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Rubella, also known as German "Measles" is a disease caused by the rubella virus and is considered a viral pathogen. Rubella is usually a mild illness and most people who have had rubella or the vaccine are protected against the virus for the rest of their lives. Thanks to the routine vaccination against rubella that began in 1970, rubella is now very rarely reported.

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Image of the rubella virus from the taken with transmission electron microscopy

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Rubella is best prevented by the measles, mumps and
rubella (MMR) combination vaccine or the measles, mumps, rubella and varicella (MMRV) combination vaccine. Most people who have two doses of a rubella-containing vaccine will be protected against rubella infection.

* It is important to note that vaccination after exposure will NOT prevent infection.

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Rash of rubella on skin of child's back

Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

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Rash of rubella on skin of child's back.jpg

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In children, rubella is usually mild, with few noticeable symptoms. For children who do have symptoms, a red rash is typically the first sign. The rash generally first appears on the face and then spreads to the rest of the body, and lasts about three days. Other symptoms that may occur 1 to 5 days before the rash appears include: a low-grade fever, headache, mild pink eye (redness or swelling of the white of the eye), general discomfort, swollen and enlarged lymph nodes, cough, and runny nose. Most adults who get rubella usually have a mild illness, with low-grade fever, sore throat, and a rash that starts on the face and spreads to the rest of the body.

About 25 to 50% of people infected with rubella will not experience any symptoms.

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Up to 70% of women who get rubella may experience arthritis; this is rare in children and men. In rare cases, rubella can cause serious problems, including brain infections and bleeding problems. The most serious complication from rubella infection is the harm it can cause a pregnant woman’s developing baby. If an unvaccinated pregnant woman gets infected with rubella virus she can have a miscarriage, or her baby can die just after birth. The mother can pass the virus to her developing baby who can develop serious birth defects such as heart problems, loss of hearing/eyesight, intellectual disability, and liver or spleen damage.

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Young boy with rubella rash

Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

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Cataracts on infant caused by congenital rubella syndrome

Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

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Cataracts caused by congenital rubella syndrome.jpg

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There is no specific medicine to treat rubella or make the disease go away faster. In many cases, symptoms are mild. For others, mild symptoms can be managed with bed rest and medicines for fever, such as acetaminophen.

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Expecting mother with rubella