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TEAM VIRUS
Baril, Allyssa Mari
Custodio, Joyce Anne
Deldoc, Jean Carlos
Enciso, Dianne
Hernandez, Cristina Pureza
Marquez, Pamela
Valdez, Denise Nicole

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Pioneered the study of microbiology by proposing the theory of contagious diseases.

Proposed contagium vivum as the cause of infection diseases.

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He refuted the theory of spontaneous generation of maggots from meat.

In his controlled experiment, he was able to demonstrate that maggots came from flies laying eggs on the meat.

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He invented the very first microscope to observe the smallest unit of organization called cells.

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“Father of Microbiology”

He was the first person to observe microorganisms like bacteria and protozoa which he called “animalcules”.

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He tried to disprove Redi’s findings as he was a great supporter of spontaneous generation.

His experiment consisted of mutton broth that was boiled and was then sealed and incubated for three days.

He proposed that organisms can develop from a non-living matter at a microscopic level.

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He refuted Needham’s experiment by performing the said experiment with alterations.

He argued that organisms are still able to grow even when heated by exposing it to air.

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First classification of bacteria

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An outbreak of smallpox had surfaced and infected people from England which had been spread to other countries an states by European settlers.

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He had observed that milkmaids who had contracted the cowpox were protected from the deadly smallpox.

He helped develop vaccines by inoculating people with the small pox using pus from cowpox lesions.

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Showed how silk worm disease is caused by parasitic fungus.

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He observed the formation of yeast spores and the organic nature of yeast.

He discovered that fermentation occurs due to yeast converting sugar into alcohol.

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Advocated washing hands to stop spreading of disease

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“Father of Modern Microbiology”

He finally resolved the controversy of spontaneous generation versus biogenesis.

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Pasteur introduced the terms “aerobic” and “anaerobic” to describe life forms that exist in and outside the presence of oxygen.

He observed a phenomenon in which more alcohol was produced in the absence of oxygen when sugar is fermented. It was called the Pasteur Effect later on.

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He is known for his contribution to the antiseptic treatment of wound infections.

He developed a system of antiseptic surgery to prevent microorganisms from entering wounds by applying phenol on surgical equipment.

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He identified Mycobacterium leprosae as the infectious agent of leprosy.

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He invented a new system of classification of bacteria using the genus name Bacillus.

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He conducted a demonstration that pointed to a bacteria, Bacillus anthracis, as the cause of anthrax.

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Discovered the process of lactic acid fermentation.

1877 (John Tyndall)

He discovered endospore, a highly resistant bacterial structure found in hay infusion.

Tyndallisation is a process of prolonged boiling or intermittent heating to kill the spores.

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He introduced the term “microbe”.

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He introduced the  use of solid culture media by using gelatin as a solidifying agent.

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Discovered Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the bacterium that causes tuberculosis.

1882 (Fanny Hesse)

She proposed the use of agar in culture media as an alternative for gelatin because of its higher melting and solidifying point.

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He proposed the Phagocytic Theory of Immunity.

He discovered that phagocytes such as white blood cells and some leukocytes protect against disease by engulfing disease-causing bacteria.

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Robert Koch proposed Koch postulate which are the corner stone of the germ theory of diseases.

Koch’s four postulates are:

1. The organism causing the disease can be found in sick individuals but not in healthy ones.

2. The organism can be isolated and grown in pure culture.

3. The organism must cause the disease when it is introduced into a healthy animal.

4. The organism must be recovered from the infected animal and shown to be the same as the organism that was introduced.

1884 (Christian Gram)

Developed Gram stain.

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He developed the Petri dish which is used as a container of solid culture media.

His contribution, along with Robert Koch and Fannie Hesse, made the isolation of pure cultures of microorganisms possible.

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1890 (Emil von Behring & Shibasaburo Kitasato)

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1890 (Emil von Behring & Shibasaburo Kitasato)

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They discovered an antitoxin for tetanus.

On the same year, von Behring reported immunization against diphtheria by diphtheria antitoxin.

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Virology emerged because of his introduction of the filterability of the virus of tobacco mosaic disease.

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He was the first one to identify that viruses are reproducing entities and was able to establish the discipline of virology through his discoveries about viruses.

He was able to discover new types of bacteria in the soil.

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He discovered that the dye, Trypan Red, was actively working against the trypanosome, which causes the African sleeping sickness.

He indicated that the dye can also be used therapeutically.

This dye, along with antimicrobial activity was referred to as a ‘magic bullet.’

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He discovered methane-utilizing and methane-producing bacteria.

His study was able to support the claim that methane can be used for both carbon source and energy.

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Paul Ehlrich had collaborated with Sahachiro Hata, who was a Japanese physician and bacteriologist.

They discovered and introduced Salvarsan (arsenobenzol) as a cure for syphilis.

This is the first chemotherapeutic agent for a disease caused by a bacterium.

This also marked the beginning of chemotherapy

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Bacteriophage was discovered in this year.

Marked the introduction of the process of analyzing water samples from coliforms with the use of the Most Probable Number and Multiple-tube fermentation test.

The difference between bacteria and viruses were established which then resulted to the emergence of virology as a sub-field of microbiology.

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He discovered bacterial transformation which established the foundation of molecular genetics.

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He discovered the first antibiotic penicillin and published the effects of penicillin on Gram positive organisms.

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He discovered an antibiotic, which is the streptomycin.

This produced by two strains of actinomycete, Streptomyces griseus.

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The process of conjugation in bacteria was discovered.

The proof for this is based on the generation of daughter cells that is able to grow in media that cannot support growth of either of the parent cells.

This type of transfer however requires direct contact between bacteria.

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Three other microorganisms were identified that produced antibiotics, namely:

1. Chloramphenicol (Chloromycetin) from Streptomyces venezuelae by Dr. Paul R. Burkholder (1947).

2. Aureomycin from S. aureofaciens by Dr. B.M. Dugger (1948).

3. Terramycin from S. rimosus by Finlay, Hobby and collaborators (1950)

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He introduced the process of Polymerase Chain Reaction.

This is a technique used to produce multiple copies of a segment of a DNA in just a short period of time.

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Microorganisms were gotten as ideal devices to examine different life cycles and consequently, in achieving an autonomous control of microbiological sample, and through that, atomic science was conceived.

The simplicity of modern technology made microorganisms have a short life expectancy .

The hereditary homogeneity a miniscule obstacle gave way to a plethora of legitimate recreated models of microorganisms to comprehend its physiological, biochemical and genetical complexities.

The field of microbiology took steps in understanding the hereditary code, how DNA is controlled, and how RNA is converted into proteins.

Microbiology in the modern world also delves into both the positive and negative impact of microorganisms in the varying aspects of human life in this world.

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Microbiologists have tapped into the research and publication of their predecessors, effectively solidifying the statement “using the past to go to the future”.

Developments to be expected:

1. Ability of microbes to clean up environmental pollution.

2. Development of antibiotics will be focused in improving existing methods.

3. Development of electronic “noses” for rapid, sensitive detection and diagnosis of microbial infections.

4. Beginnings of clinical studies in gene therapy