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After getting an infection, Phineas spent 19 days in a semi-comatose state. After this time period, his intellectual functioning began to improve. He could remember the accident in great detail. (GF)
https://www.verywellmind.com/phineas-gage-2795244

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Gage died on May 21, 1860 due to a epileptic seizure, doctors are certain it was related to his brain injury. (DL)
https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/05/21/528966102/why-brain-scientists-are-still-obsessed-with-the-curious-case-of-phineas-gage

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Dr. Edward H. Williams, the first physician who encountered Phineas Gage, noted the pulsations of Phineas's brain. Dr. Edwards Williams watched Phineas stand up, vomit, and have a "teacupful" of his brains fall out onto the floor. (GF)
https://www.verywellmind.com/phineas-gage-2795244

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Gage frontal lobe was damaged. His personality changed: lack of ambition, empathy, foresight, and other overwhelming traits. Gage a once smart businessman lacked money sense, and change or character. Because of his change in personality the railroad refuse to hire him again(DL)
http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/science/2014/05/phineas_gage_neuroscience_case_true_story_of_famous_frontal_lobe_patient.html

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Dr. Bigelow brought Gage to evaluate him, but he only tested his sensory and motor deficits (he could walk, talk, see, and hear). He concluded that is brain was fine. (DL)
http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/science/2014/05/phineas_gage_neuroscience_case_true_story_of_famous_frontal_lobe_patient.html

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It took an explosion and 13 pounds of iron to usher in the modern era of neuroscience.

In 1848, a 25-year-old railroad worker named Phineas Gage was blowing up rocks to clear the way for a new rail line in Cavendish, Vt. He would drill a hole, place an explosive charge, then pack in sand using a 13-pound metal bar known as a tamping iron.

But in this instance, the metal bar created a spark that touched off the charge. That, in turn, "drove this tamping iron up and out of the hole, through his left cheek, behind his eye socket, and out of the top of his head," says Jack Van Horn, an associate professor of neurology at the Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California.

Gage didn't die. But the tamping iron destroyed much of his brain's left frontal lobe, and Gage's once even-tempered personality changed dramatically.

"He is fitful, irreverent, indulging at times in the grossest profanity, which was not previously his custom," wrote John Martyn Harlow, the physician who treated Gage after the accident.

This sudden personality transformation is why Gage shows up in so many medical textbooks, says Malcolm Macmillan, an honorary professor at the Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences and the author of An Odd Kind of Fame: Stories of Phineas Gage.

"He was the first case where you could say fairly definitely that injury to the brain produced some kind of change in personality," Macmillan says.

And that was a big deal in the mid-1800s, when the brain's purpose and inner workings were largely a mystery. At the time, phrenologists were still assessing people's personalities by measuring bumps on their skull.

Gage's famous case would help establish brain science as a field, says Allan Ropper, a neurologist at Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital.

Dr. John Harlow, who treated Gage following the accident, noted his personality change in an 1851 edition of the American Phrenological Journal and Repository of Science.

"If you talk about hard core neurology and the relationship between structural damage to the brain and particular changes in behavior, this is ground zero," Ropper says. It was an ideal case because "it's one region [of the brain], it's really obvious, and the changes in personality were stunning."

So, perhaps it's not surprising that every generation of brain scientists seems compelled to revisit Gage's case.

For example:

In the 1940s, a famous neurologist named Stanley Cobb diagrammed the skull in an effort to determine the exact path of the tamping iron.

In the 1980s, scientists repeated the exercise using CT scans.

In the 1990s, researchers applied 3-D computer modeling to the problem.

And, in 2012, Van Horn led a team that combined CT scans of Gage's skull with MRI scans of typical brains to show how the wiring of Gage's brain could have been affected.

"Neuroscientists like to always go back and say, 'we're relating our work in the present day to these older famous cases which really defined the field,' " Van Horn says.

And it's not just researchers who keep coming back to Gage. Medical and psychology students still learn his story. And neurosurgeons and neurologists still sometimes reference Gage when assessing certain patients, Van Horn says.

"Every six months or so you'll see something like that, where somebody has been shot in the head with an arrow, or falls off a ladder and lands on a piece of rebar," Van Horn says. "So you do have these modern kind of Phineas Gage-like cases."

There is something about Gage that most people don't know, Macmillan says. "That personality change, which undoubtedly occurred, did not last much longer than about two to three years."

Gage went on to work as a long-distance stagecoach driver in Chile, a job that required considerable planning skills and focus, Macmillan says.

This chapter of Gage's life offers a powerful message for present day patients, he says. "Even in cases of massive brain damage and massive incapacity, rehabilitation is always possible."

Gage lived for a dozen years after his accident. But ultimately, the brain damage he'd sustained probably led to his death.

He died on May 21, 1860, of an epileptic seizure that was almost certainly related to his brain injury.

Gage's skull, and the tamping iron that passed through it, are on display at the Warren Anatomical Museum in Boston, Mass.

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Why Brain Scientists Are Still Obsessed With The Curious Case Of Phineas Gage

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In 1848, a railroad worker survived an accident that drove a 13-pound iron bar through his head. The injury changed his personality, and our understanding of the brain.

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Fourteen days later an emergency surgery was performed; the tissue inside his nose was punctured to drain the wound.
(DL)

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The next few days after his accident his face and brain swelled, and he started raving. His brain developed a fungal infection which lead him into a coma. At that time it was believed he was going to die, a cabinet-maker measured him for a coffin.
(DL)

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He had post-traumatic personality changes. He is one of the main examples in many psychology textbooks. He was the first case to suggest a link between trauma and personality change. His doctor, John Martyn Harlow, noted that he used to be a hard working individual, but now he became grossly profane, indifferent to his friends, and unreliable.  (GF)

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http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/science/2014/05/phineas_gage_neuroscience_case_true_story_of_famous_frontal_lobe_patient.html

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(GF)

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https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/05/21/528966102/why-brain-scientists-are-still-obsessed-with-the-curious-case-of-phineas-gage
https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2015/10/lessons-of-the-brain-the-phineas-gage-story/
https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/phineas-gage-neurosciences-most-famous-patient-11390067/

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http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/science/2014/05/phineas_gage_neuroscience_case_true_story_of_famous_frontal_lobe_patient.html

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In 1848, Phineas was a railroad worker who blew up rocks to clear the way for the new trail lines. On one occasion he placed an explosive charge near a rock and packed it with sand using a metal pole. This created a spark that launched the metal pole through his left cheek, going behind his eye socket, and exiting through the skull. This destroyed his brain's left frontal lobe. This lead to a massive change in personality.
(GF)

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https://www.tokresource.org/phineas-gage/ (GF)

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(GF)

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(GF)