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A.I am doing it everyday.
B.Only when garbage dump required.
C.Depends on my mood.
D.Never.

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1.Check out for the food with the deposit for the box.

2.Sellers can put detailed customer information on their boxes.Only boxes are delivered without bags and cutlery.

3.The location of the takeout box can be seen.
(In fact, this function is a little redundant, as long as the system remembers who ordered the box and whether to return it or not.The deliverer has his own positioning system)

4.After using the box, customers can return the box at their own site in the community or ask delivery man to return it for them next time.
After returning, they can get a certain bonus points.

5.People can choose to refund their deposits after returning the box.

In China, people don't have to pay a deposit when they rent a bike. They can also use Alipay (which directly affects your credit) to replace the deposit.
Similarly, in this system, people can also bind some personal information instead of paying the deposit.

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03/3:
1.Think about 10 ideas and 3 concept ideas which need to talk about on Thrusday.

2.Prepare an In Depth Analysis of the market.(Survey)

3.Think about bussiness model and sketching the user cycle.

4.Sketch the storyboards about 3 concept ideas.

04/3(before 12pm):
1.Preliminary planning of manufacturing design and choose materials.

2.Complete PDF documents for presentation and submit it.

3.Sort out some points that I need to take advice on.

04/3(after 12pm):
1.Organizing the comments.

2.By learning about other people's work, give feedback and think about what I can learn from it, and write it down.

3.Revise my plan while I am enlighten.

4.Submit the five most meaningful feedback I received, and write down the inspiration I got from the feedback.

05/3:
Catch up on unfinished projects based on my work progress and make plans for the next week

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WHO

Anyone who order delivery/take-away foods.

Delivery man

WHAT

Reusable take away food packaging

WHERE

Resturant

Delivery platform

Customer's home

WHEN

When people order takeaway/delivery food

WHY

It can solve the environmental problems brought by disposable meal boxes.

The quality of the lunch boxes is better and they are better sealed.Avoid the problem of food spill caused by the delivery man.

Better thermal insulation.To ensure the taste of food.

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1. Restaurants willing to participate in the low-carbon plan.

2. Customers who want to protect the environment.

3. Anyone who needs to order takeaway food.

4. The deliverers of takeaway food.

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1.Recyclable and more enviroment friendly (graph 1).
2. Strong and durable(graph 2).
3. The material has poor thermal conductivity and strong thermal insulation(graph 3).
4. Light and easy to carry(graph 4).
5. Good sealing.
6. Preferential price and lower cost for higher performance.

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1. It can solove the environmental problems brought by disposable meal boxes.

2. The quality of the lunch boxes is better and they are better sealed.

3. Avoid the problem of food spill caused by the delivery man.Better thermal insulation to ensure the taste of food.

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Mass production of plastics, which began just six decades ago, has accelerated so rapidly that it has created 8.3 billion metric tons—most of it in disposable products that end up as trash. Plastic takes more than 400 years to degrade, so most of it still exists in some form. Only 12 percent has been incinerated.Of the 8.3 billion metric tons that has been produced, 6.3 billion metric tons has become plastic waste. Of that, only nine percent has been recycled.If present trends continue, by 2050, there will be 12 billion metric tons of plastic in landfills. That amount is 35,000 times as heavy as the Empire State Building.And, it is unlike virtually every other material. Half of all steel produced, for example, is used in construction, with a decades-long lifespan. Half of all plastic manufactured becomes trash in less than a year, the study found.

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A whopping 91% of plastic isn’t recycled

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Billions of tons of plastic have been made over the past decades, and much of it is becoming trash and litter, finds the first analysis of the issue.

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As the country re-opens after months of lockdowns, consumers and restaurants have become more dependent on single-use plastic bags, containers and utensils due to health concerns prompted by the coronavirus pandemic.

Before the start of the outbreak, cities and states were making some progress on banning plastic bags, shifting away from single-use plastic - which ends up sitting in the ocean - to paper or reusable products.

But now, cities and states have delayed or rolled back those bans on plastic bags in fear that reusable products will spread disease. Many retailers are banning customers from bringing reusable bags. And municipalities are scaling back recycling operations due to health concerns.

The surge in single-use plastic is a major blow to the fight against plastic pollution, which is projected to increase by 40% in the next decade, according to a report from the World Wildlife Fund.

The problem is especially apparent in the restaurant industry and its increased reliance on food delivery services. Many restaurants, even those that were curbing plastic waste prior to the pandemic, are not limiting the amount of plastic involved in takeout orders.

For instance, popular chain Just Salad was producing reusable bowls that saved more than 75,000 pounds of plastic a year. When the pandemic hit the chain, the company immediately halted the program, shuttered restaurants and pivoted to delivery and pickup - both of which meant using only disposable packaging.

"The environmental fallout is definitely real," said Sandra Noonan, Just Salad's chief sustainability officer.

The shift by the salad chain is similar to that of many popular restaurants when the pandemic hit, including Starbucks and Dunkin', which stopped letting customers use reusable mugs.

Green Restaurant Association CEO Michael Oshman said that it's too early to predict how much more waste has been generated due to the pandemic.

But most local economies don't have the infrastructure in place for reusable or compostable takeout packaging. And environmentalists warn the pandemic threatens to scare consumers away from reusable products just as progress was being made.

"The plastic industry seized on the pandemic as an opportunity to try to convince people that single use plastic is necessary to keep us safe, and that reusables are dirty and dangerous," said John Hocevar, ocean campaign director at Greenpeace. "The fact that neither of these things is supported by the best available science was irrelevant."

"Exploitation of Covid-19 fears ultimately made people less safe, distracting attention from the need to focus on the risk of airborne transmission and critical measures like wearing masks and maintaining social distancing," he added.

A major challenge will be reinstating zero waste policies when the pandemic finally subsides, though there is opportunity for delivery services to establish themselves as zero waste options and develop returnable or reusable systems.

But one fix could be relatively easy for restaurants to adopt: asking customers to opt in if they want plastic utensils with their pickup or delivery orders, which typically include a slew of single-use plastic products.

Just Salad implemented the change to its own online-ordering platform around the start of lockdowns and said it saved them money and reduced utensil use on those orders by 88%. The chain's sustainability officer is talking with third-party delivery services to make the shift universal.

While Oshman urges restaurants to try to find better solutions than single-use plastics - like using disposable packaging made with high post-consumer waste - he also said that operators can look to make changes elsewhere to mitigate the environmental cost of business.

"There's a lot of things that are still in your control still. For example, what kind of cleaners are you using to disinfect everything?" he said.

Oshman also suggested generating a QR code so customers can read the menus on their smartphones rather than disposable menus. And restaurateurs can recycle the disposable masks and gloves shed by their employees through Terracycle, a New Jersey-based recycler that collects non-recyclable waste and turns it into raw materials for manufacturers.

"The delays and reversals in moving away from single use plastics are unfortunate and counterproductive, but they will be very short lived," Hocevar said.

"As our understanding of the impacts of plastic on the health of our planet and our communities continues to grow, it is increasingly clear that we need to quickly move away from single-use plastics," he added.

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Plastic waste surges as coronavirus prompts restaurants to use more disposable packaging

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As the country re-opens after months of lockdowns, consumers and restaurants have become more dependent on single-use plastic bags, containers and utensils due to health concerns prompted by the coronavirus pandemic. Before the start of the outbreak, cities and states were making some progress on banning plastic bags, shifting away from single-use plastic - which ends up sitting in the ocean - to paper or reusable products.

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It is one of the idea that during the time when I do Rethink project.
With the popularity of takeaway food, the environmental pollution caused by disposable meal boxes is becoming more and more serious.
I want to design a reusable meal box and a recycling cabinet with automatic cleaning and disinfection function.
People use the box and return it to the designated disinfection cabinet.
It's environmentally friendly to reuse the box this way.
The meal box has better insulation and sealing performance, more solid and not easy to damage.
Suitable for multiple use.

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As lockdowns took effect to slow the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the global demand for petroleum collapsed. As a result, oil prices plummeted, making the manufacture of virgin plastics from fossil fuels less expensive than recycling (). This cost incentive, along with lifestyle changes that increase plastic use, has complicated the challenge of overcoming plastic pollution.

During the pandemic, personal protective equipment (PPE) has driven increased plastic pollution. In response to high PPE demand among the general public, health care workers, and service workers, single-use face mask production in China soared to 116 million per day in February, about 12 times the usual quantity (). The World Health Organization has requested a 40% escalation of disposable PPE production (). If the global population adheres to a standard of one disposable face mask per day after lockdowns end, the pandemic could result in a monthly global consumption and waste of 129 billion face masks and 65 billion gloves (). Hospitals in Wuhan, the center of the COVID-19 outbreak, produced more than 240 tons of single-use plastic-based medical waste (such as disposable face masks, gloves, and gowns) per day at the peak of the pandemic, 6 times more than the daily average before the pandemic occurred (). If the increases observed in Wuhan hold true elsewhere, the United States could generate an entire year's worth of medical waste in 2 months ().

Individual choices during lockdowns are also increasing plastic demand. Packaged take-out meals and home-delivered groceries contributed an additional 1400 tons of plastic waste during Singapore's 8-week lockdown (). The global plastic packaging market size is projected to grow from USD 909.2 billion in 2019 to 1012.6 billion by 2021, at a compound annual growth rate of 5.5%, mainly due to pandemic response ().

This global health crisis puts extra pressure on regular waste management practices, leading to inappropriate management strategies, including mobile incineration, direct landfills, and local burnings (). Improper disposal of just 1% of face masks translates to more than 10 million items, weighing 30,000 to 40,000 kg (). Waterlogged COVID-19-related plastic has been observed on beaches and in water (), potentially aggravating the challenge of curtailing microplastics.

At the regional and national levels, prioritization of human health over environmental health has led to the delay or reversal of policies aiming to reduce single-use plastic (). As a result, demand for recycled plastic material has dropped, the profit margins of recycling have decreased, and the environmental footprint of plastics has increased (). We need urgent and coordinated commitment to circular economy approaches, including recycling practices and strict policies against plastic pollution. Companies should continue efforts to curtail virgin plastic use and increase plastic recycling to live up to their corporate social and environmental responsibilities. Without a concerted effort to protect the environment during and after the pandemic, we are unlikely to meet the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals ().

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Accumulation of plastic waste during COVID-19

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As lockdowns took effect to slow the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the global demand for petroleum collapsed. As a result, oil prices plummeted, making the manufacture of virgin plastics from fossil fuels less expensive than recycling ([ 1 ][1]).

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The questions that I prepare to ask（02/3):

1.This design mainly focuses on the innovation of the recycling mechanism rather than the product innovation, will it be a distraction?

2.In the process of product design, do I need to consider whether the cost and return brought by the product to the enterprise match?

3.Which aspects of this idea could I be more creative with?

4.What kind of product model do I need to submit in the end?
What kind of bussiness model should I make?

The answer that I got from her by asking above questions（03/3):
1. Innonation of recycling mechaism is also a part from product design. But thinking on the system is more business model oriented.
'' Designing a paper cup, how is the apparence, how about  manufacture is also product design. ''

2.It can be considered on bussiness model part.

3.It depends how big it is. On Thursday we gonna talk about some ideas with UBER EATS, it will be helpful for your replaceble take away ideas.

4. Learning about product design specification(PDS).

The sueggestions that she gave（03/3)：
1.Before Friday make 10 ideas about replacement for take away food.

2.What going to detail such as materials and manufacture.

3.Getting some feedback.Three concept ideas get feedbacks on.

4.Sketch some carboard to discribe use cycle, also could ask frinds to make videos or take pictures (that might be more quick than drawing by hand).

Enlightening ideas after talking：
1.
2.
3.

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1.循环利用的重要性2.可回收材

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1.循环利用的重要性
2.可回收材料没有被回收的数据
3.一些好的例子-公司等

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2.How far are you willing to go for garbage sorting.

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2.How far are you willing to go for garbage sorting.

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A.At any prices.
B.Try my best, but I can't guarantee that I will do garbage sorting every time.
C.Depends on my mood.
D.Never.

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week 4 (5/02):

project launch and product decision

week 5 (11/01)

look into different mechanisms of the product

different environments and users for the product

user feedback on what could be improved about the initial version of the product

week 6 (18/02)

start refining product and create design sketches for chosen mechanism material/manufacture ideas

week 7 (25/02)

Presubmission review

week 8 (4/02)

product briefing

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Interim Review: 4th March (Presented on Miro Board)

introduce the product (visualise in user context)

summarise research, investigations and concept development (justify design from research

illustrate how the product works

summary of intended materials, assembly and manufacture

Final Project Deliverables：
30th March
- PDF A3 portrait poster
- Working Design Journal
- Final desk-top modelling / virtual prototype (CAD model)
- Package of information (General Arrangement Drawing, Bill of Materials, Business model canvas, engineering drawing)

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3.Would you like to use reuseable packaging (glass bottles, etc.)?

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3.Would you like to use reuseable packaging (glass bottles, etc.)?

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A.Yes,the quality of the packaging is better and it is more environmentally friendly.
B.No, it is to trouble for me.
C.It depends on my mood and situations.

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4.How often do you order delivery/takeaway food?

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4.How often do you order delivery/takeaway food?

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A. More than once everyday
B.Around once everday
C.Less than three times a week
D.Do not order food.

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5.What do you do with the boxes after a takeaway meal?

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5.What do you do with the boxes after a takeaway meal?

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A.I put the food in the kitchen waste bin, wash the packaging and then sort the recycling.
B.I throw the food away and sort the packaging.(without washing)
C.I just throw them away together.
D.Depends on my mood.

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PC>PS>PE>PP

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6.What are your takeaway boxes usually made of?

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6.What are your takeaway boxes usually made of?

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A.Recyclable Plastic.
B.Unrecycleable plastic.
C.Plastic but do not know whether recycleable or not.
D.Paper.

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7.When ordering take-out from home, did you usually ask the restaurant to provide disposable cutlery or did you use your own?

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7.When ordering take-out from home, did you usually ask the restaurant to provide disposable cutlery or did you use your own?

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A.I usually use disposable cutlery because it is more convient.
B.I usually use my own cutlery.
C.It depends wether I am with cutlery or not.

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8.How often you use recyclable food containers to keep food?

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8.How often you use recyclable food containers to keep food?

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A.Everytime I have some food left.
B.It depends on my mood.But I do use them sometimes.
C.Never.

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9.Now the environmental problems caused by disposable food boxes are very serious. How much you are willing to pay a certain amount of money for more enviroment friendly food boxes?

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9.Now the environmental problems caused by disposable food boxes are very serious. How much you are willing to pay a certain amount of money for more enviroment friendly food boxes?

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A.If I order 20 pounds of takeout, I'm willing to pay more than three pounds (more than 15% of the total cost ).
B.Not more than15% of the total cost.
C.Only 5-10%  of the total cost.
D.Only if it is free, I am willing to make a more environmentally friendly choice.

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10.If the delivery platform decided to replace single-use meal boxes with recyclable ones, would you be willing to participate.

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10.If the delivery platform decided to replace single-use meal boxes with recyclable ones, would you be willing to participate.

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A.I am willing to bear part of the cost for the environmental policy.And to the best of my ability
B.If it is free of charge, I would like to help protect the environment.
C.I would if the offer from the delivery platform is big enough.
D.No，I ordered takeaway for convenience and didn't want to get in trouble.

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View and analyze results from the Recycle SurveyMonkey survey. See actual response data, text summaries and word clouds.

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1. introduce the product, how it will be used

2. summarise the research and development

3. how the product works

4. summary of intended materials

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Photo/drawing of product in context and story board of how it used.

Three independent ideas.

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Research and what I've changed.

Survey results and conclusions.

The benefits this product brings and the improvement of life

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How the sorting mechanism works.

Product size.

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About my products:
A more convenient, safe and hygiene-friendly alternative to disposable meal boxes is needed to solve the environmental crisis caused by the COVID-19 takeaway boom.

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Materials choose

The manufacturing process

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The survey results are from about 45 people.
We have learned about people's garbage classification, how often they order takeaway food, how they deal with garbage after eating takeaway food and how they use reusable lunch boxes and their attitude towards this project.

Most people would like to try the best to do their part for garbage sorting. Just because they would like to do things that are better for the environment doesn't mean they're always doing it subconsciously.
Figures show that 47% of people throw their disposable meal box together with the leftover food .A further 28% throw away food scraps without washing their takeaway boxes.
Also more than half do not know whether their disposable meal box are recyclable plastic.Statistics show that less than 30% of people don't order takeaways.

In other words, takeaway food is an indispensable part of people's life nowadays.However, people need to pay attention to the increasing pollution from disposable takeaway boxes,most people would like to do something about it but don't know how to do it, just as they would like to do garbage sorting but don't have a clear understanding of the criteria for recycling. More than 85% have had regular experience with a safe box, and also more than 90% would like to use reuseable packaging.Surprisingly, more than half were willing to pay part of the cost for more environment friendly takeaway packaging, nearly 30% of them are willing to pay 30% more for packaging.

On concluding we can see from the results that most of general population would like to take an initiative for a better and healthier environment. Therefore if we make more people aware of our dying environment and encourage them to do proper recycling then we can make our environment better.

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What Is a Business Model?

The term business model refers to a company's plan for making a profit. It identifies the products or services the business plans to sell, its identified target market, and any anticipated expenses. Business models are important for both new and established businesses. They help new, developing companies attract investment, recruit talent, and motivate management and staff.

Established businesses should regularly update their business model or they'll fail to anticipate trends and challenges ahead. Business models also help investors evaluate companies that interest them and employees understand the future of a company they may aspire to join.

Key Takeaways

Understanding Business Models

A business model is a high-level plan for profitably operating a business in a specific marketplace. A primary component of the business model is the value proposition. This is a description of the goods or services that a company offers and why they are desirable to customers or clients, ideally stated in a way that differentiates the product or service from its competitors.

A new enterprise's business model should also cover projected startup costs and financing sources, the target customer base for the business, marketing strategy, a review of the competition, and projections of revenues and expenses. The plan may also define opportunities in which the business can partner with other established companies. For example, the business model for an advertising business may identify benefits from an arrangement for referrals to and from a printing company.

Successful businesses have business models that allow them to fulfill client needs at a competitive price and a sustainable cost. Over time, many businesses revise their business models from time to time to reflect changing business environments and market demands.

When evaluating a company as a possible investment, the investor should find out exactly how it makes its money. This means looking through the company's business model. Admittedly, the business model may not tell you everything about a company's prospects. But the investor who understands the business model can make better sense of the financial data.

Evaluating Successful Business Models

A common mistake many companies make when they create their business models is to underestimate the costs of funding the business until it becomes profitable. Counting costs to the introduction of a product is not enough. A company has to keep the business running until its revenues exceed its expenses.

One way analysts and investors evaluate the success of a business model is by looking at the company's gross profit. Gross profit is a company's total revenue minus the cost of goods sold (COGS). Comparing a company's gross profit to that of its main competitor or its industry sheds light on the efficiency and effectiveness of its business model. Gross profit alone can be misleading, however. Analysts also want to see cash flow or net income. That is gross profit minus operating expenses and is an indication of just how much real profit the business is generating.

The two primary levers of a company's business model are pricing and costs. A company can raise prices, and it can find inventory at reduced costs. Both actions increase gross profit. Many analysts consider gross profit to be more important in evaluating a business plan. A good gross profit suggests a sound business plan. If expenses are out of control, the management team could be at fault, and the problems are correctable. As this suggests, many analysts believe that companies that run on the best business models can run themselves.

Types of Business Models

There are as many types of business models as there are types of business. For instance, direct sales, franchising, advertising-based, and brick-and-mortar stores are all examples of traditional business models. There are hybrid models as well, such as businesses that combine internet retail with brick-and-mortar stores or with sporting organizations like the NBA.

Below are some common types of business models; note that the examples given may fall into multiple categories.

One of the more common business models most people interact with regularly is the retailer model. A retailer is the last entity along a supply chain. They often buy finished goods from manufacturers or distributors and interface directly with customers.

Example: Costco Wholesale

Manufacturer

A manufacturer is responsible for sourcing raw materials and producing finished products by leveraging internal labor, machinery, and equipment. A manufacturer may make custom goods or highly replicated, mass produced products. A manufacturer can also sell goods to distributors, retailers, or directly to customers.

Example: Ford Motor Company

Fee-for-Service

Instead of selling products, fee-for-service business models are centered around labor and providing services. A fee-for-service business model may charge by an hourly rate or a fixed cost for a specific agreement. Fee-for-service companies are often specialized, offering insight that may not be common knowledge or may require specific training.

Example: DLA Piper LLP

Subscription

Subscription-based business models strive to attract clients in the hopes of luring them into long-time, loyal patrons. This is done by offering a product that requires ongoing payment, usually in return for a fixed duration of benefit. Though largely offered by digital companies for access to software, subscription business models are also popular for physical goods such as monthly reoccurring agriculture/produce subscription box deliveries.

Example: Spotify

Freemium business models attract customers by introducing them to basic, limited-scope products. Then, with the client using their service, the company attempts to convert them to a more premium, advance product that requires payment. Although a customer may theoretically stay on freemium forever, a company tries to show the benefit of what becoming an upgraded member can hold.

Example: LinkedIn/LinkedIn Premium

If a company is concerned about the cost of attracting a single customer, it may attempt to bundle products to sell multiple goods to a single client. Bundling capitalizes on existing customers by attempting to sell them different products. This can be incentivized by offering pricing discounts for buying multiple products.

Example: AT&T

Marketplace

Marketplaces are somewhat straight-forward: in exchange for hosting a platform for business to be conducted, the marketplace receives compensation. Although transactions could occur without a marketplace, this business models attempts to make transacting easier, safer, and faster.

Example: eBay

Affiliate business models are based on marketing and the broad reach of a specific entity or person's platform. Companies pay an entity to promote a good, and that entity often receives compensation in exchange for their promotion. That compensation may be a fixed payment, a percentage of sales derived from their promotion, or both.

Example: social media influencers such as Lele Pons, Zach King, or Chiara Ferragni.

Razor Blade

Aptly named after the product that invented the model, this business model aims to sell a durable product below cost to then generate high-margin sales of a disposable component of that product. Also referred to as the "razor and blade model", razor blade companies may give away expensive blade handles with the premise that consumers need to continually buy razor blades in the long run.

Example: HP (printers and ink)

Reverse Razor Blade

Instead of relying on high-margin companion products, a reverse razor blade business model tries to sell a high-margin product upfront. Then, to use the product, low or free companion products are provided. This model aims to promote that upfront sale, as further use of the product is not highly profitable.

Example: Apple (iPhones + applications)

The franchise business model leverages existing business plans to expand and reproduce a company at a different location. Often food, hardware, or fitness companies, franchisers work with incoming franchisees to finance the business, promote the new location, and oversee operations. In return, the franchisor receives a percentage of earnings from the franchisee.

Example: Domino's Pizza

Pay-As-You-Go

Instead of charging a fixed fee, some companies may implement a pay-as-you-go business model where the amount charged depends on how much of the product or service was used. The company may charge a fixed fee for offering the service in addition to an amount that changes each month based on what was consumed.

Example: Utility companies

A brokerage business model connects buyers and sellers without directly selling a good themselves. Brokerage companies often receive a percentage of the amount paid when a deal is finalized. Most common in real estate, brokers are also prominent in construction/development or freight.

Example: ReMax

How to Create a Business Model

There is no "one size fits all" when making a business model. Different professionals may suggest taking different steps when creating a business and planning your business model. Here are some broad steps one can take to create their plan:

1. Identify your audience. Most business model plans will start with either defining the problem or identifying your audience and target market. A strong business model will understand who you are trying to target so you can craft your product, messaging, and approach to connecting with that audience.

2. Define the problem. In addition to understanding your audience, you must know what problem you are trying to solve. A hardware company sells products for home repairs. A restaurant feeds the community. Without a problem or a need, your business may struggle to find its footing if there isn't a demand for your services or products.

3. Understand your offerings. With your audience and problem in mind, consider what you are able to offer. What products are you interested in selling, and how does your expertise match that product? In this stage of the business model, the product is tweaked to adapt to what the market needs and what you're able to provide.

4. Document your needs. With your product selected, consider the hurdles your company will face. This includes product-specific challenges as well as operational difficulties. Make sure to document each of these needs to assess whether you are ready to launch in the future.

5. Find key partners. Most businesses will leverage other partners in driving company success. For example, a wedding planner may forge relationships with venues, caterers, florists, and tailors to enhance their offering. For manufacturers, consider who will provide your materials and how critical your relationship with that provider will be.

6. Set monetization solutions. Until now, we haven't talked about how your company will make money. A business model isn't complete until it identifies how it will make money. This includes selecting the strategy or strategies above in determining your business model type. This might have been a type you had in mind but after reviewing your clients needs, a different type might now make more sense.

7. Test your model. When your full plan is in place, perform test surveys or soft launches. Ask how people would feel paying your prices for your services. Offer discounts to new customers in exchange for reviews and feedback. You can always adjust your business model, but you should always consider leveraging direct feedback from the market when doing so.

Criticism of Business Models

Joan Magretta, the former editor of the Harvard Business Review, suggests there are two critical factors in sizing up business models. When business models don't work, she states, it's because the story doesn't make sense and/or the numbers just don't add up to profits. The airline industry is a good place to look to find a business model that stopped making sense. It includes companies that have suffered heavy losses and even bankruptcy.

For years, major carriers such as American Airlines, Delta, and Continental built their businesses around a hub-and-spoke structure, in which all flights were routed through a handful of major airports. By ensuring that most seats were filled most of the time, the business model produced big profits.

However, a competing business model arose that made the strength of the major carriers a burden. Carriers like Southwest and JetBlue shuttled planes between smaller airports at a lower cost. They avoided some of the operational inefficiencies of the hub-and-spoke model while forcing labor costs down. That allowed them to cut prices, increasing demand for short flights between cities.

As these newer competitors drew more customers away, the old carriers were left to support their large, extended networks with fewer passengers. The problem became even worse when traffic fell sharply following the September 11 terrorist attacks in 2001. To fill seats, these airlines had to offer more discounts at even deeper levels. The hub-and-spoke business model no longer made sense.

Example of Business Models

Consider the vast portfolio of Microsoft. Over the past several decades, the company has expanded its product line across digital services, software, gaming, and more. Various business models, all within Microsoft, include but are not limited to:

Productivity and Business Processes: Microsoft offers subscriptions to Office products and LinkedIn. These subscriptions may be based off product usage (i.e. the amount of data being uploaded to SharePoint).

Intelligent Cloud: Microsoft offers server products and cloud services for a subscription. This also provide services and consulting.

More Personal Computing: Microsoft sells physically manufactured products such as Surface, PC components, and Xbox hardware. Residual Xbox sales include content, services, subscriptions, royalties, and advertising revenue.

What Is a Business Model?

A business model is a strategic plan of how a company will make money. The model describes the way a business will take its product, offer it to the market, and drive sales. A business model determines what products make sense for a company to sell, how it wants to promote its products, what type of people it should try to cater to, and what revenue streams it may expect.

What Is an Example of a Business Model?

Best Buy, Target, and Walmart are some of the largest examples of retail companies. These companies acquire goods from manufacturers or distributors to sell directly to the public. Retailers interface with their clients and sell goods, though retails may or may not make the actual goods they sell.

What Are the Main Types of Business Models?

Retailers and manufacturers are among the primary types of business models. Manufacturers product their own goods and may or may not sell them directly to the public. Meanwhile, retails buy goods to later resell to the public.

How Do I Build a Business Model?

There are many steps to building a business model, and there is no single consistent process among business experts. In general, a business model should identify your customers, understand the problem you are trying to solve, select a business model type to determine how your clients will buy your product, and determine the ways your company will make money. It is also important to periodically review your business model; once you've launched, feel free to evaluate your plan and adjust your target audience, product line, or pricing as needed.

The Bottom Line

A company isn't just an entity that sells goods. It's an ecosystem that must have a plan in plan on who to sell to, what to sell, what to charge, and what value it is creating. A business model describes what an organization does to systematically create long-term value for its customers. After building a business model, a company should have stronger direction on how it wants to operate and what its financial future appears to be.

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What is a Business Model with Types and Examples

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A business model is a company's profit-making plan which defines the products or services it will sell, its target market, and any expected costs.

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PS>PC>PE>PP

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PP>PE>PS>PC

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Based on the charts at CES, I conclude that PC and PS are the best materials.They're stronger, less thermal (ie, more heat resistant), less dense (easier to carry), and relatively friendly in price.
Compared to PS, PC is slightly more expensive but other performance is better.
So in the end, I chose PC as my main material.

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PC>PS>PE>PP

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This is zero Pollution takeaway.
My product is a sustainable takeaway food packaging. Its designed for person who order takeaway，delivery man and every person who cares about enviroment.

Simply put, my product is reusable, it's stronger, it's better sealed, it's better warm keeper, and it doesn't pollute the environment. People only need to bind their credit cards when ordering food, and then they can choose to use the food box, and return it to the returning station set up in their community or return it to the deliveryman next time they order food.

—survey part
Through investigation, I found that the environmental impact of disposable food packaging is becoming more and more serious due to the takeaway food craze brought by the novel coronavirus.

The survey results are from 45 people who are Local scotish，oversea students，Chinese，both young and older people.

—works part

—Based on the charts at CES, I conclude that PC and PS are the best materials.They're stronger, less thermal (ie, more heat resistant), less dense (easier to carry), and relatively friendly in price.
Compared to PS, PC is slightly more expensive but other performance is better.
So in the end, I chose PC as my main material.
—

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Package of information on the final proposal: (see next page)

How you intend your product to be manufactured including a General Arrangement Drawing

Bill of Materials with cost estimates (if it a large complex product, you can agree a subassembly)

Business model canvas

Detailed engineering drawing of a key custom component of your final design proposal according to BS 8888 / ISO128 including the material, surface finish and treatment specifications according to BS 8888 / ISO128.

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PDF A3 portrait hero shot poster of the final design proposal clearly indicating the 5W’s and how the product is intended to be used.

Working Design Journal – Documenting your work and thinking. Comprising evidence of sketch sheets, design detailing work and should include any relevant models and prototypes (including videos) developed during the project and recorded evaluations. This may be a, digital file / Padlet / Miro blog but must be a record of your thinking, including your “rough work”. It is important that this is generated as you progress throughout the project with activities dated.

Final desk-top modelling / virtual prototype (CAD model) – proof of principle and/or aesthetic scale models appropriate to your project.

Landscape PDF reflective Design Process Summary, communicating your understanding of the design proposal and rationale illustrating the reasoning behind the design changes gained from iterative making and evaluation. Remember this is not a chronological record listing events. Max 5 pages.

Package of information on the final proposal: (see next page)

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GBP2.00-GBP4.30/ Square Meter

my choice - 1.43GBP/ KG

total weight of the box according to  solidwrks - 2.89kg
total material cost - 4.13Gbp

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Part Size =32cm x 18cm x  13cm

Weight = 2890 grams

Cost of Mold = 6000GBP

Pellet Cost = 8.5GBP per kg

Cycle time = 80 seconds

Injection Molded Parts Manufactured = 45 per hour

Machine Usage and Labor = 20GBP per hour

Since the more products be made, the cost of mold will be cheaper.So we will ignore the cost of mold when we calculate the cost per product.
The labor cost of manufacturing:
20/45=0.44GBP
Other costs including bill and pellet is around 2GBP.

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Total cost for each boxes is 6.57GBP

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Plastic Containers Manufacturing Process

Packaging Resource Guide - Plastic Containers Manufacturing Process

1. Extrusion Blow MoldingIn extrusion blow molding a round, hollow tube or parison is formed by an extruder. A mold cavity, composed of two halves, closes around the parison and pinches off one end. Compressed air expands the parison to conform against the cold mold cavity walls. When sufficiently cool, the mold opens and the container is removed and trimmed of excess plastic or flash. Flash, a basic characteristic of extrusion blow molding, is formed when the parison is pinched off by the mold. Since most resins can be reprocessed, the flash is not wasted but is used as "regrind." Wall distribution, thickness and weight can be controlled by parison programming. While the parison is extruded, programming changes in the relation of mandrel and die can be used to shift material from heavier, stronger areas to lighter, weaker areas. This method aids significantly in maximizing container performance and minimizing container weight and cost.

2. Injection Blow MoldingThe process of injection blow molding (IBM) is used for the production of hollow plastic objects. Injection blow molding is performed in basically three stages. At the first stage, melted plastic is injected into a mold cavity to produce a preform parison. The preform is shaped like a test tube, but with a molded screw finish at the top. The preform is then transferred to the second, blow-molding stage. Air is blown through a core pin to expand the preform against a cold mold cavity. The container is then transferred to the third station for ejection. Two main types of processes exist:

1. One-step injection molding - the melted polymer is injected into the final shape of the container in a cold mold, it's then released.

2. Two-step injection molding - the first step in the injection of melted plastic in a mold, resulting in the creation of a preform. The cold preform is then taken onto another machine, enclosed in a mold, heated, stretched with a pin to reach the desired length and then blown in the shape of the chosen mold.

3. Stretch Blow MoldingStretch blow molding uses either the injection or extrusion blow molding process as a basic foundation. In either case, a preform parison is molded and then transferred to a blow molding cavity. The parison is stretched biaxially during blow molding to orient and align the molecules. This orientation improves the gas barrier, stiffness, clarity and impact strength of the container. As a result, containers can be reduced in weight. Resins which can be stretch blow molded include PET, PVC and Polypropylene. PET has by far the most common use in carbonated beverage containers.

4. Injection MoldingInjection molded containers can be straight sided or tapered, narrow or wide mouth shapes such as jars, tubs and vials. Material is injected into a cavity where pressure forces the resin to conform to the mold body. Containers are capable of holding to a tighter dimensional tolerance, and are more uniform in wall distribution. A wide variety of resins can be processed via the injection molding process, the most popular being polypropylene, styrene and polyethylene.

5. Multi-Layer Bottles - Co-ExtrusionThe newest of bottle blowing technology, co-extruded multi-layered bottles bond various plastic resins together with tie layers to produce bottles with barrier and heat-stable qualities suitable for use with hot-filled, hermetically sealed food products. Currently EVOH (ethylene vinyl alcohol) is used as the central layer because of its barrier properties. Polypropylene or polyethylene is used as the inner and outer walls because of their heat tolerance and clarity. The hot-fill process creates a vacuum which will draw in the side walls of a plastic container. This effect must be compensated for in bottle design, either by using an oval shape which will cloak the indentation or by employing strengthening ribs or panels in a round bottle design. Possible applications include: juices, sauces, jams, toppings, mayonnaise, and pickled products.

Posted by Jonathan
on 01/01/2009

This Article is Tagged With:

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Packaging Resource Guide - Plastic Containers Manufacturing Process

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Plastic Containers Manufacturing Process Packaging Resource Guide - Plastic Containers Manufacturing Process Extrusion Blow MoldingIn extrusion blow molding a round, hollow tube or parison is formed by an extruder. A mold cavity, composed of two halves, closes around the parison and pinches off one end.

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For injection molding steps.