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Mary Wollestoncraft was the most persuasive women who took action during the enlightenment. She wrote a book called "A Vindication of the Rights of Woman"  in 1792, that argued that women should not have an education secondary to mens. She believes that women should receive an education that is the same as the men, in fact she urged women to enter male-dominated fields of medicine and politics.

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Philosophe is the french word for philosopher, during the time period of the enlightenment the social critics in France were called philosophes.

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Rousseau was very passionate about individual freedom, during the enlightenment. He has been recognized for his writing, he wrote “Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains,”. he believed that the best government was developed by free will of the people. He explained his ideas in the book called "The Social Contract" in 1762.

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Montesquieu was a man during the enlightenment who devoted himself to study of political liberty. He believed that Britain was the best self-governed and politically balanced countries of his time, this is why Montesquieu simplified this system and added it to his book On the Spirit of Laws (which was published in 1784). In his book he wrote "Power, should be a check to power." this idea later became known as checks and balances.

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Voltaire was the pen name of François Marie Arouet, who had the most influential of all the philosophers, during the enlightenment. He published more than 70 books of philosophies, dramas, and political essays. He targeted the clergy, the aristocracy, and the government, and used satire as his ammunition. He got sent to prison. twice, because his spiteful words  made him enemies in the french court. No matter what happened he never stopped fighting for tolerance, reason, freedom of religious belief, and freedom of speech.

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The enlightenment was a new psychological movement. This movement emphasized reason, thought, and individual power.

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John Locke was a philosopher during the enlightenment,  he believed that self governing was he best way and that people could handle their own rights. He criticized the absolute monarchy, because he believed that all people are born free and equal.

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The social contract was an idea created by Thomas Hobbes during the enlightenment, that stated his opinions. The social contact said that in order for people to live a proper and unselfish life people must give up their rights to a strong ruler. In return for this they would gain law and order. This type of government is known as an absolute monarchy.

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Thomas Hobbes had the opinion  that "all humans are naturally selfish and wicked". He published these ideas in his book the "Leviathan" in 1651, this was during the enlightenment.  According to book he wrote that the only way to escape this poor and desolate life, they have to give there rights to a strong ruler. If they gave there rights to a strong ruler they would gain law and order, this is what Hobbes called the social contract.

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Johannes Kepler was a mathematician (during the scientific revolution) and was the assistant to Brahe, but when Brahe dies in 1601 he continued his work. In conclusion he found that certain mathematical laws governed planetary motion. He was also one of the scientists that started to use the scientific thinking known as the scientific method.

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English scientist Isaac Newton discovered the law of universal gravity during the scientific revolution. The law of universal gravitation states that every object in the universe attracts every other object. The amount of attraction depends on mass and distance.

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Ptolemy was the devloper of the geocentric theory. He was a greek/roman mathematician and scientist, during the scientific revolution.

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Copernicus was a scientist and mathematician during the scientific revolution. He developed the heliocentric, or sun-centered, theory. He had many other theories but this is one of his best known, fearing punishment he did not publish his findings until 1543. This was also the year he died, he was given a copy of his book "The Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies" on his death bed.

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The geocentric theory was created by Aristotle and developed by Ptolemy during the scientific revolution. It was the idea that the Earth was the center of the universe, and everything else revolves around it.

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The scientific method was a process that was developed by Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo during the scientific revolution. The scientific method is the method in which is used for experimenting and trying to prove theories the order of the the steps is observation, question, hypothesis, experimentation, and finally conclusion.

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Isaac Newton was a English scientist during the scientific revolution, that discovered the universal law of gravitation. The law states that "law, every object in the universe attracts every other object". In 1687, he published all of his discoveries and work in a book called "The Mathematical
Principles of Natural Philosophy".
(Scientific Revolution)

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Galileo was a Italian scientist during the scientific revolution, he made his mark in astronomy by building upon theories. In 1609 he built his own telescope, he published a book called "The Starry Messenger" in 1610, and he found that Jupiter has four moons and that the moon has a rough surface. He also made points that supported Copernicus's heliocentric universe theory.

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The heliocentric theory was developed by Nicolaus Copernicus and was expanded upon during the scientific revolution. It was the idea that the Sun was the center of the universe.

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The scientific revolution was when scholars started to replace old assumptions with new theories. This initiated a change in Europe that caused people to think in a new way about the natural world.