# data[].attributes.body
1.  Statistical infrequency - a persons trait, thinking or behaviour is mathematically rare.

2. Deviation from social norm - where behaviour or thinking falls outside societal norms.

3. Deviation from ideal mental health - Person must meet 6 criteria of ideal mental health to be considered 'normal'.

Phobias are initiated through classical conditioning and maintained through operant conditioning

One difference between flooding and systematic desensitization is the speed in which the person is exposed to their phobia.

One similarity of these is that they both involve being exposed to their phobia

# data[].attributes.headline
Sex is your biological makeup, which consists of your DNA, chromosomes and anatomy. Gender identity is ones personal experience of their own gender ( does not have to correspond with ones sex). 

# data[].attributes.subject
Sex is your biological makeup, which consists of your DNA, chromosomes and anatomy. Gender identity is ones personal experience of their own gender ( does not have to correspond with ones sex). 

# data[].attributes.body
1. Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory of Adolescent Identity-

Proposed a psychoanalytic theory of identity development. identity vs role confusion
2. Identity status theory – Marcia (1966)-

Marcia believed that crises create internal conflict and emotional upheaval. Must explore and commit.
4 status: 1. Identity diffusion/confusion,
Identity foreclosure , Identity moratorium and identity achievement.

3. 3. Coleman-Focal Social Theory (1974)-  adolescents spread the process of adaptation over a span of years - attempting first to resolve one issue before addressing the next!

# data[].attributes.body
she developed the phobia through classical conditioning by association as fear as her initial reaction to seeing the clown.She maintained the phobia through operant conditioning by avoidance once the clown was removed this was negative reinforcement allowing Karmen to get a sense of relief as the fear was gone. she then developed an irrational fear to clowns. This can be treated by systematic desensitization by using classical conditioning to unlearn her phobia.

# data[].attributes.body
Morals are being able to tell right from wrong, they are learned from others.

# data[].attributes.headline
There are 3 theories of gender identity.

# data[].attributes.subject
There are 3 theories of gender identity.

# data[].attributes.body
1. Cognitive development stage. This consists of 3 stages. Gender identity(2-3 to 5 years). Gender stability (3.5 to 5 years). Gender consistency (5-7 years).
2. Social learning theory gender is learned threw observational learning,  reinforcement and punishment.
3. Biosocial theory, when you are born your biological sex organs determines your social labels (jenny, john, girl, boy). These labels will affect how treated in society.

# data[].attributes.headline
Paul is 7 years old. He loves playing with trucks, superhero figures and toy soldiers.

# data[].attributes.subject
Paul is 7 years old. He loves playing with trucks, superhero figures and toy soldiers.

# data[].attributes.body
Paul would have gained this stereotypical gender behaviour through Observational Learning and Direct Tuition.
Vicarious Reinforcement and Vicarious Punishment (observing someone else being rewarded or punished due to certain behaviour)
Direct Tuition and Direct Punishment (being personally rewarded or punished due to certain behaviour).

# data[].attributes.body
Kohlberg
Level 1

Pre-convential

2 stages

up to age 9

Stage 1
Punishment & Obedience orientation
Stage 2
Hedonistic Orientation
Level 2

Conventional morality

2 stages

age 10 to adolescence

Stage 3
Interpersonal concordance orientation
Stage 4
Law & Order orientation
Level 3

Post conventional morality

2 stages

adulthood

Stage 5
Social contact or legalistic orientation
Stage 6
Universal ethical principles orientation

# data[].attributes.body
Bandura

learned from environment

people and society

observational learning (vicarious reinforcement, vicarious punishment)

Direct tuition (direct reinforcement, direct punishment).

# data[].attributes.body
Psychodynamic theory of moral development

from oedipal conflict in the phallic stage of development

imitate same sex parents morals to appeal to other parent. Superego is born. Conscience and Ego Ideal.