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the scattering of people who have a common background or beliefs. distance decay function. The diminishing in importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from its origin. emigration.

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Cleansing involves the effort to rid a country or region of everyone of a particular ethnicity either through forced migration or genocide. Genocide is a premeditated effort to kill everyone from a particular ethnic group.

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During the Middle Ages, a neighborhood in a city set up by law to be inhabited only by Jews; now used to denote a section of a city in which members of any minority group live because of social, legal, or economic pressure.

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an exclave is one which is geographically separated from the main part by surrounding alien territory.

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a neighborhood, district, or suburb which retains some cultural distinction from a larger, surrounding area.

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In ethnic geography, the concept that multiethnic societies become a merger of the culture traits of their member groups.

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landscape affected and varied by the ethnic group living there.

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Belief in the superiority of one's nation or ethnic group. first effective settlement. the influence that the characteristics of an early dominant settlement group exert on the later social and cultural geography of an area.

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The belief that race is the promary determinant of human traits and capacities and that racial differences produce an inherent superiority of a particular race.

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A categorization of humans based on skin color and other physical characteristics. Racial categories are social and political construction because they are based on ideas that some biological differences

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An ethnic group or ethnicity is a grouping of humans based on people who identify with each other on the basis of shared attributes that distinguish them from other groups

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The boundaries within a major religion.

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The boundaries between the world's major faiths.

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Sacral architecture (also known as sacred architecture or religious architecture) is a religious architectural practice concerned with the design and construction of places of worship or sacred or intentional space, such as churches, mosques, stupas, synagogues, and temples.

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Theocracy is a form of government in which a deity of some type is recognized as the supreme ruling authority, giving divine guidance to human intermediaries that manage the day-to-day affairs of the government.

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A proselytic religion is a religion that seeks converts and to become a global or universal religion.

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Feng shui, also known as Chinese geomancy, is a pseudoscientific traditional practice originating from ancient China, which claims to use energy forces to harmonize individuals with their surrounding environment.

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Judaism is an ethnic religion comprising the collective religious, cultural and legal tradition and civilization of the Jewish people. Judaism is considered by religious Jews to be the expression of the covenant that God established with the Children of Israel.

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a Chinese philosophy based on the writings of Lao-tzu ( fl. 6th century BC), advocating humility and religious piety.

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1. a system of philosophical and ethical teachings founded by Confucius and developed by Mencius.

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Sikhism is classified as an Indian religion along with Buddhism, Hinduism and Jainism. The basis of Sikhism lies in the teachings of Guru Nanak and his successors.

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Hinduism is an Indian religion and dharma, or way of life. Hindus believe in the doctrines of samsara (the continuous cycle of life, death, and reincarnation) and karma (the universal law of cause and effect). One of the key thoughts of Hinduism is “atman,” or the belief in soul. This philosophy holds that living creatures have a soul, and they're all part of the supreme soul.

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Shinto is a polytheistic belief system involving the veneration of many deities, known as kami, or sometimes as jingi. Classified as an East Asian religion by scholars of religion, its practitioners often regard it as Japan's indigenous religion and as a nature religion.

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the rebirth of a soul in a new body.

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Buddhism is a non-theistic religion (no belief in a creator god), also considered a philosophy and a moral discipline, originating in India in the 6th and 5th centuries BCE.

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The Hajj is an annual Islamic pilgrimage to Mecca, Saudi Arabia, the holiest city for Muslims.

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The ancient schools of fiqh or sharia in Islam are known as "madhhabs." In the beginning Islam was classically divided into three major sects. These political divisions are well known as Sunni Islam, Shia Islam and Khariji Islam.

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Islam is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion teaching that Muhammad is a messenger of God. It is the world's second-largest religion with 1.8 billion followers or 24.1% of the world's population, known as Muslims.

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Christian denominations in the United States are usually divided into three large groups: Evangelical Protestantism, Mainline Protestantism, and the Catholic Church.

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Christianity is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth. Its adherents, known as Christians, believe that Jesus is the Christ, whose coming as the Messiah was prophesied in the Hebrew Bible, called the Old Testament in Christianity, and chronicled in the New Testament.

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Animism is the belief that objects, places, and creatures all possess a distinct spiritual essence.

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the belief in or worship of more than one god.

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1. the doctrine or belief that there is only one God.

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An ethnic religion appeals primarily to one group of people living in one place.

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Universalizing religions attempt to be global, to appeal to all people, wherever they may live in the world, not just to those of one culture or location.

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An extinct language is a language that no longer has any speakers, especially if the language has no living descendants

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An official language, also called state language, is a language given a special status in a particular country, state, or other jurisdiction.

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a language that is adopted as a common language between speakers whose native languages are different.

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A pidgin differs from a creole, which is the first language of a speech community of native speakers that at one point arose from a pidgin. Unlike pidgins, creoles have fully developed vocabulary and patterned grammar.

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is that polyglot is one who masters, notably speaks, several languages while monoglot is a person capable of speaking only a single language.

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Bilingualism refers to the ability to use two languages in everyday life.

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Sudan, Balkan, Ukraine, Russia, Turkey, Syria, Iraq, Vietnam, and Korea are all considered shatterbelt regions because each of these regions are endangered by local conflicts within the states/between the countries, that also includes the involvement of opposing great powers outside the region.

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a type of language that consists of words and phrases that are regarded as very informal, are more common in speech than writing, and are typically restricted to a particular context or group of people.

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a particular form of a language which is peculiar to a specific region or social group.

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collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display relatively few differences in grammar and vocab

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collection of languages related to each other through a common ancestor long before recorded history

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a line on a dialect map marking the boundary between linguistic features.

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a hypothetical undocumented parent language from which actual languages are derived.

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the tendency for culture to become increasingly dissimilar with passage of time.

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the amalgamation or attempted amalgamation of different religions, cultures, or schools of thought.

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Cultural convergence is the theory that two cultures will be more and more like each other as their interactions increase.

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Reverse hierarchical diffusion is when culture spreads from the bottom of a hierarchy to the top, instead of in the normal direction from the top to the bottom.

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Stimulus diffusion is a type of cultural diffusion, which is a process in which trends spread from place to place. Stimulus diffusion is when a trend spreads to a new location or cultural context and changes in its new location or context.

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Occurs when the diffusion innovation or concept spreads from a place or person of power or high susceptibility to another in a leveled pattern.

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Contagious Diffusion is defined as distance-controlled spreading of an idea through a local population by contact from person to person.

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Relocation Diffusion occurs when people move from their original location to another and bring their innovations with them. Immigration from country to country, city to city, etc.

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state of mind derived through the infusion of a place with meaning and emotion by remembering important events that occurred in that place or by labeling a place with a certain character. ethnicity. affiliation or identity within a group of people bound by common ancestry and culture. space.

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successive societies leave their cultural imprints on a place that add up to the cultural landscape. this symbolizes Human Environment Interaction.

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Cultural Relativism: is the principle that an individual human's beliefs and activities should be understood by others in terms of that individual's own culture

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Folk culture usually originates in a rural hearth; whereas pop culture usually originates in an urban hearth. Pop culture is aided by the influence of mass media; whereas folk culture is obstructed by mass media.

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Diffusion shown through architecture

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Custom: The frequent repetition of an act, to the extent that it becomes characteristic of the group of people performing the act. Habit: A repetitive act performed by a particular individual

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Cultural assimilation is the process in which a minority group or culture comes to resemble a society's majority group or assume the values, behaviors, and beliefs of another group.

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Acculturation is a process of social, psychological, and cultural change that stems from the balancing of two cultures while adapting to the prevailing culture of the society.

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A cultural trait is a characteristic of human action that's acquired by people socially and transmitted via various modes of communication.

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Non Material vs.            Material Culture

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Non Material vs.            Material Culture

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Material culture refers to the physical objects, resources, and spaces that people use to define their culture. ... Non‐material culture refers to the nonphysical ideas that people have about their culture, including beliefs, values, rules, norms, morals, language, organizations, and institutions.

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The sum total of knowledge, attitudes and habitual behavior patterns shared and transmitted by the members of a society.

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Post-September 11th security issue have led many countries of the world, particularly Western Europe and North America, to tighten borders to individuals seeking asylum

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a person who has been forced to leave their country in order to escape war, persecution, or natural disaster.

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Migration specific to a specific location because of relatives or people of the same nationality. Unauthorized Immigrants. Immigrants who enter without proper documents. Undocumented Immigrant. Term used for people who want more rights for unauthorized immigrants.

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Forced Migration is “a general term that refers to the movements of refugees and internally displaced people (those displaced by conflicts within their country of origin) as well as people displaced by natural or environmental disasters, chemical or nuclear disasters, famine, or development projects.

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Step migration is a migration pattern conceptualized in 1885 by Ernst Georg Ravenstein who observed migration as occurring stage by stage as rural inhabitants move closer to urban areas of growth.

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The tendency for migration to flow between areas that are socially and economically allied by past migration patterns, by economic and trade connections, or by some other affinity. Ravenstein's Law of Migration.

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term used by scholars to refer to the social process by which migrants from a particular town follow others from that town to a particular destination. The destination may be in another country or in a new location within the same country.

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Most migrants move only a short distance. There is a process of absorption, whereby people immediately surrounding a rapidly growing town move into it and the gaps they leave are filled by migrants from more distant areas, and so on until the attractive force [pull factors] is spent.

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a person with temporary permission to work in another country.

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Rust Belt and Sun Belt Migration Patterns

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Rust Belt and Sun Belt Migration Patterns

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Rust belt and sunbelt migration patterns. Rust belt is when people left the north that was previously heartland of industry and sunbelt is movement of people from northern states to the south and southwest region.

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Interregional migration is the movement from one region of a country to another. The movement within the same region of the country is called intraregional migration.

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Rural-urban migration is the movement of people from the countryside to the city.

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Voluntary migration and push-and-pull factors

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Voluntary migration and push-and-pull factors

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Push factors “push” people away from their home and include things like war. Pull factors “pull” people to a new home and include things like better opportunities. The reasons people migrate are usually economic, political, cultural, or environmental.

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A pattern of regular seasonal movement by human groups. It can be seen as a form of pastoralism or nomadism.livestock is moved seasonally between one area of pasture and another

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The permanent movement from one country to another

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Epidemiologic transition, the process by which the pattern of mortality and disease in a population is transformed from one of high mortality among infants and children and episodic famine and epidemics affecting all age groups to one of degenerative and human-made diseases

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Demographic Transition Model strengths and weaknesses

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Demographic Transition Model strengths and weaknesses

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Disadvantages. Birth rates in several MEDCs have fallen below death rates. This has caused the population to decline which suggests that the model should have a fifth stage. Using the Demographic Transition Model, demographers can better understand a country's current population growth based on its placement within one of five stages and then pass on that data to be used for addressing economic and social policies within a country and across nations.

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An increasing population challenges our ability both to live sustainably as a species and mitigate human-driven climate change.

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the rapid growth of the world's human population during the past century (possibly ending up at a point where it exceeds the environment's carrying capacity) Cairo Plan. recommendations for stabilizing world population agreed upon at the U.N. International Convention.

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Neo-Malthusianism is the advocacy of human population planning to ensure resources and environmental integrities for current and future human populations as well as for other species.

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Thomas Malthus was an 18th-century British philosopher and economist noted for the Malthusian growth model, an exponential formula used to project population growth. The theory states that food production will not be able to keep up with growth in the human population, resulting in disease, famine, war, and calamity.

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Over-population is when there are too many people, to be supported to a good standard of living, by the resources of a region or country. Under-population is when a region or country has insufficient workers to exploit their resources efficiently, to support retired populations and to provide growth.

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The ability of the land to sustain a certain number of people.

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Period of time during the 1960s and 1970s when fertility rates in the United States dropped as large numbers of women from the baby boom generation sought higher levels of education and more competitive jobs, causing them to marry later in life.

- a drop in birth rates

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A cohort of individuals born in the United States between 1946 and 1964, which was just after World War II in a time of relative peace and prosperity. These conditions allowed for better education and job opportunities, encouraging high rates of both marriage and fertility.

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The “dependency ratio” refers to the percentage of people within a population who are either too young or too old to work and must therefore be supported by the labor of working adults within that population.

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a population group that's distinguished by a certain characteristic

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Sex ratio is the demographic concept that measures the proportion of males to females in a given population.

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A population pyramid, also called an "age-gender-pyramid", is a graphical illustration that shows the distribution of various age groups in a population, which forms the shape of a pyramid when the population is growing.

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1. a sudden, large increase in the size of a population.

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"A display of cumulative costs, labor hours or other quantities plotted against time. The name derives from the S-like shape of the curve, flatter at the beginning and end and steeper in the middle, which is typical of most projects.

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an economic theory which states that, under certain assumptions, a country's trade deficit will initially worsen after the depreciation of its currency—mainly because higher prices on imports will be greater than the reduced volume of imports.

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the maintenance of a population at a constant level by limiting the number of live births to only what is needed to replace the existing population