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The word rebellion makes me think of the 1977 Riots in NYC during a blackout that lasted around least 24 hours. Many people saw this as an opportunity to start fires and demolish buildings, but some saw it as an opportunity to loot what they needed in order to create music. Turntables, speakers and microphones were vastly stolen and shortly after those blackouts, an influx of Hip-Hop artists and rappers emerged.

I watched this documentary in order to gather information, facts and an understanding for hip hop culture.

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Hip-Hop Evolution | Netflix Official Site

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Interviews with influential MCs, DJs and moguls trace the genre’s dynamic evolution from the 1970s through the ’00s in this documentary series.

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Emery, A. (2004) The book of hip hop cover art. London: Mitchell Beazley.

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Emery, A. (2004) The book of hip hop cover art. London: Mitchell Beazley.

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Explores the attitude and relentlessness of Hip-hop album cover art.

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I put the pictures together consecutively which showcased the different shadows but I wanted it to be faster and punchier to connect to my concept.

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I really liked the contrast between black and white. I decided that it could be quite nice to play around with light and shadow, positioning a torch from different angles and seeing what shapes the shadow from the tiles make.

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I hate this idea already. It's out the window!

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I hate this idea already. It's out the window!

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Cassandra Yap - Print Club London

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I'm a little befuddled. I get notifications from Dictionary.com's "the hot word" blog regularly, and I usually enjoy reading some of the insights there. This past week, however, the blog seems to be a bit inaccurate, and I'm a bit confused. They wrote an entry about why the letters "P" and "R" don't originally come from the same letter, as you might expect because they're visually so similar. The author briefly explains the origins of each letter and how the two letters came into the alphabet. It's a short read, so check it out:
Do P and R come from the same letter?
On the one hand, it's definitely interesting that these two letters don't bear a common ancestry, and it's fun to see how/why they're different. On the other hand, the way they explain the orthography behind the letter "R" doesn't seem correct to me. I think they have the basic facts correct, but I'm pretty sure there's more to the story, and I think they're probably just wrong on at least one point. Here's how the article explains it:

The letter R came from the Phoenician letter rosh (see image at left). The word rosh meant head and the letter resembles a neck and head. It also looks like a backwards P. When the letter entered the Greek alphabet, the Greeks turned the letter around and added the short leg to the side. They called this letter rho.

Hold on now... have you seen the Greek letter rho? There's no leg to the side. It's just the mirror image of the Phoenician letter rosh. The article makes a passing reference to the Romans, and I have heard that the Romans added the leg, turning it into the modern letter "R" that we use today. The article claims they used the Etruscan letter for P and created the letter R out of it, though, which seems a little odd to me. The Etruscan alphabet is derived directly from the Greek alphabet, and the letter for P looks more like a backward lowercase r. It certainly isn't something you can simply add a leg to and create our modern R. You could, however, take the Etruscan letter R, flip it around, and add the leg, but... that's not exactly how it happened. In fact, the Etruscans began adding a little mini-leg to their letter to differentiate it from a later form of the letter P they were using, and eventually it got flipped around and started to look like the letter we use today. Minor details, I know, but I like to get the story right.

I realize I'm rambling a little, but I'll get to my point. Of course it's probable that the Romans wanted a letter to represent the R sound that was visually distinct from the letter P. What's fascinating to me is that - apparently by coincidence - they managed to create the runic letter raidō for use in their Latin alphabet without any interaction with the Germanic tribes to the north who had already created this rune that both expressed the "R" sound and looked exactly like our modern letter R. Crazy, isn't it?

Take a look at the runic letter raidō pictured to the right. It represents the R sound in all of the Germanic runic alphabets in use throughout the first millennium and beyond, and it was often written with the lines connected in the middle, exactly how we write the letter R today. It has the same sound as our modern R, and it was a common letter that didn't change with the modifications to the runic alphabets during the expansions of the North Germanic, East Germanic, and West Germanic dialect groups. Each incorporated some changes to their runic alphabets as their languages changed, but the letter R remained the same for all of them.

Is it just a coincidence that the letter R created by the Romans and the runic letter raidō created by the Germanic peoples ended up being exactly the same? It's difficult to say with any certainty whether there was a borrowing of ideas back and forth between these groups. Their alphabets do stem from a common source in antiquity, so maybe these modifications over time toward the same end result aren't so unlikely. Either way, Dictionary.com's blog entry got me thinking, and this is where my thought process ended up. It's fascinating stuff to consider!

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I'm a little befuddled. I get notifications from Dictionary.com's "the hot word" blog regularly, and I usually enjoy reading some of the insights there. This past week, however, the blog seems to be a bit inaccurate, and I'm a bit confused.

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I think this is much better and links in to my concept. The letter and shadows flashing in an out represents the blackout, NYC 1977, and the animation feels like a riot. I used an N.W.A backing track, which were a huge influential group for Hip-Hop culture and were a true voice for the black community against police brutality. N.W.A represented a day in the life of people in South Central LA, where streets were territorial and gangs were rife.

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Slight edit with levels on photoshop. I didn't feel like it needed to be a highly edited piece. I wanted to keep it raw.

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Although white usually means peace, purity or innocence. White can also represent successful or new beginnings.

''It is considered to represent perfection, as it is the purest and most complete color. It is the color that represents new begging and erases any trace of past actions. It is like a piece of white paper not being written yet. It leaves the mind open and free to whatever it might create in the way.''
White Color Psychology - White Meaning & Personality

Although my chosen letterform is made from the subject rebellion, if it wasn't for that rebellion back in 1977, would hip-hop music be the same?
I especially like the fact white can mean new beginnings. Out of something that would have been quite distressing, the lootings of expensive equipment actually helped the hip hop culture massively. This rebellion gave us world class music and influential insights to hip-hop culture. I think to transfer the image would give away easily what I am trying to portray, if I leave it white, it could connect in many different ways. The broken tiles give a clue to what I am trying to represent, but asks a question to my audience and invites them to interpret it in their own way.

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White is the lightest color, meaning purity, innocence, and integrity.

It was worn, even from antiquity, by high priests or in very important rituals. It is still a imperative color in the marriage process, used to depict the purity of the future wife.

It is considered to represent perfection, as it is the purest and most complete color. It is the color that represents new begging and erases any trace of past actions. It is like a piece of white paper not being written yet. It leaves the mind open and free to whatever it might create in the way.

[inads]

It has an equal quantity of all the colors in the spectrum. So it will contain both their positive and negative aspects. But probably the best feature of white is that it is impartial, independent and neutral towards everything.

It is said that each baby that is getting born will come into this world having the purest white, which will eventually be painted by the color given by his life experiences and choices. It enhances the reflective processes, creativity, and awakening. It is bad to use it as a cover to hide behind it because it will enlarge everything, exposing you even more.

The color has the property of bringing calmness, comfort, and hope. It acts like a real medicine that soothes your hurt sole, and it will give your life a sense of order and meaning, helping to de-cluttering from all the negative aspects. It will offer an inner cleansing, for your thoughts and soul, being the ultimate source of pure energy.

But too much of it can have a negative aspect of emptiness and isolation, a sterile and ignorant environment. If the majority of cultures, white means the beginning of life, in some it is used as a predominant color for funerals. Especially in the ones that do not consider death an end, but the finish of a journey, as a new one will begin immediately afterwards a person leaves this world.

White is an indicator for the end of a cycle in your life and the beginning of a new one. If you are careful enough, you might observe that you will have an attraction towards white clothes or accessories, especially in a period where you will make a significant change. You may travel to some place new, get a new job, and start a new relationship or activity. As you already know, the color is very much used in medical cabinets, as an indication for a clean and sterile environment. Although, it often gives the patients the impression that the doctor is too cold and will never relate to them, the feeling given by too much white that in this case if to sober and clinical.

Positive characteristics given by white are purity, innocence, simplicity, cleanliness, neat, open, equality, and new beginnings. The color also has a negative part, giving traits like ignorance, sterility, distant, boring, cold, empty, or critical. If used in balanced proportions it can be our savior from the dark side in times of distress. It represents a clean future and the fact that we have a change to a better beginning. It is efficient, showing an excellent organization and sense of order.

👋 Hello, this is Hailey! 👩

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White Color Psychology - White Meaning & Personality

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White is the lightest color, meaning purity, innocence, and integrity. It was worn, even from antiquity, by high priests or in very important rituals. It is still a imperative color in the marriage process, used to depict the purity of the future wife.

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This is the result from the second attempt at transferring an image using mod podge instead. Some of the image did come off but I didn't mind that and the raw edge I think it added to what I wanted to portray.

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I actually really like the simplicity of the white tiles on a white background. I also like this hand constructed R. I think it invites the audience to interpret what it could mean.

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I started initial thoughts by creating a mindmap of the things I represented with the letter R. Secondly I devised rough thumbnail sketches from these ideas. Then I tried some of these ideas to see if they had the potential for my R.

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Could try and overlay her R with a typeface to connect the relationship between her and I.

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Primary source images of my daughter. I asked her to just play with different forms. I edited them on photoshop and had a try with a composition.

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Not sure. I love the dynamic energy but I need alot more pictures to give the same layers and energy as Yap's Letterforms

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Cassandra Yap is a screen print artist. She uses erotic vintage images and collages them to create a new meaning. Maybe I could execute my R with something more personal to me.

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Tiles smashed and reconstructed.

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Neither worked, was just a whole blob of mess. Tracing paper wasn't the best idea.

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I went on to see how my given letter was interpreted by an artist asked to take part in Lucy Biggs Letter Space exhibition.
Jo Glover says "This 'R' is drawn from the original metal architectural TATE BRITAIN title, set in the fabric of the building at Tate Britain, Milbank, London. The stock and ink that I have chosen to present the letterform reflect the contemporary vibrancy of the programming at Tate Britain and the diverse audience it attracts."

Originally I thought how boring, then I learnt the concept, and I still think.. how boring. I get it's architectural form and meaning , it's clean and simple, but not my cup of tea. I don't like the colours they have chosen. I love the red, but the murky brown R hurts my eyes. Red for vibrancy, but the R gets lost in it.

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I like the concept. I love my primary source images, but I want to continue experimenting with other subjects. Is this a bit too obvious? I'll research further to inspire new ideas.

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I feel like even if it these transfers didn't work, I think this could be a unique way of showcasing my letter space. I could print on a whole tile or I could break them up and recreate the R. To me, this represents the broken community in NYC that people destroyed but something creative and exciting came from it, a new beginning, the influx of artists and Hip-Hop music.

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On the other half of the tile I used the same image but tried using white acrylic paint as a transfer instead to see how this would work. I used the brush to smooth out the image. I didn't know how these would turn out but I liked the hands on approach to this design so far. If they didn't work perhaps I could find a way to screen print onto the ceramic instead..  I waited for them to dry.

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Luckily!! I found some spare ceramic tiles lurking around my cupboard under the stairs. Hooray for hoarding. I started by printing an image from the 1977 riots onto tracing paper. I spread PVA glue onto the tile and smoothed it out. I waited for the image to dry. The problem was I had ran out of printer paper and because of my excitement I printed on tracing paper.

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I came across Carrie Reichardt during a CP lecture. I was fascinated the way she used broken ceramics, merged back together to create a statement. In this video, Carrie is creating a piece for Disobedient objects exhibition. I noticed that she was transferring an image onto ceramic tiles. It sparked an idea that maybe I could do something similar to experiment during my process. I looked at my mind map and chose the subject Rebellion. I hadn't experimented with this concept yet and I would like to see where it could go. I had also sketched previous ideas about reconstruction but with glass or broken cd's.

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Ceramic Intervention by Carrie Reichardt and The Treatment Rooms Collective

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Image (black and white or color photocopy of a photograph)

Scissors or craft knife

White glue or acrylic medium

Soft paintbrush, spatula, sponge brush or finger

Dish of warm water

Lifting an image from one medium to another is called a "transfer." To easily transfer an image from a photograph, all you need is a photocopy of your image and plain old white glue. White glue is sold at art and craft supply stores under the name "PVA glue" (polyvinyl acetate), but any white glue you have will work. You can also use acrylic medium, gesso, acrylic binder or acrylic paint. This kind of image transfer works best with a black and white or color photocopy of your photograph, as the glue will bond with the ink in the photocopy. This bond will provide you with your transfer. Glossy photos or images printed with inkjet printers won't work as well, as the ink will run instead of transferring.

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How to Use Glue to Lift an Image From a Photograph | eHow.com

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Lifting an image from one medium to another is called a "transfer." To easily transfer an image from a photograph, all you need is a photocopy of your image and plain old white glue. White glue is sold at art and craft supply stores under the name "PVA glue" (polyvinyl acetate), but any white glue you have will work.

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I wondered how Carrie Reichardt acheived this as she didnt specify her process on the video. I decided to look into some research to see how I can transfer images onto wood or ceramic.

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DIY - Cheap photo transfer on to wood using PVA glue

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Reflection Primary source photographs

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Reflection

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Reflection

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Petals and Old Roses. Maybe try to manipulate and edit on photo hop. Might look nice in black and white and screen printed to give a textural effect. On blood red background to contextualise the love and death

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I thought...dead flowers...romeo Julie.. dead romance..tried to scan wilting flowers wasn't really working so photographed.

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I liked seeing all the images come together to form my alphabet, however I didn't really like the aesthetics of it. I decided to cut and edit and see how they felt and flowed once I played around with them. I played with layout, black and white and contrast in Photoshop. However I do like the chaos of the photographs being all in different sizes rather than going for a grid method, I think it portrays a link to my theme of commuting to Manchester - busy!

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This is the A3 poster I printed in time for the group crit. I do like the black and white theme making all the letterforms more linked and eye catching as it is high contrast. I think now they are cropped and edited in this way they are much stronger images. My poster is quite striking. Did I love this layout? I'm not too sure. I still like the fact they are different shapes and sizes, but maybe I need to change a few of the images for example the gap between the O and the T is a bit random and the Z needs moving up.  Or maybe I could make gaps between other letters to create more negative space. Maybe I'm picking..

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The curvature of the letters and the flowing scripture style reminded me of a form of calligraphy. Over the top accentuating curves rolling off the letter. Seeing them together edited could be visually pleasing and cohesive. At this stage, I reviewed all these ideas. I liked the industrial letterforms I had found in Manchester (especially the S and Z!) so I thought about what my theme would be to include these letters.

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Initial thoughts for letter space assignment

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I was given the letter R for the second brief of this assignment. I love conceptual art so initially I began with a mind map. I started to refer to subjects that came to mind when I thought of the letter R. I then branched off to what would be associated with these subjects.

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This piece by Robert flood really intrigued me, he looked at the form of letters and connected them to everyday objects. Even in 1617!

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This P from the book of kells really make me connect some of the letters that were on railings I had found. Rococo, elaborate letter forms with expressive curvature.

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Looking at my found letter forms I really wanted to create a story, not just a poster of random images. Since the brief, I can't unsee letter forms wherever I go. I decided I wanted to create a journey. I commute from the Wirral after dropping my daughter at school. So I decided to start finding letterforms from the start of my journey all the way to Manchester and see if I can create a narrative through found images. This will hopefully give my poster a more contextual, cohesive feel.

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I like the title. It's not just found letter forms it's a story.

I like the layout. Because all the images are different sizes I like the hectic feel of it. Probably like your journey from the Wirral.

I love the S and the Z they're really clever.

I like the fact you have changed them to black and white and the contrast is really high.

Black and white makes it really eye catching and your poster really stands out. It makes all the letters cohesive.

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Further into my research I came across a great article about combining letter forms with the alphabet, including some historical context.

''The earliest examples of 'illuminated' letters come from the Eastern Roman Empire (400-600AD). By the Middle Ages, monks, working in monasteries as scribes, made elaborate, decorated copies of ancient and religious texts. By the 14th century, due to demand from private patrons, much of the production of illuminated manuscripts had become commercial.''
The combination of photography and industrial design processes led early 20th century designers to create radical new experiments in visual communication. The main theorist of these new approaches was Laszlo Moholy-Nagy, especially during his time at The Bauhaus in Weimar and Dessau.

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From Jon Nicholls , Thomas Tallis School

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Creates visual images to engage his viewer with the world around them. He encompasses landscapes, oceans, mountains and architectural beauty forms allowing a multi-layered story within his photography. Mattei also plays with light and shadow and can take on a more abstract imaginative interpretation. This expands my research to look beyond obvious letter forms and find them within architectural spaces.

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“Everyday is an opportunity
to get closer to the visual
narrative.”

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Taking inspiration from the A-Z of Boston by Max Mattei, I wandered around Manchester, which is a new city to me. Long story short, I got lost. Exploring deeper into the city, a rabbit hole of letter forms. From huge cranes, industrial style metal work and noticing small design detail like this E in a bench. I really love this Z I captured by Picadilly Station. I can imagine this photo in black and white and the striking yellow of the Z in contrast.

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Could I find A-Z within nature? Could I construct a meaningful message using these letters?

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Austrian born Graphic artist and typographer. At the age of 15 he had an idea to bring graphic design more DIY - encouraging students to lie down on the grass and form a letter A for an amateur magazine cover he was working on. I could also try performing the letter forms too. I like this text from the Happy Film written in rice. I could explore letter forms with household objects. I love Sagmeister for his typography and innovative designs, I have gained some inspiration from further research.
Firstly I went out with my camera..

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Even though Sagmeister's letter forms are man made, installed and photographed, or digitally manipulated, I began my primary research by trying to look for letter forms within nature, inspiration taken from the school of visual arts poster shown here. I began to realise how leaves form letters, the shape of a tree trunk, the mis-growth of a bush, fallen twigs I'd usually pass by without noticing. It interested me how the natural world surrounding us grows, falls, moves spontaneously, yet forms noticeable constructions of letter forms.