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Electricity is characterized as a natural monopoly because the cost of producing the product is lower due to economies of scale. It is also a situation which there is a single producer or seller of product in which there are close to zero substitutes. Economies of scale is the situation in which the cost to a company of producing or supplying each additional unit of a product (marginal cost) decreases as the volume of output increases

The electricity Act
This is the principal legislation governing the electricity sector and the National Electricity Market of Singapore (NEMS). The rights and obligations of the participants in the wholesale and retail markets are set out principally in the wholesale market rules, and in the electricity licenses and codes of practice issued by the Energy Market Authority (EMA).

Barriers to Entry :
Electricity licenses
Under the Electricity Act, an entity may not engage in certain electricity-related activities unless it has been issued an electricity license by the EMA (or it is exempted from holding a license)
The activities that require an electricity license are:
-Operation of any wholesale electricity market

- Generation of electricity

- Transmission of electricity

- Provision of market support services

- Retailing electricity

-Trading in the wholesale electricity market

-Importing or exporting electricity. Holding of an electricity license is not sufficient to trade in the wholesale market,

The objectives of the market rules are :
-To establish and govern efficient, competitive and reliable markets for the wholesale selling and buying of electricity and ancillary services in Singapore

-To provide market participants with non-discriminatory access to the transmission system

- To facilitate competition in the generation of electricity

- To protect the interests of consumers with respect to prices, and the reliability and quality of electricity service in a monopoly market, the marginal revenue curve and the demand curve are distinct and downward-slopping. Production occurs where marginal cost and marginal revenue intersect.

Market Power
Monopolies have much more power than firms normally would in competitive markets, but they still face limits determined by demand for a product. Higher prices mean lower sales. But in this case, it is different as there is no substitutes to electricity. Therefore, monopolies must make a decision about where to set their price and the quantity of their supply to maximize profits. They can either choose their price, or they can choose the quantity that they will produce and allow market demand to set the price.

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The intersection of the marginal revenue curve and marginal cost curve identifies the profit maximising quantity of the electricity firm.

There is no supply curve of the electricity firm as the firm can decide the price at which they want to sell their goods and there is no unique price quantity relationship as quantity supplied by the electricity firm is not determined by price but instead marginal revenue.

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yellow- what we working on
blue- can ignore the post.
pink- can consider to work on it
purple - new articles

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https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/the-future-of-salt-market-in-united-states-h1-2018---supply-demand-market-value-infrastructure-and-competition-in-united-states-outlook-to-2025-300608981.html

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1.Jolene
2. Jia Yi
3. Yan Ting
4. Ting Xian

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The Future of Salt Market in United States (H1 2018) - Supply, Demand, Market Value, Infrastructure and Competition in United States Outlook to 2025

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The Future of Salt Market in United States (H1 2018) - Supply, Demand, Market Value, Infrastructure and Competition in United States Outlook to 2025

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SINGAPORE - Electricity tariffs will increase by an average of 2.8 per cent per kilowatt hour (kwh) from April to June, said SP Group.

The increase is mainly due to the higher energy cost of producing electricity, said SP Group in a statement on Thursday (March 29).

For households, the tariff will increase from 21.56 cents to 22.15 cents per kwh.

This translates to an average increase in monthly electricity bill of $2.20, according to SP Group.

For four-room Housing Board flats, the average increase in monthly bill will be $1.86.

This is the second consecutive quarter that electricity tariffs have increased.

From October to December last year, electricity tariffs were at 20.30 cents per kWh. It increased to 21.56 cents per kwh from January to March this year.

In its statement, SP Group said it reviews the tariffs quarterly based on guidelines set by the Energy Market Authority, and that the tariffs have been approved by the electricity industry regulator.

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Electricity tariffs to increase by average of 2.8% from April to June

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SINGAPORE - Electricity tariffs will increase by an average of 2.8 per cent per kilowatt hour (kwh) from April to June, said SP Group. The increase is mainly due to the higher energy cost of producing electricity, said SP Group in a statement on Thursday (March 29).

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https://www.straitstimes.com/business/economy/singapore-inflation-eases-in-march-with-consumer-prices-up-02-amid-lower-coe-prices

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Salt - this is not a news article, this is a market analysis
Bubble Tea - same same, not a news article but a full market analysis
UBER - it's not about the industry, only about how to get workers to work, so nothing about overall demand etc in the industry
Electricity - you could do, but do bear in mind that this is not a free market. The article doesn't have much info but a lot you can infer from your general knowledge (1) Intro, resources, scarcity, (2) DD, SS, (3) Elasticity, (4) Market structure. You can go for that one. Do up a point-form analysis here.
COE - same, you could do but it's a regulated market
oil is taken by another group

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CONCEPTS:
demand, supply and market equilibrium, market structure, fallacies, etc
Explain why there is an increase in the price of electricity
(1)Introduction:
What is electricity?
Electricity is a secondary energy source, this means that it is generated from the conversion of primary sources of energy, such as fossil fuels and renewable sources such as (wind,solar)
From the article:
Electricity tariffs in Singapore will increase by an average of 2.8 per cent per kilowatt hour (kwh) starting from April to June.For the average households, the tariff will increase from 21.56 cents to 22.15 cents per kwh.
Resources:
Land- Electricity(renewable energy)
Labor- Workers work in the power plant to help to monitor the generation of electricity.
Capital-power plant, transformer steps,transmission lines, neighborhood transformers, distribution lines, transformer on poles.
Entrepreneurship-
Scarcity:
If electricity were to be made free to everyone, there will not be enough for everyone hence it is a scarce resource.

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Housing

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SINGAPORE - The Government will be launching six land parcels for sale in the second half of this year on the confirmed list of the government land sales (GLS) programme.

They comprise four private residential sites - including one executive condominium (EC) site - one "white" site and one hotel site which can yield 2,705 private residential units (including 695 EC units), 42,200 sqm of gross commercial space and 390 hotel rooms.

Another nine sites are placed under the reserve list for H2 2018. These will be triggered for sale if a developer's indicated minimum price in his application is acceptable or there is sufficient market interest for the site.

These reserve list sites comprise seven private residential sites (including one EC site) and two "white" sites. They can yield 5,335 private residential units (including 515 EC units), 82,000 sqm of gross commercial space and 540 hotel rooms.

All in, the sites under the confirmed list and reserve list can yield up to 8,040 private residential units, 124,200 sqm gross floor area (GFA) of commercial space and 930 hotel rooms, the Urban Redevelopment Authority (URA) said on Wednesday (June 27).

The residential land supply in H2 2018 GLS thus keeps pace with that in H1 2018 when the government made available 2,705 residential units under the confirmed list and 5,335 units under the reserve list.

Explaining its rationale, the URA stressed that there is a healthy supply of private housing in the pipeline. Around 20,000 units from GLS and en-bloc sale sites are pending planning approval, on top of the 24,000 unsold units from projects with planning approval. In addition, more than 30,000 existing private housing units remain vacant.

"Nevertheless, there continues to be strong demand for land from developers. Transaction volumes are also rising," URA observed.

"Hence, the government has decided to keep the total supply of units for the H2 2018 GLS programme at about the same level as the supply from the H1 2018 GLS programme. Taken together, the total supply in the pipeline will be able to meet home buyers' demand over the next one to two years, and to meet our population's housing needs.

"The government will continue to monitor the property market closely and adjust the supply from future GLS Programmes, when necessary," URA added.

For commercial land supply, there is a jump in both the confirmed and reserved lists for of H2 2018 - representing a 94 per cent surge in commercial gross floor area (GFA) compared to H1 2018.

For the first time after several years, the government is also re-introducing hotel rooms supply in its GLS programme amid rosier tourism prospects for Singapore in the next few years.

To-date, three confirmed list sites in H1 2018 GLS programme have been sold and the tender for the remaining three confirmed list sites will close by September.

Two reserve list sites at Peck Seah Street and Woodlands Square will be removed from H1 2018 reserve list to facilitate a review of development plans in the area.

As a result, a total of seven residential sites remain on the H1 2018 reserve list and will be carried over to the second-half 2018 GLS programme, URA said.

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No change in land supply for private homes in second-half 2018

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SINGAPORE - The Government will be launching six land parcels for sale in the second half of this year on the confirmed list of the government land sales (GLS) programme.

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https://www.marketwatch.com/story/rising-oil-prices-releases-a-gusher-of-crude-nonsense-2018-04-25

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The surprisingly strong sales momentum witnessed at the recent launch of New Futura, in which foreigners accounted for close to 60 percent of the 48 units sold, indicates that foreign demand is returning to Singapore, reported Singapore Business Review citing DBS Equity Research.

This comes as the city-state is considered more attractive than other global markets, said Ong Teck Hui, national director, research at JLL.
More: New Futura condo sells 18 units at average price of $3,200 psf
"The Singapore private residential market is in the early stages of recovery, promising a longer run in price upside. Melbourne, Sydney, Hong Kong and Tokyo are at the upper end or near the peak of their market cycles, whilst the prime London market is in decline," he said.

Cushman and Wakefield research director Christine Li sees the increase in foreign demand within the luxury segment.

She noted that while the increase in high-end sales volumes was mostly attributed to Singaporean demand, the number of foreign buyers has also increased. In fact, purchases by foreign buyers rose 63 percent to 900 units last year, from 553 units in 2016.

Anecdotally, some foreigners opt to secure permanent resident status first prior to acquiring a property to qualify for a lower Additional Buyer's Stamp Duty rate, she said.

With the private housing market on the cusp of recovery, Li believes the luxury segment offers an attractive value proposition since prices of similar high-end condos in overseas markets such as New York and Hong Kong haven't softened.

"As such, we expect foreign demand to continue to rise in 2018, as foreigners look for safe havens to preserve their wealth amidst (the) uncertain global economic climate," said Li.
Check out luxury condominiums for sale in Singapore. Romesh Navaratnarajah, Senior Editor at PropertyGuru, edited this story. To contact him about this or other stories, email romesh@propertyguru.com.sg

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Foreign demand returning to Singapore property

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The surprisingly strong sales momentum witnessed at the recent launch of New Futura, in which foreigners accounted for close to 60 percent of the 48 units sold, indicates that foreign demand is returning to Singapore, reported Singapore Business Review citing DBS Equity Research.

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Upscale and Mid-Tier hotels clocked a +0.1% revenue per available room (RevPAR) increase in 2017.

Are Singapore hotels finally having their own holidays? The 1.5% decline in Singapore hotels' revenue per available room (RevPAR) in 2017 is softer compared to 4.7% and 5.3% dips for the whole of 2016 and 2015, respectively. Meanwhile, average occupancy rate grew 1.5 ppt and average room rate grew fell 3.3%.

OCBC Investment Research analyst Deborah Ong noted that the RevPAR increase to was most significant for the Economy hotels in 2017 (+8.4% YoY). "2017 RevPAR for luxury hotels fell 2.8% YoY, whilst Upscale and Mid-Tier hotels clocked a +0.1% increase YoY," she added.

Moreover, an upswing is expected for the supply side of hotels. "The total room stock is expected to increase 1.2% in 2018, which in our opinion, will likely be less than the increase in visitor days this year. Should both leisure and corporate demand remain healthy, the relatively muted room pipeline from 2018F to 2020F should put the Singapore hospitality market in a position for a multi-year upswing," Ong added.

The current oversupply of hotel rooms in Singapore is likely to temper growth, however, consumer confidence is likely to strengthen, as Singapore is expected to firmly remain the leading Asian destinations of choice in 2018. This was reflected in Colliers International forecasts that the average daily rate (ADR) of Singapore's hotels is expected to climb by 1-3%.

OCBC Investment Research also revealed that corporate demand has picked up perceptibly in terms of volume, with more requests for proposals and corporate enquiries for function rooms and activities recorded. "We see this as a positive both for REITs with hotels assets catering to businesses, as well as serviced residences, which have had a difficult 2018. Meanwhile, we expect leisure demand to remain healthy, and forecast a mid-single digit growth in visitor days," the firm said.

The key data points for 2017 were the 4.5% increase in room supply and the 4.6% increase in visitor days (on the back of a 6.2% increase in tourist arrivals), and 3.6% increase in Singapore GDP.

Ong projected growth for the figures and said, "RevPARs are expected to improve in 2018 with better supply-demand dynamics, though we expect slightly weaker RevPAR/RevPAUs growth (low single-digit) for 1Q2018 given the back-end loaded supply injection in 2017. For 2018, key data to note are the 1.2% projected increase in hotel room supply, their expected mid-single digit growth in visitor days, and the official forecast of 1.5% to 3.5% growth in Singapore GDP."

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Hotel room supply to increase 1.2% in 2018

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Upscale and Mid-Tier hotels clocked a +0.1% revenue per available room (RevPAR) increase in 2017. Are Singapore hotels finally having their own holidays? The 1.5% decline in Singapore hotels' revenue per available room (RevPAR) in 2017 is softer compared to 4.7% and 5.3% dips for the whole of 2016 and 2015, respectively.

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Demand:
-The demand of electricity is a downward sloping steep demand curve.
-As quantity supplied of electricity increases, price decreases. This is because the market demand of electricity is the firm's demand.

The diagram below is the demand of an electricity firm.

As inferred from the article, the increase in price of electricity may be due to the increase in demand for electricity, which results in an increase in demand for fuels such as natural gas, which in turn results in higher prices of fuels and which would increase the price of electricity.

However, the increase in price of electricity would thereby decrease the demand for electricity.

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Elasticity:
- The demand curve for price elasticity of electricity will become steeper.
- As electricity is a necessity, the price elasticity of electricity will be inelastic, thus the response of the buyers will be less responsive.

The diagram below shows the price inelastic of the electricity

As from the article, the price of electricity increases due the rise in cost to produce the electricity, and the buyers is not very responsive as electricity is a necessity, all of us requires it, therefore the graph will show an increase in price yet the demand did not really change.

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https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/284288

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http://newmexicocourierexpress.com/global-bubble-tea-market-2018-kung-fu-tea-gong-cha-boba-guys-chatime-sharetea/30846