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Internal:
1. An acquisition/ merger will usually create changes in how a company is run and means the getting used to new leadership.
2. loss of productivity is a clear indication that the organisation is not effective and that there is a strong need for change.
External:
1. The end of life for a product. The need for a product or a service may change. Look at DVD's and CD's for example.
2. Globalization means the market potential is completely different. Different, cultures, people, languages, expectation.
http://smallbusiness.chron.com/factors-may-cause-change-organization-203.html
https://www.wisdomjobs.com/e-university/principles-of-management-and-organisational-behaviour-tutorial-366/forces-for-change-in-organization-12900.html

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External:  Political
If the government changes legislation on what products can be sold etc this could affect a companies outputs and profits.

External: Economical
If a supplier of a product or machinery increases prices or has delivery delays then this can affect the business in terms of delaying the business to make their product or needing to find a new supplier at a cheaper rate.

Internal: People/HR
If a manager leaves and a new one is hired then they may bring with them new polices and procedures that employees need to adapt to.

Internal: Processes
A business will have set processes in place but these will need to be adapted and changed as things within the business change.  This could be through other internal or external factors.

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External
Technology - rapid changes of technology means organisations will have to keep up with the on going changes in order to keep up with the latest tech trends, operating systems etc
Change in government - A change in government means introducing new policies that could effect current organisation policies.

Internal
Structure - Organisational review means restructuring jobs or redundancy.
Structure - Change in policies and procedures to align with changes in government

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Technology - Organisations need to be continuously updating there technology systems.  This is important in an organisation to increase productivity and work efficiency.  If an organisation does not keep up with technological changes they run the risk of missing out on opportunities, making less profit  and becoming irrelevant. eg: If you were not on social media for instance you could miss a large audience of consumers.
Economy - Change can be caused by such factors that are out of peoples control, such as war and natural disaster.  eg: resources may become unavailable in the time of a world war.
Process - Changes do need to be made to processes at times. One of the reasons being that times change and what did work 20 years ago may well not work now. eg: Employees now have to be trained in computer systems so they can work more efficiently with technology.
People - People are needed to advance with any changes, it is helpful when employees are onboard with any change as this makes the organisation work more efficiently and resourceful. eg: for people to be motivated and invested in any change communication is the key.

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Four Sources of change - Adele Gilchrist 

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Four Sources of change - Adele Gilchrist 

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1. Inflation - Inflation rates affects the conomy. It can increase and decrease and therefore have an impact on the business and also on the consumers. It reflects a depletion in the purchasing power per unit of money.

Example - If inflation increases without being followed by the increase in wages, this can end in consumers having less purchase power. When inflation is low then this will mean products prices will be sold to consumers at a lower cost.

1. Environmental changes - As no environment is consistent over time, businesses have to be alert for external influences that can effect their planning.

Example - Christchurch was hit with an 6.2 earthquake back in 2011 on February 22nd. This caused major damages throughout the city, residential and commercial properties had collapsed or been deemed unhabitable. 45% of buildings were given yellow and red stickers to restrict access due to them being unsafe. 24% had experienced reduced staff and management and 18% of business sites were destroyed.

1. Structural changes - This can be anything from hierarchy to administrative procedures. Mergers, job duplications and changes in the market and/or policy can create the need for structural change.

Example - When two companies merge, duplicate departments arise which means there is need for elimination. Employees have to have jobs reassigned, new policies and procedures need to be created to fit the companys new structure.

1. Strategic changes - Making changes to the overall strategy or goals on a business. Changes to things such as services they offer, what products they offer, markets they try researching or who they partner with for manufacturers. These are just some examples of strategic changes.

Example - When a company wants to change the way they operate by going from a physical site to web based. Making the change to transfer to a web based platform would undoubtedly change the way they do business. Overall, their goals and their strategy for servicing customers.

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Technological- In today's world technology is advancing rapidly. As new technology becomes available businesses will need to adapt to keep its competitiveness. Reasons companies should adapt:
1. Fall behind: As technology gets better, the speed at which things get done will get better. To stay competitive, companies must adapt
2. Missed Opportunities: As technology gets better,  opportunities to interact and connect with customers will improve.  (Axistechnicalcom, 2014)

As an analyst, its my job to ensure we stay ahead by using data. As technology ha improved we have upgraded our systems so that I have access to better data and can get it quicker.

Political: "Political factors relates to the pressures and opportunities brought by political institutions and to what degree the government policies that impact the business." (Processpolicycom, 2018)

Example: When the Vulnerable children's act was introduced in 2014,  companies that provided services to children needed to update there policies and introduce police vetting and screening to employees.

People or human resources: People are the most important part of change. You can have the best structure or process, but without people no work will get done.

Example: I went through change process at work. This change involved an organisation restructure. To make this process successful, the staff needed to know what was happening and why. This wasn't communicated in the best way, so staff didnt really know what was  happening and so the change process encountered resistance. If communication to staff was better, the process would have gone more smoothly

Process: Processes are important activities that need to be completed in order to achieve a desired outcome. As the environment changes (external and internal), policies will need to adapt or change as required

Example: In 2014, when the Vulnerable Children's Act was introduced a lot of internal policies needed to be changed, particularly around our care for children. Workers needed to be vetted regularly and placed into 3 groups, core childrens worker, non core childrens worker and non childrens worker. This was a requirement of any organisations or businesses that had contracts through MSD. The policies that needed updating were any that had a relationship with child care. This change caused 40% of our staff to need new training and vetting in order to keep up with regulation.

References:
1. Axistechnicalcom. (2014). Axis Technical Group. Retrieved 6 May, 2018, from http://www.axistechnical.com/the-importance-of-keeping-up-with-technology-in-the-workplace/

2. Processpolicycom. (2018). Processpolicycom. Retrieved 6 May, 2018, from https://processpolicy.com/pestle-analysis.htm

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Social -  changes also known as socio-cultural factors, are the areas that involve the shared belief and attitudes of the population. These factors include – population growth, age distribution, health consciousness, career attitudes and so on. These factors are of particular interest as they have a direct effect on how marketers understand customers and what drives them.  Firstly this could all work in favor for an organisation as they would have done a market study and they would be targeting the right demographic group. Secondly this will increase, sales and in turn will boost revenue.  (Professional academy)
Professional Academy. Retrieved May 6, 2018.
http://pestleanalysis.com/economic-factors-affecting-business/

Economy has a huge impact on an organisation as the interest rates and exchange rates as well as inflation are continuously changing.
This could be used as an advantage as the company can change its services or goods to accommodate the effects of the economy on the consumer.
For example when the company starts exporting goods they will have to do a in depth research on the the country that they are wanting to export to. They will then enter into a agreement as the exchange rate will be in our favor.

Technology - Technology is a trend that changes continuously and for a organisation it is paramount to try keep up with the trend.  This helps the company with remote linking to their sales reps, as well as managers that have more flexibility in their hours of work to be able to continue workings whilst out in the field or at home.
The positive is that the company can and will always have access to all the data they require. Doing research on competitors as well as market research for the latest trends. With technology companies will be changing processing systems to speed up productivity and ensure that production runs effectively and efficiently as possible.

Political - Organisations need to be able to respond to the current and anticipated future legislation, and adjust their marketing policy accordingly.
(Professional Academy)

Professional Academy.  Retrieved May 6, 2018.  https://www.professionalacademy.com/blogs-and-advice/marketing-theories---pestel-analysis