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Huda Al-Hassan /Al Karama Elementary Mixed School 

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Huda Al-Hassan /Al Karama Elementary Mixed School 

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He who loves God sees everything beautiful.  The people who hurt us the most are the people to whom we have given all our trust, because knowing our secrets they use them against us when we disagree with them.  The fruitful tree is the one that people attack.  The losers say that success is just a process of luck.  Life is a flame. Either we burn with its fire or we extinguish it and live in darkness.  Our life is made up of love, so whoever does not love does not live.  Do not resent criticism, and know that criticism is equal to your value.  An optimistic man is the one who leaves his car engine running while he waits for his wife when she enters a store to buy something.  Life is full of stones, so do not stumble upon them, but rather collect them and build a ladder with them to rise towards success.  Friendship is like an umbrella, the more it rains, the more it is needed.  Everything, if there is a lot of licenses, except for literature, for if it is a lot, it is expensive.  The most honest sadness is a smile with tearful eyes

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Demonstration and Drama

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Critical Thinking Activity - Demonstration and Drama

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Sudenaz and İkra
Improvisational Games

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Critical Thinking Activity - Improvisational Games

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Esila and Eylül
Emergency -Role Play
One of my students is in need of help and the other one is working in the call center. They play their roles. Watch the video please.

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Critical Thinking Activity-Emergency Role Play

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Why is Critical Thinking and What is it?

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Why is Critical Thinking and What is it?

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The Problem
Everyone thinks; it is our nature to do so. But much of our thinking, left to itself, is biased, distorted, partial, uninformed or down-right prejudiced. Yet the quality of our life and that of what we produce, make, or build depends precisely on the quality of our thought. Shoddy thinking is costly, both in money and in quality of life. Excellence in thought, however, must be systematically cultivated.

A Definition
Critical thinking is that mode of thinking - about any subject, content, or problem - in which the thinker improves the quality of his or her thinking by skillfully taking charge of the structures inherent in thinking and
imposing intellectual standards upon them.
The Result

A well cultivated critical thinker:

raises vital questions and problems, formulating them clearly and precisely;

gathers and assesses relevant information, using abstract ideas to interpret it effectively comes to well-reasoned conclusions and solutions, testing them against relevant criteria and standards;

thinks openmindedly within alternative systems of thought, recognizing and assessing, as need be, their assumptions, implications, and practical consequences; and

communicates effectively with others in figuring out solutions to complex problems.

Critical thinking is, in short, self-directed, self-disciplined, self-monitored, and self-corrective thinking. It presupposes assent to rigorous standards of excellence and mindful command of their use. It entails effective communication and problem solving abilities and a commitment to overcome our native egocentrism and sociocentrism.

(Taken from Richard Paul and Linda Elder, The Miniature Guide to Critical Thinking Concepts and Tools, Foundation for Critical Thinking Press, 2008)

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Problem solving is the act of defining a problem; determining the cause of the problem; identifying, prioritizing, and selecting alternatives for a solution; and implementing a solution. The problem-solving process. Problem solving resources.

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Rengin

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Apply the method of progressive november relaxation.

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Apply the method of progressive november relaxation.

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*Play with the game dough.
*Go for a walk. ...
*Meditate.
*Do yoga.
*Read a book.
*Listen to music, podcasts or audiobooks.

Dealing With Your Negative Emotions
Negative emotions, such as fear, sadness, and anger, are an essential part of life. But sometimes we all struggle to deal with them effectively. Although the idea of taking immediate action may seem tempting with the negative feeling you are feeling, it often does not solve the actual problem that is making you feel negative. In fact, it can cause you to have even more problems.

We all use certain ways, consciously or unconsciously, to deal with our negative emotions. Some of us cope with these feelings in healthy ways, while others have difficulty with it.

To cope with negative emotions, it is important which ways we use. Some of these ways are healthy and useful for dealing with your emotions, while others may be unhealthy and more damaging to yourself and/or others.

Unhealthy and Harmful Ways
Deny
When you refuse to accept that something(s) is wrong and/or you don't agree that you need help with it, your denial mechanism is working. When you deny your problem and/or the negative feelings you feel towards this problem, these feelings accumulate over time, which can eventually lead to you “exploding” or behaviors that can harm yourself and/or others.

Avoid
When you feel a negative emotion, you are avoiding coping with your negative emotions if you do not want to move away from the social environment(s) and/or participate in activities that you will do with others. This is different from wanting to be alone from time to time and can be a warning sign of depression.

Some “avoid" it because when they are with others, they lose a lot of energy and feel overwhelmed. Some, on the other hand, go down the path of avoiding people because they think that other people do not like and do not want them, or because they are ashamed of themselves and their behavior.

But “avoidance behavior" also brings its own problems: excessive loneliness, misunderstanding/misunderstanding, anger, distorted thoughts, etc.

However, it is very important that we stay in touch and in touch with other people in order to balance out.

Tyranny
Bullying is destructive behavior that a person applies to someone else to prove his power over them, such as violence, threats and/or ridicule. The person who is being bullied, usually does not feel good and positive about himself. When they make others feel bad, they feel better or less alone (for a short time).

In fact, bullying is as harmful to the person who is being bullied as it is to the person who is being bullied. Because a new one is added to the negative feelings that the person who is being bullied feels about themselves. In addition, he would have missed the main problems underlying his destructive behavior.

Self-harm
Self-harm can take many forms. Cutting off your own body, starving yourself, eating excessively and vomiting it all, and engaging in dangerous/destructive situations and behaviors such as these.

Many people self-harm in order to control their emotional suffering. While these behaviors can bring temporary relief to a person, they actually have consequences where he loses more control of himself and suffers more.

Substance use
Substance use is when a person uses alcohol, drugs, or medications to feel numb and better in the face of painful situations and/or negative emotions.

Substance use can damage the brain. It can also lead to addiction, as a higher amount of the substance is needed than the previous one to achieve the same effect with each use. Sometimes, it can make your painful feelings worse and cause suicidal thoughts.

Healthy and Useful Ways
To date, you may have chosen unhealthy ways of trying to cope with your negative emotions. However, the good news is that, in fact, everyone can cope with their negative emotions in a healthy way with a little practice.

Every time you feel a negative emotion(s), follow these 4 steps.

Pause-Accept – Think - Help
Step 1: Pause
This step is important. Instead of taking immediate action with your emotions, pause. If necessary, count to 100 or say the alphabet backwards.  After that, reconsider the event/situation that makes you feel negative.

Step 2: Accept what you feel
For example, are you angry or upset? Have you been hurt by what someone has done to you? Whatever it is that you feel, realize and accept that it is natural and usual for you to feel this way.

Step 3: Consider
Now that you have taken a few minutes to understand exactly how you feel, think about how you can feel better about yourself.

Step 4: Help
In the ”Think about it" step, take action to do what makes you feel good, that is, to help yourself.

Ways to Help Yourself
If you are having trouble thinking of ways to help yourself, try one (or more) of the following lists:

1. Boost your morale
Read the story of someone you admire
Watch a funny YouTube video
Play a game with an animal
Watch a movie you like
Rearrange your room
Make a list of places you want to travel to
2. Determine your basic need(s)
Eat a healthy snack.
For a glass of water.
Take a shower or take a bath.
Take a nap.
3. Express your feelings
Draw how you feel.
Make a thank-you list.
Punch a pillow.
Scream.
Cry.
Cut a sheet of paper into small pieces.
Express your feelings. Expressing is not the same as asking for help. It is an opportunity to share your feelings out loud. We do this naturally when we talk to someone we can trust about what's upsetting us.

Or you can also express your feelings by writing a letter to the person who upset you. You can store the letter for a few days and then tear it up. It may be tempting to use social media when you are very emotional, but remember that there is a big risk that you will share something(s) that you will regret in the future. It is always healthier to resort to pen and paper.
4. Solving the problem
Make a list of suitable solutions to your problem. A “brainstorm” with a family member or friend can help you a lot to come up with a solution.
Make a list of your strengths. No matter how you feel right now, there are many things that are great about you!
If a person has upset you, talk to him directly. Fill in the blanks in this sentence;
“ when it (the incident/situation) happens, I feel (your feelings). Next time, (your solution) can you please?”

(For example; "when there is no room for me at the dinner table, I feel left out. Can you make room for me next time, please?”)

5. Volunteerism and kindness
Do something nice for someone you know.
Help a stranger.
Take time off for volunteer work.
6. Hobbies and stress relievers
Learn something new. You can find tutorial videos for all kinds of hobbies on the internet.
Create. Make a handicraft. Colorize, paint or draw. For more fun, invite a friend to join you.
In summer. You can write a story, poem or fairy tale.
Make active. Dancing, walking, jogging or playing sports is a good way to get in on the action.
Play a video game.
Buy a plant and plant it in your garden.
7. Relaxation exercises
Do an abdominal breathing exercise.
Put one hand on your stomach and start breathing slowly. As you breathe in, imagine that a balloon has filled up in your stomach and keep breathing until this balloon is full. Putting your other hand on your heart, feel the heartbeat and hold your breath for 5 seconds. Then exhale slowly for 10 seconds. Feel your stomach flatten like a deflating balloon. Repeat this procedure 4-5 times. You will notice that your pulse slows down and you relax.

Apply the method of progressive november relaxation.
Progressive november november is a method of deep relaxation, based on the fact that november tension is the body's psychological response to anxiety-provoking thoughts, and muscle relaxation inhibits anxiety. It is done by november each muscle in your body for 5 seconds (while breathing) - 5 seconds (while exhaling). You can find detailed videos of them on social media.

Play with the game dough.
Go for a walk. Focus on your senses when walking. Feel the ground under your feet and the air on your skin.
Meditate.
Do yoga.
Read a book.
Listen to music, podcasts or audiobooks.
Turn off your phone, tablet, and/or computer for about an hour.
8. Ask for help
Send a message to a friend.
Call someone from your family.
Talk to someone you trust.
Call a friend you haven't seen in a long time.
If nothing works ...
If you still have negative emotions after doing self-help work, you may be showing symptoms of anxiety disorder or depression. In this case, it is important to seek help from your therapist.

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My students who are preparing the study **  Nemət Mirzəyev and Əmir Mirzəyev siblings

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My students who are preparing the study **  Nemət Mirzəyev and Əmir Mirzəyev siblings

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Students spoke about communication skills

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Students spoke about communication skills

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Aselsu Ş.
and
Tuğbanur R.

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TRUST (Psychology)

From a psychology perspective, "trust" is defined in many different ways. It is known that trust generally develops with parents first in childhood. It is claimed that the trust developed in childhood is transferred to the social relations that develop in later years . For example, in Erik Erikson's model of psychosocial development, trust is the first step: babies first trust their caregivers in their first two years, experience a sense of protection, and have optimism that they will always be there for them. When trust does not develop at this stage, babies feel vulnerable to danger and distrust their parents.
The word "trust" affects our lives a lot because there are not always honest and truthful people, we can come across people who are bad and selfish. That's why we shouldn't share our secrets and problems with everyone, we may have good intentions, but what about the person in front of us?
In John Bowlby's attachment theory, which is one of the most basic theories on trust in psychology, the feeling of trust that develops in childhood causes the bilateral relations established in later ages to feel more protected or open to danger. Accordingly, the emotional attachment ("emotional attachment") developed with primary caregivers (especially the mother) in childhood is very important. If there is a sense of trust on the basis of this emotional bond, it can be said that the child develops a secure attachment ("secure attachment") towards his caregiver. Children who develop secure attachment enjoy being with their caregivers, feel sad in their absence, and are happy to see them again after their absence. In general, their caregivers take care of their surroundings when they are with them. According to the attachment theory, the reason for this is the trust they have in their caregivers: the child does not experience fear of abandonment with the thought that "my mother will always be by my side". Yet they also need to renew that confidence; For example, they occasionally look at their caregivers while they play. When they see them nearby, they return to the game.
Children of parents who do not give consistent cues of trust may develop an insecure attachment. The child with this insecure attachment may experience anxiety even when their caregivers are present ("anxious attachment") because they fear that their parents will abandon them. In the observations made during the game, it is seen that children with this type of attachment style do not leave their parents. It is almost as if they cling to their mother's skirt and do not care about the environment. When a parent leaves them in a room, even for a short time, they can get into a tantrum that cannot be calmed down. When they see their mother again after this separation, they develop a feeling of anger towards their mother, unlike children who are securely attached. In such cases, it can be observed that some children hit their mothers, that is, they express anger.

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Pembe ve Beyaz Hamilelik Tıbbi Üç Katlı Broşür

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It is normal to be hesitant when making a decision. Especially when making big decisions like which career path to take, but some people are constantly at a high level of indecision and this has a significant impact on their lives.A complete decision-making process (whether or not we are aware of all the steps) is usually about defining the decision, setting goals, gathering information, defining options, evaluating options, and choosing the preferred option.The main reason why it is difficult to make a decision is that we often have to go through a difficult and complex decision-making process, especially if we want to make a decision quickly, and our difficulty in any step of the process affects the whole process.Other things can interfere with our ability to make decisions, including uncertainty, cognitive biases, fear of missing out, and a desire to minimize future regret.Hesitation and emotions can sometimes cause us to make bad decisions, but they're not all bad, and both can help you make good decisions in certain situations.

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It is normal to be hesitant when making a decision. Especially when making big decisions like which career path to take, but some people are constantly at a high level of indecision and this has a significant impact on their lives.A complete decision-making process (whether or not we are aware of all the steps) is usually about defining the decision, setting goals, gathering information, defining options, evaluating options, and choosing the preferred option.The main reason why it is difficult to make a decision is that we often have to go through a difficult and complex decision-making process, especially if we want to make a decision quickly, and our difficulty in any step of the process affects the whole process.Other things can interfere with our ability to make decisions, including uncertainty, cognitive biases, fear of missing out, and a desire to minimize future regret.Hesitation and emotions can sometimes cause us to make bad decisions, but they're not all bad, and both can help you make good decisions in certain situations.

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Specifically, in order to make good decisions, we often need to do the following, whether we are aware of it or not:Define your decision. Recognize that we have to make a decision and roughly describe what that decision will entail.Determine your purpose. Describe what we hope to achieve with that decision and how important that goal is to you.Gather information. Gather the information you will need to make the decision.Define the options. Determine which options are right for you.Evaluate the options. Identify the pros and cons of the available options. Especially the ones that fit your goals.Choose your preferred option. Sort the different options by pros and cons and choose the one that works best for you.

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Specifically, in order to make good decisions, we often need to do the following, whether we are aware of it or not:Define your decision. Recognize that we have to make a decision and roughly describe what that decision will entail.Determine your purpose. Describe what we hope to achieve with that decision and how important that goal is to you.Gather information. Gather the information you will need to make the decision.Define the options. Determine which options are right for you.Evaluate the options. Identify the pros and cons of the available options. Especially the ones that fit your goals.Choose your preferred option. Sort the different options by pros and cons and choose the one that works best for you.

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Decision making is often difficult. Making good decisions quickly is much more difficult.That's why many people have a hard time making major life-changing decisions, such as which university to attend or which career path to pursue. What's more, some people find it difficult to make other kinds of decisions, from slightly important decisions like which laptop to buy, to relatively minor decisions like what to have for lunch.In contrast, some people decide easily; but they have difficulty in making the decision that is good for them or in making the right decision on time. This can be both a problem for them in general and something that complicates specific areas of life, such as their finances, hobbies or relationships.

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Decision making is often difficult. Making good decisions quickly is much more difficult.That's why many people have a hard time making major life-changing decisions, such as which university to attend or which career path to pursue. What's more, some people find it difficult to make other kinds of decisions, from slightly important decisions like which laptop to buy, to relatively minor decisions like what to have for lunch.In contrast, some people decide easily; but they have difficulty in making the decision that is good for them or in making the right decision on time. This can be both a problem for them in general and something that complicates specific areas of life, such as their finances, hobbies or relationships.

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Açelya Y.
Hüseyin C.

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Nurcan Oflazoğlu/Çekmece Yılmaz Nurlu Secondary School Hatay Turkey

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Nurcan Oflazoğlu/Çekmece Yılmaz Nurlu Secondary School Hatay Turkey

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Studens
Açelya Y.
Hüseyin C.

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Nurcan Oflazoğlu/Çekmece Yılmaz Nurlu Secondary School Hatay Turkey

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Nurcan Oflazoğlu/Çekmece Yılmaz Nurlu Secondary School Hatay Turkey

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Student:Açelya Y.
Hüseyin C.
The first sentence we gave as an example was formed by using “you language” in communication. The second sentence is by using the “I language”… In the sentences you use using the “you language”, you make judgments about the person in front of you and describe their behavior instead of expressing your own feelings. The sentences you use using the “I language” directly describe your feelings and emotions.

Judging the person in front of you or trying to make sense of their behavior gets in the way of your purpose of expressing yourself and may cause misunderstandings. In the sentences in which you only explain your own feelings, it gives the other person the chance to explain himself, so you can communicate much more accurately. For this reason, you can take care to use “I language” in your communication and express yourself much better and more accurately.

Don't Avoid Speaking Out

To keep your feelings inside, to swallow, and to avoid speaking out about a subject or situation you want to express yourself; It can cause you to become more and more withdrawn. Of course, it is useful to say everything you want to say at the right time and place. However, even though the appropriate environment and moment is created, putting your emotions inside makes it increasingly difficult for you to express yourself. Because unless you speak clearly, your emotions can get mixed up in your mind. In the long run, even you may find it difficult to determine how you actually feel and what you want to say.

You also say, “I can't express myself!” If you think so, you can take a look at the tips below. Let's examine it together: How to gain the skill of self-expression?

Explore the Basis of Your Emotions

You can write the first item on the list of things to do to express yourself, first of all, to analyze your own feelings and thoughts correctly. Because in order to express yourself as you wish to the people around you, you must first have a strong communication with yourself. Think about it: Have you ever had trouble identifying the cause of your emotions when you were feeling very angry or unhappy? In such a situation, it is quite natural that you find it difficult to explain the things that make you angry or upset to the person in front of you. Because you actually don't know the reason for your feelings. Before expressing yourself, getting to the bottom of your feelings can help you express yourself much better.

Build Your Emotional Vocabulary

Listening to yourself is the first action to be taken in order to gain communication skills. However, even though you express yourself correctly enough, you may still have difficulties in communicating with the people around you. This problem may also be caused by not being able to choose the right words or not finding a word to match the feelings you are experiencing in your memory. All communication tips that can be evaluated under the heading of self-expression techniques are based on acquiring a wide vocabulary. The more you master the words and your mother tongue, the more detailed and clear you can express yourself.

Reading books, communicating more with people, exploring the depths of your mind by listening to yourself, watching movies, listening to music… Many actions you do in the ordinary course of daily life help you expand your vocabulary. You should also focus on enriching your emotional vocabulary in order to express yourself much more accurately and easily. For example, choosing words that can base and detail the feeling you are experiencing, instead of just stating that you are sorry for a situation that upsets you, will greatly strengthen your communication skills.

Prefer "I Language"

Another reason why you find it difficult to communicate and express yourself with the people around you may be the language and style you use. Let's give an example if you wish: Although you are with your best friend in every difficult situation, you are very hurt because you cannot get enough attention from him when you have a problem. What sentence would you choose to express your anger to him? Do you want to say, "You don't care about me enough, you don't show me the same amount of attention and love even though I'm there for you every time you need me"? Or would you prefer to say, "I couldn't get support from you at a time when I needed you, and this situation hurt me a lot, if you had been by my side, I could have gotten through the situation much easier"?

The first sentence we gave as an example was formed by using “you language” in communication. The second sentence is by using the “I language”… In the sentences you use using the “you language”, you make judgments about the person in front of you and describe their behavior instead of expressing your own feelings. The sentences you use using the “I language” directly describe your feelings and emotions.

Judging the person in front of you or trying to make sense of their behavior gets in the way of your purpose of expressing yourself and may cause misunderstandings. In the sentences in which you only explain your own feelings, it gives the other person the chance to explain himself, so you can communicate much more accurately. For this reason, you can take care to use “I language” in your communication and express yourself much better and more accurately.

Don't Avoid Speaking Out

To keep your feelings inside, to swallow, and to avoid speaking out about a subject or situation you want to express yourself; It can cause you to become more and more withdrawn. Of course, it is useful to say everything you want to say at the right time and place. However, even though the appropriate environment and moment is created, putting your emotions inside makes it increasingly difficult for you to express yourself. Because unless you speak clearly, your emotions can get mixed up in your mind. In the long run, even you may find it difficult to determine how you actually feel and what you want to say.

Sometimes, you may need to indicate how you should be treated or how you prefer to communicate with the other person. You don't have to tolerate or tolerate other people's bad behavior towards you in any way. When faced with such a situation, simply and clearly express your wishes to the other person is sufficient. For example, it's okay to say "Please don't raise your voice at me" or "I'm annoyed by your behavior". As long as you are open to the person in front of you and expect the same open communication from him, you can establish much healthier dialogues.

Try Different Ways of Communication

You don't have to talk to a person in order to communicate correctly and healthily and to express yourself in the best way possible. On the contrary, if you think that sometimes you find it difficult to communicate by speaking, trying different communication channels can turn into a much more fun and easy way. You can write, you can draw; You can convey your feelings to the person in front of you even by playing a musical instrument or just by trying a different style of clothing. Writing, in particular, is a very effective way to communicate, even if you don't think you have any interest or talent for writing.

If you find it difficult to express yourself by speaking or if you think that you are panicking while trying to choose the right words, you can choose to write. Because until you put down your pen, the sentences you write will not reach the person in front of you. So, you can go over your text as many times as you want, think long enough to find the right sentences, and have the other person respond to you after learning all the words you want to say at once. If you find it

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which of the following is more available to you

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which of the following is more available to you

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Problem solving

Sometimes, it is not enough to just cope with the problems – they need to be solved.

Most people engage in problem solving every day. It occurs automatically for many of the small decisions that need to be made on a daily basis.

For example, when making a decision about whether to get up now or sleep in for an extra 10 minutes, the possible choices and the relative risks and benefits of obeying the alarm clock or sleeping later come automatically to mind.

Larger problems are addressed in a similar way. For example: “I have tasks that need to be done by the end of the week. How am I going to get them all done on time?”

After considering the possible strategies, 1 is chosen and implemented. If it proves to be ineffective, a different strategy is tried.

People who can define problems, consider options, make choices, and implement a plan have all the basic skills required for effective problem solving.

Sometimes following a step-by-step procedure for defining problems, generating solutions, and implementing solutions can make the process of problem solving seem less overwhelming.

Six step guide to help you solve problems

Step 1: Identify and define the problem

·         State the problem as clearly as possible. For example: “I don’t have enough money to pay the bills.”

·         Be specific about the behaviour, situation, timing, and circumstances that make it a problem. For example: “I need to pay the phone and gas bills, and I don’t have enough money to cover both this month.”

Step 2: Generate possible solutions

·         List all the possible solutions; don’t worry about the quality of the solutions at this stage.

·         Try to list at least 15 solutions, be creative and forget about the quality of the solution.

·         If you allow yourself to be creative you may come up with some solutions that you would not otherwise have thought about.

Step 3: Evaluate alternatives

·         The next step is to go through and eliminate less desirable or unreasonable solutions.

·         Order the remaining solutions in order of preference.

·         Evaluate the remaining solutions in terms of their advantages and disadvantages.

Step 4: Decide on a solution

·         Specify who will take action.

·         Specify how the solution will be implemented.

·         Specify when the solution will be implemented. For example: tomorrow morning, phone the gas company and negotiate to pay the gas bill next month.

Step 5: Implement the solution

·         Implement the solution as planned.

Step 6: Evaluate the outcome

·         Evaluate how effective the solution was.

·         Decide whether the existing plan needs to be revised, or whether a new plan is needed to better address the problem.

·         If you are not pleased with the outcome, return to step 2 to select a new solution or revise the existing solution, and repeat the remaining steps.

Problem solving is something we do every day.

Some problems are small or easily solved - others are more complicated and can seem overwhelming.

One way of tackling problems is to use a specific and systematic problem solving procedure. If you’ve tried to solve certain problems without much success, try these steps out and see if they help.

Learning to solve problems effectively will help you to minimise the level of stress in your life and improve your overall sense of well-being.

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Problem solving

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Student
Cansu
and
Ceren

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Life skills preferences of our students...

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The presentation prepared by Miray was read in the classroom and it was explained how to deal with stress

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Beren introduced the book to her friends.

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The conclusion to be drawn from the book; If you intend, think, examine, do not rush, take everything into account, make a choice, never regret the decisions you have made, be patient and know what you are waiting for, do not be addicted to anything, approach everything with respect, listen to your heart, listen to the world. see as it is, determine the emotional state you are in, listen, always listen to everyone, never say me, be humble and relate to your environment with the consciousness of "us", see everything as something to learn, observe, perceive, interpret, improve your health. Be mindful, have a feeling of gratitude for everything and everyone who has contributed to your life.

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Aģamusa
Təbiyyət
Səma
Xədicə

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Our student Beren summarizes the book she has read on ways to deal with stress to present to her friends.

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Our student Beren summarizes the book she has read on ways to deal with stress to present to her friends.

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Beren, Ece and Miray

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Azra A
and
Ferhan A

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Ecrin
and
İrem

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Which of the following is more available to you. /Our Student / Survey work

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Which of the following is more available to you. /Our Student / Survey work

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Which of the following is more available to you.

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Which of the following is more available to you.

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Our Student / Survey work

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Regardless of the diagnosis, most patients report low self-esteem during symptom questioning. I wanted to address the issue of self-confidence, which can be drawn to any abstract meaning and is very associated with mental disorders.

Self-confidence is when an individual feels good as a result of developing good, positive emotions towards himself. This means that as a result of feeling good, he is at peace with himself and those around him. Self-confidence is defined as ”courage, courage" or a person's sense of self-confidence.

Self-confidence may vary depending on the circumstances, location, developments. It can be positive or negative in the form of high- low self-esteem.

The self-esteem of the individual is associated with the concept of self.

· Self =what am I

* Ideal self=I am who he wants to be

· Self-Esteem dec Feelings about the difference between what you are and what you want to be.

When individuals behave in accordance with their self-concept, they feel safe and adequate.

According to Gael Lindenfield, who has written many books on this subject, self-confidence is divided into two parts; internal trust and external trust.

Inner confidence is the feelings and thoughts of an individual that he is satisfied with himself and at peace with himself. Elements that make up internal trust

· self-love,

· self-knowledge,

· setting specific goals

· positive thinking is.

Knowing yourself, loving yourself starts with. Self-loving people have self-confidence and are at peace with themselves. People who are safe for themselves always have certain goals.

External trust, on the other hand, is the attitude and behavior of an individual that he has shown to his environment that he is satisfied and confident of himself. The elements that make up external trust are "communication" and "ability to control your emotions

Formation of Self-Confidence

At the stages of the child's psychosocial development, the period that begins with birth and continues until the age of one is shown as the period when the “basic feeling of trust” is formed. Consistent, adequate and constant love and attention given during this period plays an important role in the formation of self-confidence. It is especially important that the baby trusts his mother or the person who cares for him

Since the child's level of self-awareness is not sufficiently developed until the age of three, the attitudes of parents and surrounding people are the factors in his perception of himself. As a result of proper fulfillment of their needs, the child perceives his own self as a valuable asset. He also evaluates his environment as a reliable environment that values him. Thus, the foundation of a sense of trust is laid. From the age of two, the child is inclined to a deep investigation and learning towards everything with the aim of exploring his environment and gaining control over the environment. The reactions that the child will receive from his/her environment in the face of the questions he/she asks are an important element for the development of self-confidence.

In the dec period between the ages of three and six, the child's biggest activity is the game. The game is an environment of freedom and creativity of the child, as well as an environment in which he starts and develops friendly relations. In collective games, children play themselves as well as other people. That is, they also learn about social relations. Therefore, the most important requirement that comes after love during this period is the friendship relationships that the game and the game provide. Children who are not allowed to have a friendship relationship during this period may be timid and insecure in future years.  Towards the end of the playing period, the child's ability to self-control and manage develops. As the child develops a sense of confidence and begins to mature, he learns to wait, restrain his reactions and overcome obstacles in front of him.

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What Is Empathy

There is no general valid definition of the word empathy. Sources offer different information about what exactly empathy means. But to summarize briefly; empathy is the ability of a person to realize and understand someone else's beliefs, desires, and especially feelings by abstracting himself from his feelings and thoughts. The person understands the person so well that he begins to feel like him, identifies himself with him. Gallo 6 has considered empathy as a 2-dimensional phenomenon. The first dimension is the cognitive dimension; in other words, an empathetic person should be able to understand how the other person feels. The other dimension is the emotional one; the person enters into an emotional sharing with the other person. Besides these, according to some sources, besides these two dimensions of empathy, another requirement is that a person can show to the other person that he understands and shares his feelings. Haynes and Avery 7 have made a definition that covers all these characteristics Empathy is the ability to understand another person's perceptions and feelings by realizing and expressing it in an acceptable way to the other person.

Empathy should not be confused with two concepts; sympathy and emotion transmission (emotional contagion). Sympathy can be explained as a request to feel sorry for a situation that someone else is in or is going through, and to engage in behavior aimed at making a person feel better. The transmission of emotions, on the other hand, is to begin to unconsciously and automatically imitate the emotional state of another person and lead to the fact that these feelings also arise in him. They differ in this sense from empathy because empathy is a conscious event, and the person who empathizes is aware that the feelings he understands belong to the other person. He does not perceive them as his own feelings 1.

Studies looking at the relationship between empathy and gender have found that women can have more and higher levels of empathy dec men 4. The relationship of empathy with age is directly proportional. As they get older, people are able to empathize better and understand the person they are facing better 5.

Empathizing provides a lot of convenience in social relationships. It allows a person to show that he understands the person opposite him and cares about him. Thanks to this, communication becomes easier. Misunderstandings decrease, the atmosphere of sincerity and trust develops rapidly, problems and problems are expressed more easily, and thus solutions to them are produced more quickly and easily. Closer, meaningful and helpful friendships are formed 3.

It is believed that the roots of this ability are innate, although the ability to put oneself in someone else's shoes, which is necessary for empathy, is an ability that is strengthened with the development of a person. The ability to understand the feelings of others is closely related to the ability to imitate, which began to develop when he was small. A person is innately inclined to associate certain body and face movements with certain emotions 1. a child who is in normal development at the age of 2 begins to exhibit the necessary behaviors to be able to empathize and be able to respond emotionally to someone else's feelings 1.Since empathy is a talent that appears at such an early age and begins to develop, the family's way of raising a child is also one of the factors affecting the development of empathy. Here are some attitudes that positively affect the child's empathy development and allow him to become a more successful person in relations with people in the future

The fact that the parent is enthusiastic, non-punitive and has a structure that governs by allowing freedom
Talking to children about the effects of their behavior on others, the importance of sharing and being kind
Empathetic and related behaviors of the parent as a model for the child
To explain why these behaviors are harmful if children harm others and to give an idea of what they can do to correct it
Encouraging school-age children to talk and discuss their own feelings and problems with their parents
In addition, some parental attitudes and the development of empathy in the social life also negatively affect the child's future physical punishment threat and the emotional needs of the child you are likely to encounter setbacks, and at times inconsistent interest or indifference, to be found in child physical abuse, given in the name of improving the child's behavior based on non-rewards or bribes 2.

In order to have a fully developed empathy, a person needs to do more than understand the emotional state of the person opposite him. First, because emotions are usually directed at an object or event, the person who empathizes should understand what this situation or object is. Next, one should determine what kind of influence the state of emotions in which a person is located has on his perception of this object. Finally, he should realize what he feels physically and be able to deconstruct all this together and analyze the point of view of the person he is facing and the state of emotions he is in 1.

There are some approaches applied for adults who have difficulty in social relations, who have poor communication or who want to improve their empathy ability. The general content of these approaches consists of the following elements 2

Conducting exercises aimed at developing interpersonal perception and the ability to respond by creating empathy is aimed at teaching a person what empathy is and how it develops, how people can notice different emotional states and respond decisively to them.
To make a person concentrate on his own feelings first, so that the person begins to better understand which feelings are associated with which situations.
Ensuring that the person is focused on the similarities between himself and others dec
Role-playing and role-playing activities allow a person to look from different perspectives and be open-minded, prevent superficial solutions to problems and rigidity of beliefs, give cognitive and personal flexibility.
To practice constantly and repeatedly on trying to imagine and perceive the point of view of others
Being exposed to an emotionally stimulating event so that a person can better understand the situation in which a person who has interacted with the same stimulus is in.
Finding a model of empathic behavior