devil and misfortune away. Another example is when someone compliment a baby, a child or an adult for it's beauty, has to spit three times on the complimented person so that he doesn't give him to the bad eye.

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Greek clothing is simple. Men and women wore linen in the summer and wool during winter. Ancient Greeks could buy clothes from the agora, but it is expensive. The females of the families and also the female slaves made their own clothes.

Sometimes they would buy jewelries from travelling peddler. But only the rich could afford them.

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The Ancient Greece went through four different ruling systems as time progresses.

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Sparta:

The goal of education in Sparta, an authoritarian, military city-state, was to produce soldier-citizens who were well-drilled, well-disciplined marching army. Spartans believed in a life of discipline, self-denial, and simplicity. Boys were very loyal to the state of Sparta.

Athens:

In ancient Athens, the purpose of education was to produce citizens trained in the arts, to prepare citizens for both peace and war. Other than requiring two years of military training that began at age 18, the state left parents to educate their sons as they saw fit. The schools were private, but the tuition was low enough so that even the poorest citizens could afford to send their children for at least a few years.

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The Evil Eye also known as Matiasma, were believed that someone can catch the evil eye from someone else's jealous and envy or compliment. The person who has caught the evil eye will feel bad physically and psychology. In this case, an expert in xematiasma must tell a special pray to release the person in pain from the bad effects of the evil eye.

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as ASPASIA'S BEST GIRL

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as A MESSENGER

One of the few messengers serving for Athens.

She is knowledgeable in recognising and knowing each citizen residing in Athens as well as possess trustworthy personality to deliver messages accurately and promptly.

Derived from the role of kēryx (literally translates to 'herald')

"Kēryx,inviolable ancient Greek messenger. In Homer’s time, the kēryx was simply a trusted attendant or retainer of a chieftain. The role of kērykes expanded, to include acting as inviolable messengers between states, even in time of war, proclaiming meetings of the council, popular assembly, or court of law, reciting there the formulas of prayer, and summoning persons to attend. Hermes, himself the kēryx of the gods, was their patron and carried the caduceus, the herald’s staff. The word also often simply meant a crier." (taken from http://global.britannica.com/topic/keryx)

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as PERICLES

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as A SPARTAN WOMAN

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Men:

Men ran the government and was involved in many political matters. If not they would spent time in the fields, overseeing or working the crops, sailing, hunting, in manufacturing or in trade. They would also enjoy drinking parties, wrestling, horseback riding, and the famous Olympic Games.

Women:

Greek women had very limited freedom outside the home. They could attend weddings, funerals, some religious festivals, and could visit female neighbours for brief periods of time. Their job was to run the house and to bear children.

Slaves:

Slavery played a major role in ancient Greek civilization. Slaves could be found everywhere. They worked not only as domestic servants, but as factory workers, shopkeepers, mineworkers, farm workers and as ship's crewmembers. Most Greek households had slaves. Female slaves cooked, cleaned, and worked in the fields. Male slaves watched the door, to make sure no one came in when the man of the house was away, except for female neighbors, and acted as tutors to the young male children.

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as A PRIESTESS

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as THE SLAVE

- She was one of the slaves in Athens. That was ranked the lowest during that era.

- Due to her family's debt, she was sold and owned by another family, Dareios' family.

- She was unmercifully raped by a teacher in Athens.

- Kicked out by the family who once owned her due to their beliefs that could bring them bad luck if the slaves were raped.

- Became a beggar and was helped by Aspasia.

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as A SPARTAN GENERAL LYSANDER

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as A COMMONER

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as THE TEACHER

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Upper Class - Athens - Possessed the maximum power and topmost position in the society. One has to be born in Athens to be a part of the Upper Class.  - Handled government work, literature as well as the philosophy department and also the war.  - Used slaves to perform their materialistic tasks so as to save their precious time which they can utilize for administrative purposes. Being the Upper Class was a symbol of good artistic taste, being civilized and socialized.

Middle Class - Metics - Those not born in Athens but came in Athens and settled there for earning their livelihood and spent their entire life were eligible to be a part of the Middle Class (Metics) - Were not slaves but possessed very little rights as compared to the Upper Class. They were not even allowed to vote or to buy a land or to marry someone in the family of citizens. - Mostly worked as: contractors, merchants, managers, manufacturers, tradesmen, artists and craftsmen. The ceramic work was entirely handled by the Middle Class. The Middle Class was not allowed to get a citizenship.

Lower Class - Freedmen - Included people who were once slaves in their past and were somehow freed by their owner. - Not considered as citizens of Athens and were never allowed to gain a citizenship.  - If the slave had sufficient money, he/she could pay off a ransom to gain freedom. Freedom could be gained if the ransom was paid by a friend/relative. or a slave could also get freedom by winning a fight or sometimes even the owners let them free.

The Slaves - Very little number of Greeks were Slaves and the majority of Slaves were Non-Greeks. - War refugees/criminals were made Slaves. - Slaves had no right, not even to defend themselves when their owner would beat them. - They had to pay a ransom amount to buy their freedom and to get free.

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A very important tradition in Greece is Name Day. Everyone who has a name coming from a saint celebrated by the church and celebrated on the dates given in the year.

During the event, the 'name day' of someone will be visited by his friends and family without any invitation and offers wishes and small presents.

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The Ancient Greeks were deeply religious people. Their religion was polytheistic and their Gods appeared in human forms, had superhuman strength, and ageless beauty.

Earliest surviving Greek literature, recorded men's interaction with various Gods and Goddesses whose characters and appearances had very minimal change in the following centuries.