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How to write a good introduction paragraph

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How to write a good introduction paragraph

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How to write an essay introduction | 4 steps & examples

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A good introduction paragraph is an essential part of any academic essay. It sets up your argument and tells the reader what to expect. The main goals of

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How to write a rememberable conclusion paragraph

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How to write a rememberable conclusion paragraph

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The conclusion of a research paper is where you wrap up your ideas and leave the reader with a strong final impression. It has several key goals:

Restate the research problem addressed in the paper

Summarize your overall arguments or findings

Suggest the key takeaways from your paper

The content of the conclusion varies depending on whether your paper presents the results of original empirical research or constructs an argument through engagement with sources.

The steps below show you how to construct an effective conclusion for either type of research paper.

Step 1: Restate the problem

The first task of your conclusion is to remind the reader of your research problem. You will have discussed this problem in depth throughout the body, but now the point is to zoom back out from the details to the bigger picture.

While you are restating a problem you've already introduced, you should avoid phrasing it identically to how it appeared in the introduction. Ideally, you'll find a novel way to circle back to the problem from the more detailed ideas discussed in the body.

For example, an argumentative paper advocating new measures to reduce the environmental impact of agriculture might restate its problem as follows:

While the role of cattle in climate change is by now common knowledge, countries like the Netherlands continually fail to confront this issue with the urgency it deserves.

Meanwhile, an empirical paper studying the relationship of Instagram use with body image issues might present its problem like this:

As social media becomes increasingly central to young people's everyday lives, it is important to understand how different platforms affect their developing self-conception.

Avoid starting your conclusion with phrases like "In conclusion" or "To conclude," as this can come across as too obvious and make your writing seem unsophisticated. The content and placement of your conclusion should make its function clear without the need for additional signposting.

Step 2: Sum up the paper

Having zoomed back in on the problem, it's time to summarize how the body of the paper went about addressing it, and what conclusions this approach led to.

Depending on the nature of your research paper, this might mean restating your thesis and arguments, or summarizing your overall findings.

Argumentative paper: Restate your thesis and arguments

In an argumentative paper, you will have presented a thesis statement in your introduction, expressing the overall claim your paper argues for. In the conclusion, you should restate the thesis and show how it has been developed through the body of the paper.

Briefly summarize the key arguments made in the body, showing how each of them contributes to proving your thesis. You may also mention any counterarguments you addressed, emphasizing why your thesis holds up against them, particularly if your argument is a controversial one.

Don't go into the details of your evidence or present new ideas; focus on outlining in broad strokes the argument you have made.

Argumentative paper summary

The evidence is clear: To create a truly futureproof agricultural sector, Dutch farmers must be incentivized to transition from livestock farming to sustainable vegetable farming. As well as dramatically lowering emissions, plant-based agriculture, if approached in the right way, can produce more food with less land, providing opportunities for nature regeneration areas that will themselves contribute to climate targets. Although this approach would have economic ramifications, from a long-term perspective, it would represent a significant step towards a more sustainable and resilient national economy.

Empirical paper: Summarize your findings

In an empirical paper, this is the time to summarize your key findings. Don't go into great detail here (you will have presented your in-depth results and discussion already), but do clearly express the answers to the research questions you investigated.

Describe your main findings, even if they weren't necessarily the ones you expected or hoped for, and explain the overall conclusion they led you to.

Empirical paper summary

By testing the effect of daily Instagram use among teenage girls, this study established that highly visual social media does indeed have a significant effect on body image concerns, with a strong correlation between the amount of time spent on the platform and participants' self-reported dissatisfaction with their appearance. However, the strength of this effect was moderated by pre-test self-esteem ratings: Participants with higher self-esteem were less likely to experience an increase in body image concerns after using Instagram. This suggests that, while Instagram does impact body image, it is also important to consider the wider social and psychological context in which this usage occurs: Teenagers who are already predisposed to self-esteem issues may be at greater risk of experiencing negative effects.

Step 3: Discuss the implications

Having summed up your key arguments or findings, the conclusion ends by considering the broader implications of your research. This means expressing the key takeaways, practical or theoretical, from your paper-often in the form of a call for action or suggestions for future research.

Argumentative paper: Strong closing statement

An argumentative paper generally ends with a strong closing statement. In the case of a practical argument, make a call for action: What actions do you think should be taken by the people or organizations concerned in response to your argument?

Call for action

Transitioning to sustainable vegetable farming will make the Netherlands greener and healthier, setting an example for other European governments. Farmers, policymakers, and consumers must focus on the future, not just on their own short-term interests, and work to implement this transition now.

If your topic is more theoretical and unsuitable for a call for action, your closing statement should express the significance of your argument-for example, in proposing a new understanding of a topic or laying the groundwork for future research.

Empirical paper: Future research directions

In a more empirical paper, you can close by either making recommendations for practice (for example, in clinical or policy papers), or suggesting directions for future research.

Whatever the scope of your own research, there will always be room for further investigation of related topics, and you'll often discover new questions and problems during the research process.

Finish your paper on a forward-looking note by suggesting how you or other researchers might build on this topic in the future and address any limitations of the current paper.

Future research directions

Future research into Instagram and other highly visual social media should focus on establishing a clearer picture of how self-esteem and related constructs influence young people's experiences of these platforms. Furthermore, while this experiment measured Instagram usage in terms of time spent on the platform, observational studies are required to gain more insight into different patterns of usage-to investigate, for instance, whether active posting is associated with different effects than passive consumption of social media content.

Research paper conclusion examples

Full examples of research paper conclusions are shown in the tabs below: one for an argumentative paper, the other for an empirical paper.

Argumentative paper conclusion

Empirical paper conclusion

Frequently asked questions about research paper conclusions

Can I present new arguments in the conclusion of my research paper?

No, it's not appropriate to present new arguments or evidence in the conclusion. While you might be tempted to save a striking argument for last, research papers follow a more formal structure than this.

All your findings and arguments should be presented in the body of the text (more specifically in the results and discussion sections if you are following a scientific structure). The conclusion is meant to summarize and reflect on the evidence and arguments you have already presented, not introduce new ones.

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Writing a Research Paper Conclusion | Step-by-Step Guide

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The conclusion of a research paper is where you wrap up your ideas and leave the reader with a strong final impression. It has several key goals: Restate the research problem addressed in the paper Summarize your overall arguments or findings Suggest the key takeaways from your paper The content of the conclusion varies depending on whether your paper presents the results of original empirical research or constructs an argument through engagement with sources.

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Brainstorming topics to write about is important!

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Brainstorming topics to write about is important!

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How to Write a Research Paper for Kids Episode 1: Brainstorming Topics

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Map out how you will write your research paper!

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Map out how you will write your research paper!

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How to Write a Research Paper for Kids | Episode 2 | Making a Plan

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How to Write a Research Paper for Kids - Episode 3: Researching