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1.Two Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System

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1.Two Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System

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Sympathetic Nervous System: Active when body is under stress. (Fight, fright, flight)
-Also known as andrenergic

Parasympathetic Nervous System:
Active when the body is at rest (Rest, and digest)
-Also known as cholinergic

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Sympathetic Nervous System's NT:
-acetylcholine (ACH)
-epinephrine (EPI)
-norepinephrine (NE)
-Dopamine (DA)

Parasympathetic Nervous System's NT:
-acetylcholine (ACH)

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3. Locations where each neurotransmitter is released in each division of ANS 

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3. Locations where each neurotransmitter is released in each division of ANS 

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Sympathetic Nervous System:
-acetylcholine (ACH) is released at the ganglia from presynaptic nerve endings.
- epinephrine (EPI) is released at post ganglionic nerve endings and acts on adrenergic receptors. EPI is produced by the adrenal medulla.
- norepinephrine (NE) is released at postganglionic nerve endings. NE is synthesized from dopamine and released by adrenal medulla and neurons.
- dopamine (DA) is a sympathetic and CNS neurotransmitter. DA is a precursor to NE. DA stimulates many receptors (alpha, beta, dopaminergic) and has a different action based on dose given.

Parasympathetic Nervous System:
acetylcholine (ACH) is released at both the ganglia and the postganglionic nerve endings.

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4. The Receptors of each division and their main location 

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4. The Receptors of each division and their main location 

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Sympathetic Nervous System receptors: Adrenergic types of receptors
Alpha 1- Found on glands, smooth muscles, eyes, most arteries and veins.
Alpha 2- located on adrenergic nerve endings and helps regulate Alpha 1.
Beta 1- Located on the heart
Beta 2- Located on smooth muscle, lungs, uterus, skeletal muscles arteries, and coronary arteries.

Parasympathetic Nervous System receptors: Cholinergic types of receptors
Muscarinic- Located on cardiac, smooth muscles, and glands. At parasympathetic postganglionic nerve endings.
Nicotinic 1 (Nn)- At ganglia of parasympathetic nerves and sympathetic nerves.
Nicotinic 2 (Nm)- Located in neuromuscular junction of skeletal muscle.

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5. The end organ response that occur when each transmitter is stimulated. The specific organ and what response is generated in the organ when stimulated by each ANS division.

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5. The end organ response that occur when each transmitter is stimulated. The specific organ and what response is generated in the organ when stimulated by each ANS division.

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Sympathetic division:
Most arteries and veins- When EPI and NE are stimulated it will cause vasoconstriction and contraction-pupillary dilation.
Heart- When EPI and NE are stimulated it will cause an increase in heart rate, force of contraction, and atrioventricular conduction. EPI stimulation will cause a greater effect.
Intestines/GI motility and secretions- Decreased
Eyes- mydriasis (Dilation)
Respiratory passages, lower- Brochodilation
Urinary bladder- relaxation
Urinary sphincter- contraction

Parasympathetic Division:
Arteries- Most arteries are not supplied by parasympathetic nerves.
Heart- Decreases heart rate and AV conduction. Slight decrease in contractility.
Intestines, GI motility, and secretions- Increased
Pupil of the eye- miosis (contriction)
Respiratory passages, lower- Bronchoconstriction
Urinary bladder- Contraction
Urinary sphincter- Relaxation

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Sympathetic Division:

Alpha-1 Adrenergic Agonist:
-alpha-1 receptor is stimulated
-contraction of smooth muscle, blood vessels constrict, increases blood pressure
-vasoconstriction of nasal passages-decongestant effect
Adrenergic Agonists:
-Stimulates all alpha and beta receptors
-Vasopressor-vasoconstriction, increases blood pressure
-Cardiac stimulant
-Bronchodilator
Alpha-1 Adrenergic Blocking:
-binds to alpha-1 receptors and blocks them

-relaxation of smooth muscle

-vasodilation of blood vessels, decreases BP

-relaxes smooth muscle of ureters and increases urine flow
Beta-1 Adrenergic Agonists:
-Low dose-stimulates dopaminergic (d-1) receptors in kidneys causing vasodilation and increased renal blood flow
-Moderate dose-stimulates  beta 1 receptors-heart, increases force of contraction and cardiac output
-High dose- stimulates alpha-1 receptors causing vasoconstriction-increase in blood pressure
Beta-2 Adrenergic Agonists:
-stimulates beta 2 receptors
-relaxation of the smooth muscle of the lungs - bronchodilation
-relaxation of the smooth muscle of the uterus
Beta-Adrenergic Blocking Drugs:
Selective Beta-1 Blockers:
-beta-1 receptor is blocked (antagonizes beta-1 effects of NE and EPI)
-decreases force of contraction  (negative inotropic), decreases cardiac output
-decreases HR  (negative chronotropic)
-decreases conduction (negative dromotropic)
-decrease in cardiac output also decreases BP
Non-selective Beta Blockers:
-block beta-1 and beta-2 receptors
-decreases force of contraction  (negative inotropic), decreases cardiac output
-decreases HR  (negative chronotropic)
-decreases conduction (negative dromotropic)
-decrease in cardiac output also decreases BP
-can cause bronchoconstriction

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Parasympathetic Division:

Cholinergic/Parasympathomimetics:
Direct-Acting Cholinergic Agonists:
-directly stimulate/bind to the muscarinic receptors
-mimics ACH
Indirect-Acting Cholinergic Agonists:
-inhibit acetylcholinesterase, the enzyme that destroys ACH in the synapse
-increases ACH

Antichoinergics/Parasympatholytics:
-Bind to cholinergic receptors
-Acts as a blocking drug; Competitive antagonism

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1) Alpha 1 Adrenergic Agonists:
-ephedrine
-phenylephrine (Neo-synephrine)

2) Adrenergic Agonists:
-epinephrine (Adrenalin)

3) Alpha-1 Adrenergic Blocker:
-prazosin (Minipress)
-terazosin (Hytrin)
-doxazosin (Cardura)

4) Beta-1 Adrenergic Agonist:
-dobutamine

5) Beta-2 Adrenergic Agonist:
-formoterol (Foradil)
-albuterol (Proventil/Ventolin)
-terbutaline (Brethine)

6) Beta Blocker:
Nonselective:
-nadolol (Corgard)
-propranolol (Inderol)
-timolol (Blocadren)
Selective:
-atenolol (Tenormin)
-metoprolol (Lopressor)

7) Direct Acting Cholinergic Agonist
-acetylcholine
-pilocarpine(Pilocar)
-bethanechol (Urecholine)

8) Indirect Acting Cholinergic Agents
-neostigmine (Prostigmin)

9) Anticholinergic
-atropine
-dicyclomine (Bentyl)

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-Pharmacology: An Introduction Hitner, Henry; Nagle, Barbara

-Dr. Espinosa's powerpoint lecture slides

-Unit 2 Drug List