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The 1961 Freedom Rides sought to test a 1960 decision by the Supreme Court in Boynton v. Virginia that segregation of interstate transportation facilities, including bus terminals, was unconstitutional as well. A big difference between the 1947 Journey of Reconciliation and the 1961 Freedom Rides was the inclusion of women in the later initiative.

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Martin Luther KIng Jr. was a Pastor of Dexter Avenue Baptist Church and a civil rights activist. King was born in Georgia on January 15, 1929. In January 1957 King along with Ralph Abernathy an 60 others founded the Southern Christian Leadership Conference.

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Rev Ralph Abernathy was a Baptist minister who help found the Montgomery Improvement Association along with Martin Luther King Jr. He and King help found the Southern Christina Leadership Conference in 1957. A few years later he hosted a rally for the Freedom Riders.

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NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People)- appealed the convictions of the people charged all the way to Supreme Court which reversed them.
CORE (The Congress of Racial Equality)-helped find that the idea of segregated bus seating was unconstitutional

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May 4 1961- First Freedom Ride. 7 blacks and 6 whites left  Washington D.C.  to the deep south.
May 8, 1961-  The first arrest of the Freedom Rides occured in Charlotte, North Carolina
May 9, 1961- In Rock Hill, South Carolina they were attacked at the Greyhound Bus terminal for trying to enter whites only waiting area.
May 14, 1961- A mob of Klansmen ambushed the Freedom riders in Alabama and firebombed the bus trapping the riders inside. But they escaped and went to the hospital
November 1, 1961-  The Interstate Commerce Comission issued regulations prohibitng segeration in interstate transit terminals

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Nonviolence strategy

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Morgan v. Virginia
found that segregated bus seating was unconstitutional
Boynton v. Virginia
segregation of interstate transportation facilities, including bus terminals were unconstitutional

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The freedom rides inspired young activists black and white to take personal action against desegregation and racism by inspiring others to engage in voter registraion, creating freedom schools, and supporting the black power movement.

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14th Amendment and the 1st Amendment

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This cartoon is trying to say that the people didn't want to get on the buses because they were afraid of being in danger