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Period Name and Date: Period Characteristics

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Period Name and Date: Period Characteristics

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*put an image of that portion of the chart here or type them.

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*First fact and image here.

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*Be sure to add any special events according to their date as needed.

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None.

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1. Oral literature: epic narratives, creation myths, stories, poems, songs.

2. Use stories to teach moral lessons and convey practical information about the natural world.

3. Deep respect for nature and animals.

4. Cyclical worldview.

5. Figurative language/parallelism.

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The first fact of the Native Americans is that there was hostility between them and the new arrivals, the English, because didn't have a good experience with the Spanish. It was John Smith's leadership that saved the colony from deteriorating fully in the first two years.

Cite-https://www.loc.gov/classroom-materials/united-states-history-primary-source-timeline/colonial-settlement-1600-1763/virginia-relations-with-native-americans/

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The maps in the Map Collections materials were either published prior to 1922, produced by the United States government, or both (see catalogue records that accompany each map for information regarding date of publication and source). The Library of Congress is providing access to these materials for educational and research purposes and is not aware of any U.S. copyright protection (see Title 17 of the United States Code) or any other restrictions in the Map Collection materials.

Note that the written permission of the copyright owners and/or other rights holders (such as publicity and/or privacy rights) is required for distribution, reproduction, or other use of protected items beyond that allowed by fair use or other statutory exemptions. Responsibility for making an independent legal assessment of an item and securing any necessary permissions ultimately rests with persons desiring to use the item.

Credit Line: Library of Congress, Geography and Map Division.

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The maps in the Map Collections materials were either published prior to 1922, produced by the United States government, or both (see catalogue records that accompany each map for information regarding date of publication and source). The Library of Congress is providing access to these materials for educational and research purposes and is not aware of any U.S.

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The second fact of the Native Americans is that there was more peace between the Natives and the colonist after the Algonquian Chief's daughter, Pocahontas, married one of the Englishmen, John Rolfe. Before that, Pocahontas even saved John Smith from death.

Cite-https://www.history.com/topics/colonial-america/jamestown

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Jamestown Colony - Facts, Founding, Pocahontas

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The Jamestown Colony was the first permanent English settlement in North America. It was founded on the banks of Virginia’s James River in 1607.

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Starts: 2200 B.C.

Ends: Tower of Babel (Genesis 11:1-9)

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Starts: 2200 B.C.

Ends: 1600 A.D.

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Starts: 1607

Ends: Early settlement at Jamestown

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Puritanism and Early Settlement  of First "American" colonies: Authors and Works

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Puritanism and Early Settlement  of First "American" colonies: Authors and Works

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1600-1800

William Bradford
-"Of Plymouth Plantation"

Anne Bradstreet (poetry)

John Edwards
-"Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God"

Edward Taylor
-"Huswifery"

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Puritanism and Early Settlement  of First "American" colonies 1600-1800: Period Characteristics

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Puritanism and Early Settlement  of First "American" colonies 1600-1800: Period Characteristics

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1. Wrote mostly diaries and histories, which expressed the connections between God and their everyday lives.
2. South to "purify" the Church of England by reforming to the simpler forms of worship and church organization described in the New Testament.
3. Saw religion as a personal, inner experience.
4. Believed in original sin and "elect" who would be saved.
5. Used a plain style of writing.

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Puritanism and Early Settlement  of First "American" colonies: Fact #1

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Puritanism and Early Settlement  of First "American" colonies: Fact #1

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The first fact speaks of the interactions of the Puritans and the Native Americans. The people came and settled on Native American land without permission and brought disease to the native Indians with it. Because the native people didn't have immunity against the diseases, many died. The people saw this as an act of God so that they could continue. They even took some Native Indians in and converted them.

Cite-https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/new-england-colonies-and-native-americans/

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While Native Americans and English settlers in the New England territories first attempted a mutual relationship based on trade and a shared dedication to spirituality, soon disease and other conflicts led to a deteriorated relationship and, eventually, the First Indian War.

Subjects

Social Studies, U.S. History

Image

Hudson Trading with Native Americans

Native American locals and English colonists had a complicated history in America that involved conflict as well as trade. They traded goods and ideas. Here, English explorer Henry Hudson and his crew trade with Indians on the shore.

Engraving from the United States Library of Congress

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Director

Author

National Geographic Society

Production Managers

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other

Last Updated

October 19, 2023

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The New England Colonies and the Native Americans

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While Native Americans and English settlers in the New England territories first attempted a mutual relationship based on trade and a shared dedication to spirituality, soon disease and other conflicts led to a deteriorated relationship and, eventually, the First Indian War.

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Puritanism and Early Settlement  of First "American" colonies: Fact #2

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Puritanism and Early Settlement  of First "American" colonies: Fact #2

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"Sinners in the hands of an angry God," was one of the biggest sermons in that time. Many people, being lukewarm and uncaring, wept in repentance and in the fear of the Lord the day the sermon was preached. The town which it was mainly situated in was convicted of their unspiritual ways and repented then and there. The sobs and tears of the people was one to remember.

Cite-https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-empire-amliterature/chapter/jonathan-edwards-sinners-in-the-hands-of-an-angry-god/

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1507-Early Settlement of the first American colonies - Jamestown

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1507-Early Settlement of the first American colonies - Jamestown

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1507

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1692

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1741: Jonathan Edwards "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God" 

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1741: Jonathan Edwards "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God" 

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1741

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Rationalism "The Age of Reason" "The Enlightenment": Authors and Works

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Rationalism "The Age of Reason" "The Enlightenment": Authors and Works

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Benjamin Franklin
—Autobiography

Patrick Henry
—"Speech to the Virginia Convention"

Thomas Paine
—"The Crisis"

Phyllis Wheatley
—poetry

The Constitution

The Bill of Rights

The Declaration of Independence

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Rationalism "The Age of Reason" "The Enlightenment": Period Characteristics

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Rationalism "The Age of Reason" "The Enlightenment": Period Characteristics

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1. Mostly comprised of philosophers, scientists, writing speeches and pamphlets

2. Human beings can arrive at truth (God's rules) by using deductive reasoning, rather than relying on the authority of the past, on religious faith, or intuition

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Rationalism "The Age of Reason" "The Enlightenment": Fact #1

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Rationalism "The Age of Reason" "The Enlightenment": Fact #1

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The first fact is that the, "Age of Enlightenment," of was a time of intellectual thinking and change. reason and science were used and deemed appropriate over superstition and blind faith. People like the famous Isaac Newton was part of this grand movement. They say that this age was a huge turning point in the West and brought them out of the, "dark ages."

Cite-https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/us-history/colonial-america/colonial-north-america/a/the-enlightenment

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Rationalism "The Age of Reason" "The Enlightenment": Fact #2

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Rationalism "The Age of Reason" "The Enlightenment": Fact #2

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The second fact alludes to how the age of reason attacked the Christian bases. They didn't want blind faith and didn't believe in a God, they criticized, speculated, and scrutinized the Christians. The Declaration of Independence wasn't only in the time of independence of Britain, but it was a slow start to people thinking they could outsmart and outweigh the Eternal God Almighty.

Cite-https://www.allabouthistory.org/age-of-reason.htm

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1607

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1775-1783

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Transcendentalism "The American Renaissance" 1840-1860. Authors and works:

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Transcendentalism "The American Renaissance" 1840-1860. Authors and works:

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Ralph Waldo Emerson
—Nature
—"Self-Reliance"

Henry David Thoreau
—Walden
—Life in the Woods

Louisa May Alcott
—Little Women

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1. Everything in the world, including human beings, is a reflection of the Divine Soul.

2. People can use their intuition to behold God's spirit revealed in nature or in their own souls.

3. Self-reliance and individualism must outweigh external authority and link conformity to tradition.

4. Important social and political movements include the Abolitionist, Utopian, and Women's Suffrage Movements

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Transcendentalism "The American Renaissance": Fact #1 

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Transcendentalism "The American Renaissance": Fact #1 

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They focused in on the natural elements of nature and on abolition. It was a new expression of nature and a national spirit. Many, many of the transcendentalism works have made a huge different in the literature today.

Link- https://www.britannica.com/art/American-Renaissance

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American Renaissance, period from the 1830s roughly until the end of the American Civil War in which American literature, in the wake of the Romantic movement, came of age as an expression of a national spirit.

The literary scene of the period was dominated by a group of New England writers, the " Brahmins," notably Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Oliver Wendell Holmes, and James Russell Lowell. They were aristocrats, steeped in foreign culture, active as professors at Harvard College, and interested in creating a genteel American literature based on foreign models. Longfellow adapted European methods of storytelling and versifying to narrative poems dealing with American history. Holmes, in his occasional poems and his "Breakfast-Table" series (1858-91), brought touches of urbanity and jocosity to polite literature. Lowell put much of his homeland's outlook and values into verse, especially in his satirical Biglow Papers (1848-67).

One of the most important influences in the period was that of the Transcendentalists ( see Transcendentalism), centred in the village of Concord, Massachusetts, and including Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, Bronson Alcott, George Ripley, and Margaret Fuller. The Transcendentalists contributed to the founding of a new national culture based on native elements. They advocated reforms in church, state, and society, contributing to the rise of free religion and the abolition movement and to the formation of various utopian communities, such as Brook Farm. The abolition movement was also bolstered by other New England writers, including the Quaker poet John Greenleaf Whittier and the novelist Harriet Beecher Stowe, whose Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852) dramatized the plight of the black slave.

Apart from the Transcendentalists, there emerged during this period great imaginative writers- Nathaniel Hawthorne, Herman Melville, and Walt Whitman-whose novels and poetry left a permanent imprint on American literature. Contemporary with these writers but outside the New England circle was the Southern genius Edgar Allan Poe, who later in the century had a strong impact on European literature.

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American Renaissance, period from the 1830s roughly until the end of the American Civil War in which American literature, in the wake of the Romantic movement, came of age as an expression of a national spirit.

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Transcendentalism "The American Renaissance": Fact #2

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Transcendentalism "The American Renaissance": Fact #2

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This era began in the beginning of the civil war. Also the start of the Dark Romanticists. The Dark Romanticists saw nature as more, 'dark,' ominous, and powerful, not as a positive view as the transcendentalists. Both views of nature itself, and the nature of humans, made big dents into the literary world that we know..

link- https://adhc.lib.ua.edu/site/literarylandscapes/american-renaissance/

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1840-1860

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Romanticism - Industrialization: Authors and Works

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Romanticism - Industrialization: Authors and Works

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Washington Irving
—"Rip van Winkle"

Emily Dickinson
—poetry

Walt Whitman
—Leaves of Grass

Edgar Allan Poe
—"The Raven"

Nathaniel Hawthorne
—The Scarlet Letter

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Period Name and Date: Period Characteristics

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Period Name and Date: Period Characteristics

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1. Valued feeling, intuition, idealism, and inductive reasoning.

2. Placed faith in inner experience and the power of the imagination.

3. Shunned the artificiality of civilization and sought unspoiled nature as a path to spirituality.

4. Championed individual freedom and the worth of the individual

5. Saw poetry as the highest expression of the imagination

6. Dark Romantics: used dark and supernatural themes/settings (Gothic style)

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Romanticism - Industrialization: Fact #1

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Romanticism - Industrialization: Fact #1

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The Scarlet Letter

*First fact and image here.

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Romanticism - Industrialization: Fact #2

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Romanticism - Industrialization: Fact #2

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California Gold Rush

*Second fact and image here.

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1800-1860

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1812-1815

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1848-1855

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Fact #1: The Puritans and their outlook towards sin.

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Fact #1: The Puritans and their outlook towards sin.

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- Puritans were extremely harsh when it came to sin; especially adultery. Their harshness on crime included things like hangings, burnings, and pressing. Seems to be out of fear for breaking their, "godly community." Their views were very Calvinistic when it came to these subjects. A quote from the link that describes their actions quite well is, "The idea was to shame people into behaving by exposing their sins in public."

Link-https://www.enotes.com/topics/religion-thirteen-colonies/questions/how-did-puritans-view-sin-guilt-crime-adultery-117731

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Interesting Fact #2: Nathaniel Hawthorne 

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Interesting Fact #2: Nathaniel Hawthorne 

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*1804-1864

-Nathaniel got his taste for thinking and reading actually when he had an injury! It was a leg injury and this is what caused him to stay mobilized for such a long time.

-he also had a dark time of seclusion, that felt like dreary dream to him. This was the time that he went back to his mother in Bowdoin, in her Salem household, for 12 years. These years seemed to have effected him for the next forward.

Link-https://www.notablebiographies.com/Gi-He/Hawthorne-Nathaniel.html

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Born: July 4, 1804
Salem, Massachusetts
Died: May 19, 1864
Plymouth, New Hampshire
American writer

The work of American fiction writer Nathaniel Hawthorne was based on the history of his Puritan ancestors and the New England of his own day. Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter and The House of the Seven Gables are classics of American literature.

Childhood

Nathaniel Hawthorne was born in Salem, Massachusetts, on July 4, 1804, into the sixth generation of his Salem family. His ancestors included businessmen, judges, and seamen-all Puritans, a strict religious discipline. Two aspects of his background especially affected his imagination and writing career. The Hathornes (Nathaniel added the "w" to the name) had been involved in religious persecution (intense harassment) with their first American ancestor, William. Another ancestor, John Hathorne, was one of the three judges at the seventeenth-century Salem witchcraft trials, where dozens of people were accused of, and later executed for, being "witches."

Nathaniel's father, a sea captain, died in 1808, leaving his wife and three children dependent on relatives. Nathaniel, the only son, spent his early years in Salem and in Maine. A leg injury forced Hawthorne to remain immobile for a considerable period, during which he developed an exceptional taste for reading and thinking. His childhood was calm, a little isolated but far from unhappy, especially since as a handsome and attractive only son he was idolized by his mother and his two sisters.

With the aid of his wealthy uncles, Hawthorne attended Bowdoin College from 1821 to 1825. Among his classmates were poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (1807-1882), and future U.S. president Franklin Pierce (1804-1869). At Bowdoin, Hawthorne read widely and received solid

instruction in English composition and the classics, particularly in Latin. His refusal to participate in public speaking prevented his achievement of an outstanding academic record, but he was in good standing. On one occasion he was fined 50 cents for gambling at cards, but his behavior was not otherwise singled out for official disapproval. Though small and isolated, the Bowdoin of the 1820s was an unusually good college, and Hawthorne undoubtedly profited from his formal education. He also made loyal friends.

Years in seclusion

Returning from Bowdoin, Hawthorne spent the years 1825 to 1837 in his mother's Salem household. Later he looked back upon these years as a period of dreamlike isolation and solitude, spent in a haunted room. During these "solitary years" he learned to write tales and sketches that are still unique.

Recent biographers have shown that this period of Hawthorne's life was less lonely than he remembered it to be. In truth, he did have social engagements, played cards, and went to the theatre. Nevertheless, he consistently remembered these twelve years as a strange, dark dream, though his view of the influence of these years varied.

Writing short stories

Most of Hawthorne's early stories were published anonymously (without an author's name) in magazines and giftbooks. In 1837 the publication of Twice-Told Tales somewhat lifted this spell of darkness. After Twice-Told Tales he added two later collections, Mosses from an Old Manse (1846) and The Snow-Image (1851), along with Grandfather's Chair (1841), a history of New England for children. Hawthorne's short stories came slowly but steadily into critical favor, and the best of them have become American classics.

By his own account it was Hawthorne's love of his Salem neighbor Sophia Peabody that brought him from his "haunted chamber" out into the world. His books were far from profitable enough to support a wife and family, so in 1838 he went to work in the Boston Custom House and then spent part of 1841 in the famous Brook Farm community in hopes of finding a pleasant and economical home for Sophia and himself.

Hawthorne and Sophia, whom he finally married in 1842, resorted not to Brook Farm but to the Old Manse in Concord, Massachusetts, where they spent several years of happiness in as much quiet living as they could achieve. Concord was home to Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882), Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862), and Ellery Channing (1780-1842), and Hawthorne was in frequent contact with these important thinkers, though he did not take to their philosophical lifestyles.

Writing the novels

Facing the world once more, Hawthorne obtained in 1846 the position of surveyor (one who maps out new lands) in the Salem Custom House, but was relieved of this position in 1848 because of his political ties. His dismissal, however, turned out to be a blessing, since it gave him time in which to write his greatest success, The Scarlet Letter.

The period 1850 to 1853 was Hawthorne's most productive, as he wrote The House of the Seven Gables and The Blithedale Romance, along with A Wonder Book (1852) and Tanglewood Tales (1853). During 1850 the Hawthornes lived at the Red House in Lenox in the Berkshire Hills, and Hawthorne formed a memorable friendship with novelist Herman Melville (1819-1912). The association was more important to Melville than to Hawthorne, since Melville was fifteen years younger and the much more impressionable (easily influenced) of the two men. It left its mark in dedication of his Moby-Dick, and in some wonderful letters.

Years abroad

In 1852 Franklin Pierce was elected president of the United States, and Hawthorne, who wrote his campaign biography, was appointed to the important overseas post of American consul (advisor) at Liverpool, England. He served in this post from 1853 to 1857. These English years resulted in Our Old Home (1863), a volume drawn from the since-published "English Note-Books."

In 1857 the Hawthornes left England for Italy, where they spent their time primarily in Rome and Florence. They returned to England, where Hawthorne finished his last and longest complete novel, The Marble Faun (1860). They finally returned to the United States, after an absence of seven years, and took up residence in their first permanent home, The Wayside, at Concord.

Last years

Although he had always been an exceptionally active man, Hawthorne's health began to fail him. Since he refused to submit to any thorough medical examination, the details of his declining health remain mysterious. Hawthorne died on May 19, 1864. He had set off for the New Hampshire hills with Franklin Pierce, an activity he had always enjoyed, hoping to regain his health. But he died the second night in Plymouth, New Hampshire, presumably in his sleep.

Hawthorne once said that New England was enough to fill his heart, yet he sought the broader experience of Europe. Modest in expectations, he had nonetheless desired to live fully. Hawthorne's life and writings present a complex puzzle. A born writer, he suffered the difficulties of his profession in early-nineteenth-century America, an environment unfriendly to artists.

For More Information

Bloom, Harold, ed. Nathaniel Hawthorne. New York: Chelsea House, 1986.

Mellow, James R. Nathaniel Hawthorne in His Times. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1980. Reprint, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998.

Miller, Edward Haviland. Salem Is My Dwelling Place. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1991.

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Born: July 4, 1804 Salem, Massachusetts Died: May 19, 1864 Plymouth, New Hampshire American writer The work of American fiction writer Nathaniel Hawthorne was based on the history of his Puritan ancestors and the New England of his own day. Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter and The House of the Seven Gables are classics of American literature.

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*1947-1991

-people were so scared for spies to be in thier country, that they did a background check on all the civilians.

This man, Joseph McCarthy, which this timeline is named after, actually told everyone that he was their only hope to stoping these spies and this situation.

Cite~https://drive.google.com/file/d/1CIv_I3G9_iJlVIEpOJ8zXqoFi4UlPaHj/view

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*1950's mainly

-Basically the search of communinists in the the community to proctect government and state. This term of McCarthyism is stilled used in modern time today to display political discourse.

Cite- https://www.britannica.com/event/McCarthyism

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McCarthyism, name given to the period of time in American history that saw U.S. Sen. Joseph McCarthy of Wisconsin produce a series of investigations and hearings during the 1950s in an effort to expose supposed communist infiltration of various areas of the U.S. government. The term has since become a byname for defamation of character or reputation by means of widely publicized indiscriminate allegations, especially on the basis of unsubstantiated charges.

McCarthy was elected to the Senate in 1946 and rose to prominence in 1950 when he claimed in a speech in Wheeling, West Virginia, that 57 communists had infiltrated the State Department, adding:

One thing to remember in discussing the Communists in our government is that we are not dealing with spies who get thirty pieces of silver to steal the blueprints of a new weapon. We are dealing with a far more sinister type of activity because it permits the enemy to guide and shape our policy.

McCarthy's subsequent search for communists in the Central Intelligence Agency, the State Department, and elsewhere made him an incredibly polarizing figure. After McCarthy's reelection in 1952, he obtained the chairmanship of the Committee on Government Operations of the Senate and of its Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations. For the next two years he was constantly in the spotlight, investigating various government departments and questioning innumerable witnesses about their suspected communist affiliations. Although he failed to make a plausible case against anyone, his colourful and cleverly presented accusations drove some persons out of their jobs and brought popular condemnation to others.

McCarthyism both reached its peak and began its decline during the "McCarthy hearings": 36 days of televised investigative hearings led by McCarthy in 1954. After first calling hearings to investigate possible espionage at the Army Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories in Fort Monmouth, New Jersey, the junior senator turned his communist-chasing committee's attention to an altogether different matter, the question of whether the Army had promoted a dentist who had refused to answer questions for the Loyalty Security Screening Board. The hearings reached their climax when McCarthy suggested that the Army's lawyer, Joseph Welch, had employed a man who at one time had belonged to a communist front group. Welch's rebuke to the senator-"Have you no sense of decency, sir, at long last? Have you left no sense of decency?"-discredited McCarthy and helped to turn the tide of public opinion against him. Moreover, McCarthy was also eventually undermined significantly by the incisive and skillful criticism of a journalist, Edward R. Murrow. Murrow's devastating television editorial about McCarthy, carried out on his show, See It Now, cemented him as the premier journalist of the time. McCarthy was censured for his conduct by the Senate, and in 1957 he died. While McCarthyism proper ended with the senator's downfall, the term still has currency in modern political discourse.

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McCarthyism | Definition, History, & Facts

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McCarthyism, name given to the period of the 1950s when Senator Joseph McCarthy produced a series of investigations and hearings in an effort to expose supposed communist infiltration of the U.S. government. McCarthyism reached its peak and began its decline during the Army-McCarthy hearings in 1954.

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I don't think this author should be here because he seems to only deliver innapropreate work.

1. I was looking at another cite before this one, but it seemed to have innapropreate content about this man, so, I left but found it only basically confirmed in this article. This author sadly had a lot of issues in the world of homeosexuality and nudity.

2. "Leaves of Grass" was one of his first published works but was considered indecent.

3. His mother's death effected him greatly.

Cite: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Walt-Whitman

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Week 16, day 2.

Not sure where he bases himself with Jesus or not, but we pray for him.

#1. The video that made him go viral was about his poetry named, "Why I Hate School But Love Education."

#2. His poetry has seeped into the artistry of music and have done much work with many artists.

#3. he wants to inspire many children to come reach for their dreams even if it seems impossible.

Link-https://sulibreaks.com/bio/

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Week 17, day 2:

1. She is well known for her work of her book, "Little Women."

2. She used to write under different names before committing and usuing her real name to identify her books.

3. She had many different short stories (under different names), her most famous book, and other novels (though just not as popular/well known).

Link-https://www.biography.com/authors-writers/louisa-may-alcott

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Mark Twain
-Huckleberry Finn

Jack London
-Call of the Wild
-"To Build a Fire"

Stephen Crane
-"The Open Boat"

Ambrose Bierce
-"An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge"

Kate Chopin
-"Story of an Hour"
-The Awakening

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1. Feelings of disillusionment.
2. Common subjects: slums of rapidly growing cities, factories replacing farmlands, poor factory workers, corrupt politicians.
3. Represented the manner and environment of everyday life and ordinary people as realistically as possible (Regionalism).
4. Sought to explain behavior (psychologically/socially).

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Try to be realistic in their work and base it of on real facts and the opposite of romanticism. For example, they would say that David had no chance against Goliath, but romanticism would still say David could do it (in reality, God was on his side that's why the attack against Goliath prevailed).

Link:https://americanliterature.com/realism-study-guide/#google_vignette

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The Reconstruction happened because, after the civil war, people wanted to sort the issues that the war didn't. So, the determination behind slavery, white or black supremacy, and working better together was accounted for. People tried to fix this, and not all worked out, but aggressive white communities fought back. Wanting to get rights for everyone, including the black community, was included in this reconstructing era. (I would say, in short summary).

Link-https://www.britannica.com/event/Reconstruction-United-States-history

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What was the Reconstruction era?

Reconstruction, in U.S. history, the period (1865-77) that followed the American Civil War and during which attempts were made to redress the inequities of slavery and its political, social, and economic legacy and to solve the problems arising from the readmission to the Union of the 11 states that had seceded at or before the outbreak of war. Long portrayed by many historians as a time when vindictive Radical Republicans fastened Black supremacy upon the defeated Confederacy, Reconstruction has since the late 20th century been viewed more sympathetically as a laudable experiment in interracial democracy. Reconstruction witnessed far-reaching changes in America's political life. At the national level, new laws and constitutional amendments permanently altered the federal system and the definition of American citizenship. In the South, a politically mobilized Black community joined with white allies to bring the Republican Party to power, and with it a redefinition of the responsibilities of government.

Origins of Reconstruction

The national debate over Reconstruction began during the Civil War. In December 1863, less than a year after he issued the Emancipation Proclamation, Pres. Abraham Lincoln announced the first comprehensive program for Reconstruction, the Ten Percent Plan. Under it, when one-tenth of a state's prewar voters took an oath of loyalty, they could establish a new state government. To Lincoln, the plan was an attempt to weaken the Confederacy rather than a blueprint for the postwar South. It was put into operation in parts of the Union-occupied Confederacy, but none of the new governments achieved broad local support. In 1864 Congress enacted (and Lincoln pocket vetoed) the Wade-Davis Bill, which proposed to delay the formation of new Southern governments until a majority of voters had taken a loyalty oath. Some Republicans were already convinced that equal rights for the former slaves had to accompany the South's readmission to the Union. In his last speech, on April 11, 1865, Lincoln, referring to Reconstruction in Louisiana, expressed the view that some Blacks-the "very intelligent" and those who had served in the Union army-ought to enjoy the right to vote.

Presidential Reconstruction

Following Lincoln's assassination in April 1865, Andrew Johnson became president and inaugurated the period of Presidential Reconstruction (1865-67). Johnson offered a pardon to all Southern whites except Confederate leaders and wealthy planters (although most of these subsequently received individual pardons), restoring their political rights and all property except slaves. He also outlined how new state governments would be created. Apart from the requirement that they abolish slavery, repudiate secession, and abrogate the Confederate debt, these governments were granted a free hand in managing their affairs. They responded by enacting the Black codes, laws that required African Americans to sign yearly labour contracts and in other ways sought to limit the freedmen's economic options and reestablish plantation discipline. African Americans strongly resisted the implementation of these measures, and they seriously undermined Northern support for Johnson's policies.

When Congress assembled in December 1865, Radical Republicans such as Rep. Thaddeus Stevens of Pennsylvania and Sen. Charles Sumner from Massachusetts called for the establishment of new Southern governments based on equality before the law and universal male suffrage. But the more numerous moderate Republicans hoped to work with Johnson while modifying his program. Congress refused to seat the representatives and senators elected from the Southern states and in early 1866 passed the Freedmen's Bureau and Civil Rights Bills. The first extended the life of an agency Congress had created in 1865 to oversee the transition from slavery to freedom. The second defined all persons born in the United States as national citizens, who were to enjoy equality before the law.

A combination of personal stubbornness, fervent belief in states' rights, and racist convictions led Johnson to reject these bills, causing a permanent rupture between himself and Congress. The Civil Rights Act became the first significant legislation in American history to become law over a president's veto. Shortly thereafter, Congress approved the Fourteenth Amendment, which put the principle of birthright citizenship into the Constitution and forbade states to deprive any citizen of the "equal protection" of the laws. Arguably the most important addition to the Constitution other than the Bill of Rights, the amendment constituted a profound change in federal-state relations. Traditionally, citizens' rights had been delineated and protected by the states. Thereafter, the federal government would guarantee all Americans' equality before the law against state violation.

In the fall 1866 congressional elections, Northern voters overwhelmingly repudiated Johnson's policies. Congress decided to begin Reconstruction anew. The Reconstruction Acts of 1867 divided the South into five military districts and outlined how new governments, based on manhood suffrage without regard to race, were to be established. Thus began the period of Radical or Congressional Reconstruction, which lasted until the end of the last Southern Republican governments in 1877.

By 1870 all the former Confederate states had been readmitted to the Union, and nearly all were controlled by the Republican Party. Three groups made up Southern Republicanism. Carpetbaggers, or recent arrivals from the North, were former Union soldiers, teachers, Freedmen's Bureau agents, and businessmen. The second large group, scalawags, or native-born white Republicans, included some businessmen and planters, but most were nonslaveholding small farmers from the Southern up-country. Loyal to the Union during the Civil War, they saw the Republican Party as a means of keeping Confederates from regaining power in the South.

In every state, African Americans formed the overwhelming majority of Southern Republican voters. From the beginning of Reconstruction, Black conventions and newspapers throughout the South had called for the extension of full civil and political rights to African Americans. Composed of those who had been free before the Civil War plus slave ministers, artisans, and Civil War veterans, the Black political leadership pressed for the elimination of the racial caste system and the economic uplifting of the former slaves. Sixteen African Americans served in Congress during Reconstruction-including Hiram Revels and Blanche K. Bruce in the U.S. Senate-more than 600 in state legislatures, and hundreds more in local offices from sheriff to justice of the peace scattered across the South. So-called "Black supremacy" never existed, but the advent of African Americans in positions of political power marked a dramatic break with the country's traditions and aroused bitter hostility from Reconstruction's opponents.

Serving an expanded citizenry, Reconstruction governments established the South's first state-funded public school systems, sought to strengthen the bargaining power of plantation labourers, made taxation more equitable, and outlawed racial discrimination in public transportation and accommodations. They also offered lavish aid to railroads and other enterprises in the hope of creating a "New South" whose economic expansion would benefit Blacks and whites alike. But the economic program spawned corruption and rising taxes, alienating increasing numbers of white voters.

Meanwhile, the social and economic transformation of the South proceeded apace. To Blacks, freedom meant independence from white control. Reconstruction provided the opportunity for African Americans to solidify their family ties and to create independent religious institutions, which became centres of community life that survived long after Reconstruction ended. The former slaves also demanded economic independence. Blacks' hopes that the federal government would provide them with land had been raised by Gen. William T. Sherman's Field Order No. 15 of January 1865, which set aside a large swath of land along the coast of South Carolina and Georgia for the exclusive settlement of Black families, and by the Freedmen's Bureau Act of March, which authorized the bureau to rent or sell land in its possession to former slaves. But President Johnson in the summer of 1865 ordered land in federal hands to be returned to its former owners. The dream of "40 acres and a mule" was stillborn. Lacking land, most former slaves had little economic alternative other than resuming work on plantations owned by whites. Some worked for wages, others as sharecroppers, who divided the crop with the owner at the end of the year. Neither status offered much hope for economic mobility. For decades, most Southern Blacks remained propertyless and poor.

Nonetheless, the political revolution of Reconstruction spawned increasingly violent opposition from white Southerners. White supremacist organizations that committed terrorist acts, such as the Ku Klux Klan, targeted local Republican leaders for beatings or assassination. African Americans who asserted their rights in dealings with white employers, teachers, ministers, and others seeking to assist the former slaves also became targets. At Colfax, Louisiana, in 1873, scores of Black militiamen were killed after surrendering to armed whites intent on seizing control of local government. Increasingly, the new Southern governments looked to Washington, D.C., for assistance.

By 1869 the Republican Party was firmly in control of all three branches of the federal government. After attempting to remove Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton, in violation of the new Tenure of Office Act, Johnson had been impeached by the House of Representatives in 1868. Although the Senate, by a single vote, failed to remove him from office, Johnson's power to obstruct the course of Reconstruction was gone. Republican Ulysses S. Grant was elected president that fall ( see United States presidential election of 1868). Soon afterward, Congress approved the Fifteenth Amendment, prohibiting states from restricting the right to vote because of race. Then it enacted a series of Enforcement Acts authorizing national action to suppress political violence. In 1871 the administration launched a legal and military offensive that destroyed the Klan. Grant was reelected in 1872 in the most peaceful election of the period.

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Reconstruction | Definition, Summary, Timeline & Facts

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Reconstruction, the period (1865-77) after the American Civil War during which attempts were made to redress the inequities of slavery and its political, social, and economic legacy and to solve the problems arising from the readmission to the Union of the 11 states that had seceded.

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1861-1865

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1865-1877

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Three interesting facts:

1. Specialized in thrillers and science fiction.

2. his story, "Time and time again," that got him his following.

3 suspiciously enough, his book became a, 'cult favorite.' Whatever that might mean, he does not seem like a very great author with this.

https://www.goodreads.com/author/show/6944.Jack_Finney

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Three interesting facts:

1 'The House on Mango Street,' was her best seller and got her the National Medal of Arts by the president.

2 she has two degrees from college.

3 She is Hispanic but born in Chicago, and because of this, her writings are both in Spanish and English, and her writings were native to here culture in a different culture not of her own (seemed seemingly strange to others, I think).

https://www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/biographies/sandra-cisneros

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sandra-Cisneros

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Lorraine Hansberry
-A Raisin in the Sun

F. Scott Fitzgerald
-The Great Gatsby

William Faulkner
-"A Rose for Emily"

Eudora Welty
-"A Worn Path"

Robert Frost
-poetry

T. S. Eliot
-The Waste Land
-"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock"

John Steinbeck
-Of Mice and Men
-The Grapes of Wrath

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1. Sense of disillusionment and loss of faith in the "American Dream": the independent, self-reliant, individual will triumph.
2. Emphasis on bold experimentation in style and form over the traditional.
3. Interest in the inner workings of the human mind (ex. Stream of consciousness).

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How did World War I transpire later on into World War II?

To summarize what we have been learning in our history class, World War II broke because of the debt that was placed on Germany and what they were forced to pay. Enraged Germany will do a lot to get this back and not have to pay. And extra source for timelines and more information is here.

Link:https://www.britannica.com/event/World-War-I

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World War I, an international conflict that in 1914-18 embroiled most of the nations of Europe along with Russia, the United States, the Middle East, and other regions. The war pitted the Central Powers-mainly Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Turkey-against the Allies-mainly France, Great Britain, Russia, Italy, Japan, and, from 1917, the United States. It ended with the defeat of the Central Powers. The war was virtually unprecedented in the slaughter, carnage, and destruction it caused.

World War I was one of the great watersheds of 20th-century geopolitical history. It led to the fall of four great imperial dynasties (in Germany, Russia, Austria-Hungary, and Turkey), resulted in the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia, and, in its destabilization of European society, laid the groundwork for World War II.

The last surviving veterans of World War I were American serviceman Frank Buckles (died in February 2011), British-born Australian serviceman Claude Choules (died in May 2011), and British servicewoman Florence Green (died in February 2012), the last surviving veteran of the war.

The outbreak of war

With Serbia already much aggrandized by the two Balkan Wars (1912-13, 1913), Serbian nationalists turned their attention back to the idea of "liberating" the South Slavs of Austria-Hungary. Colonel Dragutin Dimitrijević, head of Serbia's military intelligence, was also, under the alias "Apis," head of the secret society Union or Death, pledged to the pursuit of this pan-Serbian ambition. Believing that the Serbs' cause would be served by the death of the Austrian archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir presumptive to the Austrian emperor Franz Joseph, and learning that the Archduke was about to visit Bosnia on a tour of military inspection, Apis plotted his assassination. Nikola Pašić, the Serbian prime minister and an enemy of Apis, heard of the plot and warned the Austrian government of it, but his message was too cautiously worded to be understood.

At 11:15 am on June 28, 1914, in the Bosnian capital, Sarajevo, Franz Ferdinand and his morganatic wife, Sophie, duchess of Hohenberg, were shot dead by a Bosnian Serb, Gavrilo Princip. The chief of the Austro-Hungarian general staff, Franz, Graf (count) Conrad von Hötzendorf, and the foreign minister, Leopold, Graf von Berchtold, saw the crime as the occasion for measures to humiliate Serbia and so to enhance Austria-Hungary's prestige in the Balkans. Conrad had already (October 1913) been assured by William II of Germany's support if Austria-Hungary should start a preventive war against Serbia. This assurance was confirmed in the week following the assassination, before William, on July 6, set off upon his annual cruise to the North Cape, off Norway.

The Austrians decided to present an unacceptable ultimatum to Serbia and then to declare war, relying on Germany to deter Russia from intervention. Though the terms of the ultimatum were finally approved on July 19, its delivery was postponed to the evening of July 23, since by that time the French president, Raymond Poincaré, and his premier, René Viviani, who had set off on a state visit to Russia on July 15, would be on their way home and therefore unable to concert an immediate reaction with their Russian allies. When the delivery was announced, on July 24, Russia declared that Austria-Hungary must not be allowed to crush Serbia.

Serbia replied to the ultimatum on July 25, accepting most of its demands but protesting against two of them-namely, that Serbian officials (unnamed) should be dismissed at Austria-Hungary's behest and that Austro-Hungarian officials should take part, on Serbian soil, in proceedings against organizations hostile to Austria-Hungary. Though Serbia offered to submit the issue to international arbitration, Austria-Hungary promptly severed diplomatic relations and ordered partial mobilization.

Home from his cruise on July 27, William learned on July 28 how Serbia had replied to the ultimatum. At once he instructed the German Foreign Office to tell Austria-Hungary that there was no longer any justification for war and that it should content itself with a temporary occupation of Belgrade. But, meanwhile, the German Foreign Office had been giving such encouragement to Berchtold that already on July 27 he had persuaded Franz Joseph to authorize war against Serbia. War was in fact declared on July 28, and Austro-Hungarian artillery began to bombard Belgrade the next day. Russia then ordered partial mobilization against Austria-Hungary, and on July 30, when Austria-Hungary was riposting conventionally with an order of mobilization on its Russian frontier, Russia ordered general mobilization. Germany, which since July 28 had still been hoping, in disregard of earlier warning hints from Great Britain, that Austria-Hungary's war against Serbia could be "localized" to the Balkans, was now disillusioned insofar as eastern Europe was concerned. On July 31 Germany sent a 24-hour ultimatum requiring Russia to halt its mobilization and an 18-hour ultimatum requiring France to promise neutrality in the event of war between Russia and Germany.

Both Russia and France predictably ignored these demands. On August 1 Germany ordered general mobilization and declared war against Russia, and France likewise ordered general mobilization. The next day Germany sent troops into Luxembourg and demanded from Belgium free passage for German troops across its neutral territory. On August 3 Germany declared war against France.

In the night of August 3-4 German forces invaded Belgium. Thereupon, Great Britain, which had no concern with Serbia and no express obligation to fight either for Russia or for France but was expressly committed to defend Belgium, on August 4 declared war against Germany.

Austria-Hungary declared war against Russia on August 5; Serbia against Germany on August 6; Montenegro against Austria-Hungary on August 7 and against Germany on August 12; France and Great Britain against Austria-Hungary on August 10 and on August 12, respectively; Japan against Germany on August 23; Austria-Hungary against Japan on August 25 and against Belgium on August 28.

Romania had renewed its secret anti-Russian alliance of 1883 with the Central Powers on February 26, 1914, but now chose to remain neutral. Italy had confirmed the Triple Alliance on December 7, 1912, but could now propound formal arguments for disregarding it: first, Italy was not obliged to support its allies in a war of aggression; second, the original treaty of 1882 had stated expressly that the alliance was not against England.

On September 5, 1914, Russia, France, and Great Britain concluded the Treaty of London, each promising not to make a separate peace with the Central Powers. Thenceforth, they could be called the Allied, or Entente, powers, or simply the Allies.

The outbreak of war in August 1914 was generally greeted with confidence and jubilation by the peoples of Europe, among whom it inspired a wave of patriotic feeling and celebration. Few people imagined how long or how disastrous a war between the great nations of Europe could be, and most believed that their country's side would be victorious within a matter of months. The war was welcomed either patriotically, as a defensive one imposed by national necessity, or idealistically, as one for upholding right against might, the sanctity of treaties, and international morality.

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World War I | History, Summary, Causes, Combatants, Casualties, Map, & Facts

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World War I, international conflict that in 1914-18 embroiled most of the nations of Europe along with Russia, the U.S., the Middle East, and other regions. It led to the fall of four great imperial dynasties and, in its destabilization of European society, laid the groundwork for World War II.

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The church during this time of the Great depression gained a lot more understanding and seemed to stay strong in its active members. Recourses and money took a plunge, but the church body remained stable. There were even some churches that grew in number; I'm for people looking for an answer, or God in this situation. And this article doesn't say too much, but I know for solid FACT that God was, is, and will always be there for us no matter what we go through. I might not agree with everything said in his article (it is an outside source after all), but we know that the church is still here today, so, it survived because Jesus Christ is True and still lives today. Hallelujah!

Link:https://www.christianitytoday.com/2008/10/jesus-and-great-depression/

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1914-1918

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1929-1939

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1939-1945

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The American Dream, 20's. Interesting fact #1

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The American Dream, 20's. Interesting fact #1

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"America First," was an important presidential slogan, but later on became a racial argument and what seemed to be a fascist group that marches to the slogan. These times of the "American Dream" were supposed to be of justice and equality, but later on became of success in wealth. The meaning and symbolism go lost along the way, like many other slogans before. These two phrase budded heads later on in the liberal and cultural side of it, I would say. (Short description)

link- https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/behold-america-american-dream-slogan-book-sarah-churchwell-180970311/

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Stop any American on the street and they'll have a definition of the "American Dream" for you, and they'll probably have a strong opinion about the slogan "America First," too.

But how did Americans develop their understanding of these slogans? What did they mean when coined and how do the meanings today reflect those histories? That's the subject of Sarah Churchwell's upcoming book, Behold, America, out October 9. Introduced more than a century ago, the concepts of "American Dream" and "America First" quickly became intertwined with race, capitalism, democracy, and with each other. Through extensive research, Churchwell traces the evolution of the phrases to show how the history has morphed the meaning of the "American Dream" and how different figures and groups appropriated "America First."

A Chicago native now living in the United Kingdom, Churchwell is a professor of American literature and public understanding of the humanities at the University of London. She spoke with Smithsonian.com about the unfamiliar origins of two familiar phrases.

As a presidential candidate, Donald Trump used the slogan "America First," which many people traced to Charles Lindbergh in the 1940s. But you trace its origin even further back.
I found the earliest use of the phrase as a Republican slogan in the 1880s, but it didn't enter the national discussion until 1915, when Woodrow Wilson used it in a speech arguing for neutrality in World War I. That isn't the same as isolationism, but the phrase got taken up by isolationists.

Wilson was treading a very fine line, where there were genuine and legitimate conflicting interests. He said he thought America would be first, not in the selfish spirit, but first to be in Europe to help whichever side won. Not to take sides, but to be there to promote justice and to help rebuild after the conflict. That was what he was trying to say in 1915.

"America First" was the campaign slogan not only of Wilson in 1916, but also of his Republican opponent. They both ran on an "America First" platform. Harding [a Republican] ran on an "America First" platform in 1920. When [Republican President Calvin] Coolidge ran, one of his slogans was "America First" in 1924. These were presidential slogans, it was really prominent, and it was everywhere in the political conversation.
How did "America First" become appropriated to have a racist connotation?
When Mussolini took power in November 1922, the word "fascism" entered the American political conversation. People were trying to understand what this new thing "fascism" was. Around the same time, between 1915 and the mid 1920s, the Second Klan was on the rise.

Across the country, people explained the Klan, "America First" and fascism in terms of each other. If they were trying to explain what Mussolini was up to, they would say, "It's basically 'America First,' but in Italy."

The Klan instantly declared "America First" one of its most prominent slogans. They would march with [it on] banners, they would carry it in parades, they ran advertisements saying they were the only "America First" society. They even claimed to hold the copyright. (That wasn't true.)

By the 1930s, "America First" stopped being a presidential slogan, and it began to be claimed by extremist, far-right groups and who were self-styled American Fascist groups, like the German American Bund and the Klan. When the America First Committee was formed in 1940, it became a magnet that attracted all of these far-right groups that had already affiliated themselves with the idea. The story about Lindbergh and the Committee suggests that the phrase cropped out of nowhere, but that just isn't the case.
You found that the backstory of "the American Dream" is also misunderstood.
"The American Dream" has always been about the prospect of success, but 100 years ago, the phrase meant the opposite of what it does now. The original "American Dream" was not a dream of individual wealth; it was a dream of equality, justice and democracy for the nation. The phrase was repurposed by each generation, until the Cold War, when it became an argument for a consumer capitalist version of democracy. Our ideas about the "American Dream" froze in the 1950s. Today, it doesn't occur to anybody that it could mean anything else.
How did wealth go from being seen as a threat to the "American Dream" to being an integral part of it?
The "American Dream" really starts off with the Progressive Era. It takes hold as people are talking about reacting to the first Gilded Age when the robber barons are consolidating all this power. You see people saying that a millionaire was a fundamentally un-American concept. It was seen as anti-democratic because it was seen as inherently unequal.

1931 was when it became a national catch phrase. That was thanks to the historian James Truslow Adams who wrote The Epic of America, in which he was trying to diagnose what had gone wrong with America in the depths of the Great Depression. He said that America had gone wrong in becoming too concerned with material well-being and forgetting the higher dreams and the higher aspiration that the country had been founded on.

[The phrase] was redefined in the 1950s, and seen as a strategy for soft power and for [commercializing] the "American Dream" abroad. It was certainly an "American Dream" of democracy, but it was a very specifically consumerist version that said "this is what the 'American Dream' will look like." By contrast with the earlier version, which was focused on the principles of liberal democracy, this was very much a free market version of that.
How do the two phrases fit together?
When I began this research, I didn't think of them as related. They both started to gain traction in the American political and cultural conversation discernibly around 1915. They then came into direct conflict in the late 1930s and early 1940s in the fight over entering World War II. In that debate, both phrases were prominent enough that they could become shorthand, where basically the "American Dream" was shorthand for liberal democracy and for those values of equality, justice, democracy, and "America First" was shorthand for appeasement, for complicity, and for being either an outright fascist or a Hitler sympathizer.

The echoes between 100 years ago and now are in many ways as powerful, if not more powerful, than the echoes between now and the post-war situation.

Why is the history of political slogans and clichés, like the "American Dream," so important? What happens when we don't understand the nuances of these phrases?
We find ourselves accepting received wisdoms, and those received wisdoms can be distorting and flat-out inaccurate. At best, they're reductive and oversimplifying. It's like the telephone game, the more it gets transmitted, the more information gets lost along the way and more you get a garbled version of, in this case, important understandings of the historical evolution and the debates surrounding our national value system.
Will these phrases continue to evolve?
"The American Dream" has long belonged to people on the right, but those on the left who are arguing for things like universal health care have a historical claim to the phrase, too. I hope that this history can be liberating to discover that these ideas that you think are so constricting, that they can only ever mean one thing-to realize that 100 years ago it meant the exact opposite.

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The Original Meanings of the "American Dream" and "America First" Were Starkly Different From How We Use Them Today

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A new book from historian Sarah Churchwell examines the etymologies of two ubiquitous phrases

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The American Dream, 20's. Interesting fact #2

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The American Dream, 20's. Interesting fact #2

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Economic boom happened this time around. New machines, new technology, more affluence- it all cased this boom. The Black community was also getting more involved with art, and there were still very poor communities out there as well. But this era was one of the biggest booms of this time that lead to even more growth forward. (In a short description of the 1920's). Was it big money or equality- American dream to them?

Link:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dv5nSgrTsPY

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Fascists groups formed a great deal during the 1930's. With wars going on, America's slogan, "America First," wasn't a presidential slogan anymore. It was rather used by these far-right fascist groups. The great depression also effected the people gravely during this time.

link-https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/behold-america-american-dream-slogan-book-sarah-churchwell-180970311/

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The term in the 1930's was for people to live a simpler and better life. Prosperity! It was believed to unite people for a better future, even in hard times like the Great Depression and the major stock crash. It was a hope, and they stayed in it!!

Link-https://www.reference.com/history-geography/american-dream-1930s-809757d5533c5a2a

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The American Dream kind of sky-rocketed coming out of World War II with people's hopes high and released that the fighting was done. During this time segregation was actually declared/ruled unconstitutional!

Link-https://interactive.aljazeera.com/aje/2017/the-people-vs-america/1940s.html

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It seemed religious ideas and works came a lot into this time of depression and warring. The American dream seemed far away and people didn't bring it up much anymore. Would it still be possible after all this damage? That was the question.

(This article lets you read a bit then ask to sign up/login, so, let me know if its still applicable or not please, thank you!)

Link: https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/04/upshot/the-transformation-of-the-american-dream.html

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The, "Baby Boom," of America was during this time period! The economy was boosted with its number, and America had the strongest military power among everyone else. This caused many of the children to be drafted though, and they didn't want to be. The Korean war broke out, and a more civil war back home in America because of drafting!

Link- https://www.history.com/topics/cold-war/1950s

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The Postwar Booms

Historians use the word "boom" to describe a lot of things about the 1950s: the booming economy, the booming suburbs and most of all the so-called "baby boom." This boom began in 1946, when a record number of babies-3.4 million-were born in the United States. About 4 million babies were born each year during the 1950s. In all, by the time the boom finally tapered off in 1964, there were almost 77 million "baby boomers."

After World War II ended, many Americans were eager to have children because they were confident that the future promised peace and prosperity. In many ways, they were right. Between 1945 and 1960, the gross national product more than doubled, growing from $200 billion to more than $500 billion, kicking off "the Golden Age of American Capitalism." Much of this increase came from government spending: The construction of interstate highways and schools, the distribution of veterans' benefits and most of all the increase in military spending-on goods like airplanes and new technologies like computers-all contributed to the decade's economic growth. Rates of unemployment and inflation were low, and wages were high. Middle-class people had more money to spend than ever-and, because the variety and availability of consumer goods expanded along with the economy, they also had more things to buy.

Moving to the Suburbs

The baby boom and the suburban boom went hand in hand. Almost as soon as World War II ended, developers such as William Levitt (whose "Levittowns" in New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania would become the most famous symbols of suburban life in the 1950s) began to buy land on the outskirts of cities and use mass production techniques to build modest, inexpensive tract houses there. The G.I. Bill subsidized low-cost mortgages for many returning soldiers, which meant that it was often cheaper to buy one of these suburban houses than it was to rent an apartment in the city.

These houses were perfect for young families-they had informal "family rooms," open floor plans and backyards-and so suburban developments earned nicknames like "Fertility Valley" and "The Rabbit Hutch."

Though the G.I. Bill helped white Americans prosper and accumulate wealth in the postwar years, it didn't deliver on that promise for veterans of color. In fact, the wide disparity in the bill's implementation ended up driving growing gaps in wealth, education and civil rights between white and Black Americans.

Suburban homes, meanwhile, weren't always so perfect for the (mostly white) women who lived in them. In fact, the booms of the 1950s had a particularly confining effect on many American women. Advice books and magazine articles ("Don't Be Afraid to Marry Young," "Cooking to Me Is Poetry," "Femininity Begins At Home") urged women to leave the workforce and embrace their roles as wives and mothers. The idea that a woman's most important job was to bear and rear children was hardly a new one, but it began to generate a great deal of dissatisfaction among women who yearned for a more fulfilling life. (In her 1963 book The Feminine Mystique, women's rights advocate Betty Friedan argued that the suburbs were "burying women alive.") This dissatisfaction, in turn, contributed to the rebirth of the feminist movement in the 1960s.

The Civil Rights Movement

A growing group of Americans spoke out against inequality and injustice during the 1950s. African Americans had been fighting against racial discrimination for centuries; during the 1950s, however, the struggle against racism and segregation entered the mainstream of American life. For example, in 1954, in the landmark Brown v. Board of Education case, the Supreme Court declared that "separate educational facilities" for black children were "inherently unequal." This ruling was the first nail in Jim Crow's coffin.

Many Southern whites resisted the Brown ruling. They withdrew their children from public schools and enrolled them in all-white "segregation academies," and they used violence and intimidation to prevent blacks from asserting their rights. In 1956, more than 100 Southern congressmen even signed a "Southern Manifesto" declaring that they would do all they could to defend segregation.

Despite these efforts, a new movement was born. In December 1955, a Montgomery activist named Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give her seat on a city bus to a white person. Her arrest sparked a 13-month boycott of the city's buses by its black citizens, which only ended when the bus companies stopped discriminating against Black passengers. Acts of "nonviolent resistance" like the boycott helped shape the civil rights movement of the next decade.

Did you know? When Rosa Parks died in 2005, she was the first woman to lie in honor in the Rotunda of the U.S. Capitol.

The Cold War & The Korean War

The tension between the United States and the Soviet Union, known as the Cold War, was another defining element of the 1950s. After World War II, Western leaders began to worry that the USSR had what one American diplomat called "expansive tendencies"; moreover, they believed that the spread of communism anywhere threatened democracy and capitalism everywhere. As a result, communism needed to be "contained"-by diplomacy, by threats or by force.

This policy is what drew American forces into the Korean War in July 1950. A month earlier, some 75,000 soldiers from the North Korean People's Army poured across the 38th parallel, the boundary between the Soviet-backed Democratic People's Republic of Korea to the north and the pro-Western Republic of Korea to the south. As far as American officials were concerned, fighting on behalf of the Republic of Korea was pushback against forces of international communism itself.

The United States never formally declared war on North Korea. Instead, President Harry Truman referred to the addition of ground troops as a "police action." The Korean War armistice, signed on July 27, 1953, drew a new border between North Korea and South Korea, granting South Korea some additional territory and demilitarizing the zone between the two nations.

Cold War tensions shaped domestic policy as well. Many people in the United States worried that communists, or "subversives," could destroy American society from the inside as well as from the outside. Between 1945 and 1952, Congress held 84 hearings designed to put an end to "un-American activities" in the federal government, in universities and public schools and even in Hollywood. These hearings did not uncover many treasonous activities-or even many communists-but it did not matter: Tens of thousands of Americans lost their jobs, as well as their families and friends, in the anti-communist "Red Scare" of the 1950s.

1950s Pop Culture

In the 1950s, televisions became something the average family could afford, and by 1950 4.4 million U.S. families had one in their home. The Golden Age of Television was marked by family-friendly shows like I Love Lucy, The Honeymooners, The Twilight Zone and Leave It To Beaver. In movie theaters, actors like John Wayne, James Stuart, Charlton Heston, Marlon Brando, Grace Kelly, Jerry Lewis, Dean Martin, Elizabeth Taylor and Marilyn Monroe dominated the box office. The Abstract Expressionism of Jackson Pollock and Willem de Kooning signaled a new age in art, paving the way for the Pop Art of artists like Andy Warhol in the 1960s.

1950s Music

Elvis Presley. Sam Cooke. Chuck Berry. Fats Domino. Buddy Holly. The 1950s saw the emergence of Rock 'n' Roll, and the new sound swept the nation. It helped inspire rockabilly music from Jerry Lee Lewis and Johnny Cash. People swayed to The Platters and The Drifters. Music marketing, changed, too: For the first time, music began to target youth.

On February 3, 1959, American musicians Buddy Holly. Ritchie Valens and J.P. Richardson died in a plane crash over Clear Lake, Iowa, in what became known as " The Day The Music Died "-an event immortalized in Don McLean's 1972 song "American Pie."

Shaping the 1960s

The booming prosperity of the 1950s helped to create a widespread sense of stability, contentment and consensus in the United States. However, that consensus was a fragile one, and it splintered for good during the tumultuous 1960s.

Sources

The Elvic Oracle. The New Yorker.
1950s Rock 'n' Roll. Rolling Stone.
The Day The Music Died. Biography.
The Fifties: The Way We Really Were. Douglas T. Miller and Marion Novak.

Fact Check

We strive for accuracy and fairness. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! HISTORY reviews and updates its content regularly to ensure it is complete and accurate.

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The 1950s - American Culture & Society | HISTORY

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During the 1950s, the United States was the world's strongest military power. Its economy was booming, and the fruits of this prosperity-new cars, suburban houses and other consumer goods-were available to more people than ever before. However, the 1950s also saw great conflict.

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Because World War II just ended, these were the years of optimism. They were no longer unsure of the American Dream, but lived in the golden ages of it being more achievable than ever! The war's aftermath, and the cold war that was still in the process, effected all of this. Technology advanced because of everything here. A big boom for America, will it be better now? That is the question for now.

Link: https://brilliantio.com/american-dream-1950s/

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The American Dream has been a dynamic and evolving concept throughout United States history, encapsulating the aspirations of countless individuals seeking success and prosperity. Originating from the ideals penned by James Truslow Adams in his 1931 book, "The Epic of America," the American Dream suggests that the country offers the unique possibility for upward mobility through hard work regardless of social class or origins.

In the 1950s, this concept took on a new dimension, reflecting the era's socio-economic landscape. The post-World War II boom in America brought about an era of unprecedented growth and prosperity, allowing more people than ever before to pursue higher standards of living and personal fulfillment. The 1950s in the United States are often nostalgically remembered as the golden years of the American Dream, where owning a home and securing a stable job were not just aspirations but achievable goals for a significant portion of the population.

Historical Context

In the 1950s, the United States emerged from World War II as a global superpower. The socio-economic dynamics of this era were heavily influenced by the war's aftermath, the ongoing Cold War, and a surge in economic prosperity, which, in turn, shaped the American Dream.

Post-World War II America

After World War II, America saw a significant shift in its societal structure. The G.I. Bill greatly contributed to this change, enabling veterans to get higher education and purchase homes, leading to the growth of the American middle class. This period was marked by a sense of optimism and an intense belief in personal betterment, which was reflected in the rising homeownership rates and the burgeoning of suburbs.

The Cold War's Influence

The Cold War posed new challenges in the political arena, fostering a climate of suspicion and the urgent need for technological advancements. The U.S. government responded with increased spending in defense and space technology, spurring innovations and creating numerous jobs. American history during this period was also characterized by the drive to showcase the country's superiority over the Soviet Union, linking national success to individual prosperity.

Economic Growth and the New Deal Legacy

Economic growth in the 1950s was robust, partly due to the foundational impacts of the New Deal policies established in response to the Great Depression. These government initiatives stimulated infrastructure development and government spending. However, such prosperity was not evenly distributed, as racial disparities and gender roles continued to limit the reach of this new-found wealth, illustrating that the American Dream was not yet attainable for all.

Societal Aspects

The 1950s in the United States saw remarkable shifts in society, influenced by a post-war population increase, evolving family structures, advances in education, and significant strides towards racial equality.

Baby Boom and Family Dynamics

The post-World War II era was characterized by a significant increase in births, known as the Baby Boom. This demographic expansion reshaped family dynamics, encouraging a traditional nuclear family model with distinct roles: men as breadwinners and women predominantly as homemakers.

Educational Developments and Schooling

With the Baby Boom came the need for expanded educational facilities. The 1950s experienced a surge in school construction to accommodate the influx of new students. These developments aimed to ensure that education was accessible to the rapidly growing population and that it would fortify the country's future workforce.

Race, Segregation, and the Civil Rights Movement

The decade was also a critical time for African Americans who fought against rampant segregation and discrimination. Monumental efforts by the Civil Rights Movement began to challenge the status quo, working towards a society where Black Americans and White Americans could achieve equal rights under the law.

Economic Dimensions

The 1950s in the United States are characterized by significant economic growth that expanded the middle class, led to increases in wages and employment, and fostered a culture of consumerism along with a surge in home ownership.

The Expansion of the Middle Class

The post-World War II era saw a remarkable boom in the American economy that led to the expansion of the middle class. Factors such as the GI Bill facilitated upward mobility, allowing veterans to pursue higher education and secure better jobs. Additionally, government investments in low-cost housing and infrastructure supported a growing suburban middle class.

Wage Growth and Employment Trends

During the 1950s, wages across various sectors saw considerable growth, bolstering the spending power of American families. Employment trends in this era were largely positive, with high demand for labor across the burgeoning industrial landscape of the United States. This period was marked by a low unemployment rate and stable job opportunities, further securing the economic foundation for many households.

Consumerism and Home Ownership

Consumerism became a key feature of the 1950s as more Americans had disposable income to spend on a range of products, from automobiles to household appliances. The nexus of consumerism intertwined with the ideal of home ownership, with the decade witnessing a housing boom. Suburban home construction escalated, partly due to federal policy, further cementing the reality of home ownership within the American Dream.

The convergence of these factors in the 1950s not only reshaped the American economy and social structure but also solidified the notion that financial success and domestic stability were within reach for a large segment of the population.

Cultural Impact

The 1950s were pivotal in shaping the American Dream, with cultural manifestations in media, music, and literature reinforcing and challenging societal norms. These expressions played a critical role in influencing perceptions of freedom and conformity within American society.

Media Influence and Movie Theaters

During the 1950s, movie theaters emerged as central hubs of American culture, acting as windows to a world shaped by technicolor dreams and on-screen role models. Actors like James Dean and Marilyn Monroe captivated audiences, portraying characters that both challenged and reinforced contemporary social norms. The increased presence of televisions in homes began to shift entertainment consumption habits, but movie theaters remained monumental in shaping public opinion and ideals of the American Dream.

Music, Elvis Presley, and Youth Culture

Music in the 1950s was marked by a seismic shift with the rise of rock 'n' roll, catalyzed by artists such as Elvis Presley. His influence extended beyond his gyrating hips; he became the voice of a generation seeking autonomy and freedom. Presley's impact was evident in the way he blended different musical styles, which reflected the era's gradual movement towards social integration and challenged the conformity seen in 1950s American society.

Literature and James Truslow Adams

It was historian James Truslow Adams who coined the term "the American Dream" in his book The Epic of America. His writings underscored the notion of America as a land of opportunity, where each person could attain their highest aspirations, regardless of social class. Literature of the 1950s often grappled with the balance between this idealized vision and the realities of a post-war world, reflecting a culture in the midst of evaluating its own values and identity.

Urban and Suburban Development

In the 1950s, American urban and suburban landscapes saw dramatic changes with the rise of suburban neighborhoods and the expansion of the interstate highway system. These developments greatly influenced housing trends and environmental policies.

Rise of Suburbs and Tract Housing

The postwar era witnessed an exponential growth of suburbia, marked by sprawling suburbs and tract housing. Tract housing, featuring the owner-occupied, single-family home model, became a dominant force as developers constructed large numbers of similar houses quickly and efficiently to meet the surging demand. These suburban developments often became the physical manifestations of the American dream, epitomized by communities such as Levittown.

Interstate Highways and Mobility

The Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956 initiated the creation of the interstate highway system, which drastically improved mobility and accessibility across the United States. This vast network of roads allowed for easier commuting from suburban areas to urban centers, facilitating a shift in population distribution and enabling a suburban lifestyle that emphasized personal vehicular travel over public transportation.

Environmental Concerns

As the suburbs and highway systems expanded, unforeseen environmental concerns began to surface. Urban sprawl led to more land being consumed for development, disrupting local ecosystems. Additionally, the increased reliance on automobiles heightened air pollution and began to raise questions about sustainable urban and suburban development.

Gender Roles and Equality

In the milieu of the 1950s, America grappled with rigid gender roles that often limited economic and social opportunities for women, restricting them primarily to the domestic sphere. This period laid the groundwork for a reevaluation of women's roles and the pursuit of equality, setting the stage for emergent feminist movements.

Women's Roles and Betty Friedan

During the 1950s, women were predominantly seen as homemakers and mothers, their contributions to society framed within the context of supporting their husbands and raising children. However, the publication of Betty Friedan's "The Feminine Mystique" in 1963 encapsulated the growing dissatisfaction among women. Friedan's work voiced the unspoken frustrations of many American women, who felt confined by limited roles and began to question the societal norms that so narrowly defined them.

Wages for women who did work were significantly lower than those of their male counterparts, reinforcing the notion that a woman's primary role was at home. Yet this decade saw the first whispers of what would become the clarion call for equality, as more women started to seek employment and financial independence.

Emerging Feminism and Work Opportunities

The 1950s set the stage for the emerging feminism of the 1960s and beyond. Women increasingly sought out work opportunities outside the home, driven by both economic necessity and a desire for personal fulfillment. Despite societal pressures to remain in domestic roles, women began entering the workforce in greater numbers, although they often faced occupation segregation and were typically employed in lower-paying, "feminine" jobs.

This era quietly laid the foundation for the women's liberation movement, as the experiences of working women exposed the disparities in treatment and pay. Even as society at large maintained traditional views, the stage was set for gender roles and the concept of equality to undergo significant evolutions in the decades to follow.

Policies and Legislation

The 1950s in the United States were characterized by significant policies and legislation that shaped the American Dream. These developments aimed to provide veterans with educational opportunities, to create affordable housing, and to address civil rights issues, marking a period of profound societal change.

G.I. Bill and Education

The Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944, widely known as the G.I. Bill, made a transformative impact on the U.S. education system. It provided veterans with access to free or subsidized higher education, which resulted in a surge of university enrollments. This educational boon fostered a generation of well-educated individuals, contributing to economic growth and upward mobility.

Housing Acts and Levittowns

William Levitt, deemed the father of modern American suburbia, capitalized on the demand for affordable housing by developing Levittowns. These were planned communities that offered economical yet comfortable housing, largely made possible by the Federal Housing Administration's support. Levitt's use of mass production techniques in building homes made homeownership attainable for many, facilitating the expansion of the suburbs.

Civil Rights and Societal Change

The 1950s also saw the beginning of the Civil Rights Movement, which sought to end racial segregation and discrimination. The Republican-led government passed several legislations in response to growing calls for democracy and equality. Although progress was uneven and slow, these efforts laid the groundwork for future civil rights advancements and signaled a commitment to societal change.

America in the Global Context

Following World War II, the United States emerged as an unparalleled global power with significant influence. America's narrative during the 1950s was not isolated; it was entwined with world events, reflecting its role in shaping and responding to international developments.

Economic and Military Superpower

The United States' economy boomed in the post-WWII era, leading to an age of unprecedented growth and prosperity. The combination of industrial might, technological advancement, and military strength positioned America as a dominant economic and military superpower. This period saw the implementation of the Marshall Plan, aiding in the reconstruction of Europe and cementing the U.S.'s role in global economic affairs.

Cultural Exchanges and Influence

During the 1950s, American culture extended its reach globally through music, cinema, and art, promoting the values associated with the American Dream. Jazz and rock 'n' roll became symbols of freedom and rebellion, often contrasting with the state-sponsored art of communist regions. This soft power allowed the U.S. to influence other societies without direct political or military intervention.

Confrontation with the Soviet Union

The ideological battle between the United States and the Soviet Union, known as the Cold War, escalated in the 1950s. President Harry Truman's policy of containment sought to limit the spread of communism. Notable confrontations included the Berlin Blockade and subsequent airlift, the Korean War, and the beginning of the arms race, highlighting the persistent tension between the two superpowers.

Legacy and Reflections

The 1950s marked a significant period for prosperity and the evolution of the American Dream. This section explores the era's impact, its relation to modern concepts of the dream, and the changing socioeconomic landscape through the lens of hindsight.

Looking Back at the 1950s

The decade of the 1950s is often characterized by a post-war boom, where homeownership and prosperity flourished. A heightened focus on family life and the ideal of suburban living marked the success of the American Dream during this time. For many, the dream meant a stable job, a home of one's own, and a bright future for one's children. The period's significance lingers, influencing perceptions of success and contentment in American society for subsequent generations.

The American Dream Today

In contrast to the 1950s, today's American Dream has diversified. It has evolved to encapsulate not just material wealth or homeownership but also personal fulfillment and career progression. However, challenges like poverty and economic disparity, particularly affecting millennials, have led to varying degrees of skepticism about the dream's attainability. Discussions surrounding the dream now often focus on the need for societal progress that bridges gaps and expands opportunities.

Comparisons with Modern Society

Comparatively, the modern American Dream has expanded beyond the bounds of the 1950s. Then, blue-collar workers often found that hard work directly correlated with a comfortable lifestyle and upward mobility. Now, the dream encompasses a more complex reality where technological advancements and globalization have redefined pathways to success. Yet, the foundational desire for prosperity endures, even as the means to achieve it undergo profound transformation.

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American Dream 1950s: Dissecting the Era of Optimism and Growth

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The American Dream has been a dynamic and evolving concept throughout United States history, encapsulating the aspirations of countless individuals seeking

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Harlem Renaissance ("The Jazz Age" "The Roaring 20s") 1920–1940. Famous Authors and Works:

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Harlem Renaissance ("The Jazz Age" "The Roaring 20s") 1920–1940. Famous Authors and Works:

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James Weldon Johnson

Claude McKay

Countee Cullen

Langston Hughes (poetry)

Zora Neale Hurston

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Harlem Renaissance ("The Jazz Age" "The Roaring 20s") 1920–1940.

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Harlem Renaissance ("The Jazz Age" "The Roaring 20s") 1920–1940.   Period Characteristics:

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Harlem Renaissance ("The Jazz Age" "The Roaring 20s") 1920–1940.   Period Characteristics:

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1. Black cultural movement in Harlem, New York
2.Some poetry rhythms based on spirituals and jazz, lyrics on the blues, and diction from the street talk of the ghettos
3. Other poetry used conventional lyrical forms

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Harlem Renaissance ("The Jazz Age" "The Roaring 20s") 1920–1940. Fact #1

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Harlem Renaissance ("The Jazz Age" "The Roaring 20s") 1920–1940. Fact #1

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So, these were termed the crazy decades by the French, for there was too much drinking going on and too little self-control between the people. Music was booming as well. This is why prohibition came and took a toll on the people- not more alcohol!! Christians should bring this back to protect the anointing, not continue to blend in with the world. Underground marketing for intoxication became a norm, all away from the eyes of the police and government! How sad, will be praying for them!! Thank You Jesus that you have prevented us from getting involved in this, we love You, Lord God!

Link- https://www.thecollector.com/the-roaring-twenties-jazz-age/

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A decade synonymous with profound political, economic, and social change in the western world, the Roaring Twenties was an iconic era. The masses basked in novelty and exuberance as they welcomed advances in technology, art, and culture. Across American and European cities, ideas, mindsets, behaviors, and consumer patterns began to undergo a transformation unlike any other. In the United States, where its effects were most pronounced, this period was called the Jazz Age. But it was the French who captured the 1920s in the most succinct manner - calling it the années folles, which literally means crazy years. True to its wild reputation, the 1920s represent a whirlwind decade that still roars and echoes in our ears today.

Liberation and Libation: A Toast to Freedom in the Roaring Twenties

Too much drinking and too little self-control - these were the two "evils" that made the 1920s in the US such a wild decade. A prelude to this was the ill-fated 18th Amendment in 1919 which prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of liquor in the US from 1920 - 1933. Prohibition operated on the belief that the ban could stop alcoholism, health issues, and social problems like family violence. But can the authorities really legislate morality in a progressive, post-war society? Clearly not. Instead of stopping people from consuming alcohol, the ban made them experts at procuring and indulging in them away from the privy eyes of the law. Alcoholics flocked to illicit bars and speakeasies that sprouted surreptitiously around the city. So long as alcohol-whether of good or poor quality-was available, revelers did not care whether it was a high-end social club or a dodgy basement of someone's apartment. Places like pharmacies and religious institutions where legal alcohol use was permitted also suddenly became popular locations among the healthy and the non-believers.

Those who were more desperate turned to black-market booze from the lucrative bootlegging industry run by organized crime syndicates. Large-scale interstate liquor smuggling, as well as territorial clashes between rival gangs, were commonplace during the Prohibition era. As organized crime thrived, the profits generated thanks to Prohibition laws were said to have contributed enormously to the wealth of notorious Italian-American crime syndicates based in New York. At a time where the law was governed by human nature, you could even offer law enforcement personnel "tips" in return for tipples. All throughout the Roaring Twenties, the drinking did not stop, not even when thousands were dying every year from consuming alcohol of poorer quality in larger quantities. In 1933, Prohibition laws were eventually repealed, but Americans could never seem to snooze when it came to the booze. They came, they drank, and they drank more and more.

Flapping Their Wings: G irls Run Wild and Free in the Roaring Twenties

The next Amendment that would significantly alter the course of American history was the 19th Amendment. Ratified in August 1920, the Amendment guaranteed women the right to vote, marking the successful crusade of the women's rights movement following years of agitation. In the November 1920 elections, over eight million American women went to the polls for the first time in history. Coupled with the prior exposure to the workforce during World War I, women made significant strides towards independence as they contemplated their changing role in society. Gone were the days where women were bound to old-fashioned housekeeping duties and supporting roles in the family. With newfound freedoms in a fast-changing society and traditions constantly being challenged, a gender revolution was underway, as womanhood was redefined.

It was under such promising circumstances when the " Flapper" was born. Carefree, boisterous, and stylish, a new generation of women began embracing a lifestyle characterized by public smoking, alcoholism, partying, and sexual freedom. Such a liberal mentality was also reflected in the appearances of the Flappers. They ditched their stifling corsets for lingerie that embraced a figure freed from old-fashioned beauty standards. They wore heavy make-up and popularised the short and carefree bobbed hairstyles that were thought to be too masculine. They donned revealing dresses with necklines so low it shocked the conservative society which was espousing Victorian ideals that were all too archaic for the modern woman.

Much to the disdain of their predecessors who viewed them as socially ill, these free-spirited women broke all the rules and danced their lives away throughout the 1920s. One of the most era-defining dances popularised by the Flappers was the Charleston. Rooted in African American origins, the Charleston involves swinging arms and swift feet movement in an uninhibited style characteristic of the Roaring Twenties. Across major US cities, the Flappers put on their best dancing shoes and dominated nightclubs, dance halls, and even large-scale dance marathons.

The Decade of Debauchery: A Little Party Never Killed Nobody

"The parties were bigger, the pace was faster, the buildings were higher, and the morals were looser". No writer has ever so succinctly captured the 1920s' zeitgeist as did the American writer F. Scott Fitzgerald. Set during the height of the Roaring Twenties, Fitzgerald's celebrated novel The Great Gatsby has been hailed as one of the finest masterpieces in American literature. Apart from being a set piece for high schoolers, the novel's enduring popularity lies in how it aptly encapsulated the era's prosperity and promiscuity. Indeed, the brimming exuberance of the 1920s inspired decadent lifestyles in the western world that were characterized by a culture of excess. In the US, we had the Flappers. Across the Atlantic Ocean in London, there were the Bright Young Things who might have well been the 1920s' embodiment of the present-day millennial lingo 'lit'.

The "Bright Young Things" was a name given to energetic, flamboyant youths from wealthy families whose thrill-seeking behaviors had gripped London in the 1920s. What started out as citywide scavenger hunts by bored, aristocratic girls evolved into theatrical dress parties characterized by drunk and disorderly behavior. Like the Flappers, excessive drinking, flippant drug use, as well as liberal attitudes towards sex and relationships defined the Bright Young Things. To some, this was the prelude to the cult of celebrity ever so pervasive today.

Throughout the 1920s, the Bright Young Things dominated London tabloids where reports of their outrageous behaviors and excessive lifestyles both fascinated and irritated the public. Sauntering down the streets in swimwear, mocking the idea of marriage with an elaborate, fake ceremony, and hosting a hedonistic red-and-white-themed party. These were just some antics that reeked of careless displays of privilege and wealth, to the disdain of Londoners struggling financially in the late 1920s. With increased public anger directed towards this debauched culture of excess, the shining light of the Bright Young Things gradually began to dim by the 1930s.

Charting the Changing Consumerism in the Roaring Twenties

In tandem with the culture of excess in the Roaring Twenties was the changing consumerism. Rapid urbanization and uninhibited economic growth created a mass culture fuelled by increased consumption and relentless advertising. Like their counterparts in France, Americans were spending on consumer goods such as clothes and cosmetics, and home appliances like radios and washing machines. They also enjoyed motion pictures from a newly emerging Hollywood, as movie-going soon became a popular and affordable national pastime.

But perhaps what would be at the core of consumer culture during this period would be the advent of automobiles. Affordable prices, along with the ease of obtaining credit, made it such that most Americans could purchase a car in the 1920s. Concurrently, advances in technology also meant that flying was no longer a pipedream, with commercial aviation made more accessible for the masses. Essentially, the unyielding pace of progress, coupled with technological advancements, saw the US ushering in an unprecedented era of economic prosperity during the Jazz Age.

Heralding the Jazz Age of Blossoming Art and Culture

Riding on economic prosperity, the Jazz Age was a time where arts and culture were flourishing with the emergence of now-iconic trends and styles. True to its name-coined by F. Scott Fitzgerald-the Jazz Age saw the emergence and widespread popularity of jazz music and dance. Despite its African American origins, jazz was a genre well-loved by Americans from all walks of life. A combination of factors led to the unprecedented rise of jazz as the soundtrack of the Roaring Twenties. First, the advent of radio and recording technology made jazz music accessible to all from the comfort of their homes. Secondly, jazz's upbeat tempo complemented the vibrant speakeasies and dance halls that were in full swing in the 1920s. Metaphorically as well, the enjoyment of jazz represented a paradigm shift in popular culture as youths rebelled against archaic social conventions from their parents' time.

Not only was the Jazz Age a golden age for jazz, but it was also when ground-breaking art movements like Dada, Surrealism, and most prominently, Art Deco flourished. Short for Arts Décoratifs, Art Deco with its ornamental designs, geometric shapes, and stylized look, originated in Paris and gained widespread popularity in the west and beyond. Its eclectic styles and rich colors had a major influence on architecture, design, and fashion in the 1920s. Concurrently, Dada and Surrealism emerged as popular art movements during this period. Though originating from Zurich and Paris respectively, Dada and Surrealism were similar in that they represented a radical shift from the convention. While Surrealism favored the elements of surprise, absurdity, and juxtaposition, Dada was a fervid response to World War I which promoted resistance to social conformity.

With the thriving arts scene in an era of unparalleled cultural blossoming, artists and writers alike gathered at popular cafés in New York, London, and Paris where they interacted with old and new counterparts. This created a vibrant café society culture which became the forefront of artistic and literary centers during the Jazz Age. Along the Rive Gauche in Montparnasse, Parisian cafés welcomed prominent American writers belonging to the Lost Generation such as Ernest Hemingway and Gertrude Stein. Along the Rive Droite in Montmartre, these artists and writers would often get lost in the cabarets and dance halls, indulging themselves in the glitzy Parisian nightlife. Profoundly influenced by American culture in the Roaring Twenties, there was no limit to how crazy one could get in Paris during the années folles.

End of an Era: The Downward Spiral of Depression and Decadence

As the parties got bigger and morals got looser, the perceived social corruption associated with decadence and debauchery became a greater cause of concern. Centered on the fallacy of the American Dream, The Great Gatsby was F. Scott Fitzgerald's critique of the declining morality and overwhelming materialism. Likewise, another American writer Sinclair Lewis was particularly outspoken about the moral decay driven by society's obsession with wealth. Lewis was also a remarkable social critic famed for his eerily accurate prophecy of the Great Depression. Apparently in 1928, while looking out of an office building in New York, he reportedly said, "Within a year this country will have a terrible panic. ... Can't you see it, smell it? I can see people jumping out of windows on this very street."

True enough, in October 1929, Wall Street crashed, sending shockwaves and panic across the US with its effects soon spreading to other continents. A result of stock market speculation and easy credit, the Great Depression caused severe economic repercussions and drove millions to bankruptcy and lunacy. With the extinguished light on Wall Street, the Roaring Twenties descended into silence and gave way to a troubled 1930s plagued with widespread socio-economic troubles.

A Century Later, the Roaring Twenties Still Roar

Almost like a joyride that ended in tragedy, the Roaring Twenties in hindsight looked set to crash and burn at each point throughout the decade. What else could we have expected from the careless spending, unbridled merry-making, and an utter disregard for prudence and morality? Nonetheless, while the destination was a complete disaster, the journey was spectacular and for the record, profoundly impactful. In this decade, we witnessed an impassioned push for social change and women's rights, never-before-seen advancements in technology, an unprecedented artistic and cultural flourishing, and not to mention, social and intellectual breakthroughs from past conventions on numerous occasions.

More significantly, not only were these transformations prominent in the west, they had far-reaching impacts in Asia and elsewhere in the world. A uniquely American export, jazz, and Charleston attained worldwide popularity. Art Deco buildings sprouted all over cities like Singapore, Shanghai, and Tokyo. And while they were not partying, the Flappers too found their counterparts in China's modeng xiaojie ("Miss Modern") and in Japan's modan gāru ("Modern Girl"). Above and beyond a cautionary tale to Flappers' wannabes and bright-eyed Wall Street stockbrokers, the Roaring Twenties has remained a decade with a loud legacy, seemingly unsilenced by the sheer passing of time.

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The Roaring Twenties: Consumerism, Decadence and All That Jazz

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Known as the Jazz Age, the 1920s in the West heralded new ideas of liberation, consumerism, and a culture of excess. What makes the Roaring Twenties such a defining era?

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Harlem Renaissance ("The Jazz Age" "The Roaring 20s") 1920–1940. Fact #2

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Harlem Renaissance ("The Jazz Age" "The Roaring 20s") 1920–1940. Fact #2

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Though this era of Jazz became a revelry for the people- the end of that decade, the 1920's, the economy took a very steep crash that caused multiple issues afterwards and took long to get back to okay again. The life of a woman took a new turn where they acted more like men in that age: smoking, drinking, getting drunk, saying unladylike things, and voting. Jim Crow Laws also ran rampant during this time too. These people needed, and still, needs the peace, joy, and Truth in His freedom more than anything else. They need the Almighty God! Praying for them! Black people fought for rights in this time of the 1920's and 1940's as well.

Link:https://www.history.com/topics/roaring-twenties/roaring-twenties-history

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Flappers: The 'New Woman'

Perhaps the most familiar symbol of the "Roaring Twenties" is probably the flapper: a young woman with bobbed hair and short skirts who drank, smoked and said "unladylike" things, in addition to being more sexually "free" than previous generations. In reality, most young women in the 1920s did none of these things (though many did adopt a fashionable flapper wardrobe), but even those women who were not flappers gained some unprecedented freedoms.

They could vote at last: The 19th Amendment to the Constitution had guaranteed that right in 1920, though it would be decades before Black women in the South could fully exercise their right to vote without Jim Crow segregation laws.

Millions of women worked in blue-collar jobs, as well as white-collar jobs (as stenographers, for example) and could afford to participate in the burgeoning consumer economy. The increased availability of birth-control devices such as the diaphragm made it possible for women to have fewer children.

In 1912, an estimated 16 percent of American households had electricity; by the mid-1920s, more than 60 percent did. And with this electrification came new machines and technologies like the washing machine, the freezer and the vacuum cleaner eliminated some of the drudgeries of household work.

Did you know? Because the 18th Amendment and the Volstead Act did not make it illegal to drink alcohol, only to manufacture and sell it, many people stockpiled liquor before the ban went into effect. Rumor had it that the Yale Club in New York City had a 14-year supply of booze in its basement.

Fashion, Fads and Film Stars

During the 1920s, many Americans had extra money to spend-and spend it they did, on movies, fashion and consumer goods such as ready-to-wear clothing and home appliances like electric refrigerators. In particular, they bought radios.

The first commercial radio station in the United States, Pittsburgh's KDKA, hit the airwaves in 1920. Two years later Warren G. Harding became the first president to address the nation by radio -and three years later there were more than 500 stations in the nation. By the end of the 1920s, there were radios in more than 12 million households.

People also swarmed to see Hollywood movies: Historians estimate that, by the end of the decades, three-quarters of the American population visited a movie theater every week, and actors like Charlie Chaplin, Gloria Swanson, Rudolph Valentino and Tallulah Bankhead became household names.

But the most important consumer product of the 1920s was the automobile. Low prices (the Ford Model T cost just $260 in 1924) and generous credit made cars affordable luxuries at the beginning of the decade; by the end, they were practically necessities.

By 1929 there was one car on the road for every five Americans. Meanwhile, an economy of automobiles was born: Businesses like service stations and motels sprang up to meet drivers' needs-as did the burgeoning oil industry.

The Jazz Age

Cars also gave young people the freedom to go where they pleased and do what they wanted. (Some pundits called them "bedrooms on wheels.") What many young people wanted to do was dance: the Charleston, the cake walk, the black bottom and the flea hop were popular dances of the era.

Jazz bands played at venues like the Savoy and the Cotton Club in New York City and the Aragon in Chicago; radio stations and phonograph records (100 million of which were sold in 1927 alone) carried their tunes to listeners across the nation. Some older people objected to jazz music's "vulgarity" and "depravity" (and the "moral disasters" it supposedly inspired), but many in the younger generation loved the freedom they felt on the dance floor.

The novels of F. Scott Fitzgerald chronicled the hedonism and excitement of the Jazz Age-Fitzgerald once claimed that the 1920s were "the most expensive orgy in history"-while other writers, artists, musicians and designers ushered in a new era of experimental Art Deco and modernist creativity.

Prohibition Era

During the 1920s, some freedoms were expanded while others were curtailed. The 18th Amendment to the Constitution, ratified in 1919, had banned the manufacture and sale of "intoxicating liquors," and at 12 a.m. on January 16, 1920, the federal Volstead Act closed every tavern, bar and saloon in the United States. From then on, it was illegal to sell any "intoxication beverages" with more than 0.5 percent alcohol.

This drove the liquor trade underground-now, instead of ordinary bars, people simply went to nominally illegal speakeasies, where liquor was controlled by bootleggers, racketeers and other organized crime figures such as Chicago gangster Al Capone. (Capone reportedly had 1,000 gunmen and half of Chicago's police force on his payroll.)

To many middle-class white Americans, Prohibition was a way to assert some control over the unruly immigrant masses who crowded the nation's cities. For instance, to the so-called "Drys," beer was known as "Kaiser brew." Drinking was a symbol of all they disliked about the modern city, and eliminating alcohol would, they believed, turn back the clock to an earlier and more comfortable time

Immigration and Racism in the 1920s

Prohibition was not the only source of social tension during the 1920s. An anti- Communist "Red Scare" in 1919 and 1920 encouraged a widespread nativist and anti-immigrant hysteria. This led to the passage of an extremely restrictive immigration law, the National Origins Act of 1924, which set immigration quotas that excluded some people (Eastern Europeans and Asians) in favor of others (Northern Europeans and people from Great Britain, for example).

Immigrants were hardly the only targets in this decade. The Great Migration of Black Americans from the rural South to Northern cities and the increasing visibility of Black culture-jazz and blues music, for example, and the literary movement known as the Harlem Renaissance-discomfited some white Americans. Millions of people, not just in the South but across the country, joined the Ku Klux Klan in the 1920s.

By the middle of the decade, the KKK had two million members, many of whom believed the Klan represented a return to all the "values" that the fast-paced, city-slicker Roaring Twenties were trampling. More specifically, the 1920s represented economic and political uplift for Black Americans that threatened the social hierarchy of Jim Crow oppression.

Early Civil Rights Activism

During this decade, Black Americans sought stable employment, better living conditions and political participation. Many who migrated to the North found jobs in the automobile, steel, shipbuilding and meatpacking industries. But with more work came more exploitation.

In 1925, civil rights activist A. Philip Randolph founded the first predominantly Black labor union, the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, to draw attention to the discriminatory hiring practices and working conditions for Blacks. And as housing demands increased for Black people in the North, so did discriminatory housing practices that led to a rise of urban ghettos, where Black Americans-excluded from white neighborhoods-were relegated to inadequate, overcrowded and unsanitary living conditions.

Black Americans battled for political and civil rights throughout the Roaring Twenties and beyond. The NAACP launched investigations into Black disenfranchisement in the 1920 presidential election, as well as surges of white mob violence, such as the Tulsa Race Massacre of 1921.

The NAACP also pushed for the passage of the Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill, a law to make lynching a federal crime, but it was defeated by a Senate filibuster in 1922. A political milestone for Black Americans finally occurred when Oscar De Priest, a Chicago Republican, became the first Black congressman since Reconstruction to be elected to the House of Representatives in 1928.

The Roaring Twenties ushered in several demographic shifts, or what one historian called a "cultural Civil War" between city-dwellers and small-town residents, Protestants and Catholics, Blacks and whites, "New Women" and advocates of old-fashioned family values.

But coming immediately after the hardships of World War I and the Spanish flu epidemic, the Roaring Twenties also gave many middle-class Americans an unprecedented taste of freedom, unbridled fun and upward economic mobility unsurpassed in U.S. history.

Sources

What Caused the Roaring Twenties? Not the End of a Pandemic (Probably). Smithsonian Magazine.
The Roaring Twenties. The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History.
The Roaring 20s. PBS: American Experience.

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Roaring Twenties: Flappers, Prohibition & Jazz Age - HISTORY

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The Roaring Twenties were a Jazz Age burst of prosperity and freedom for flappers and others during the Prohibition era, until the economy crashed in 1929.

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1919-1925

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1920-1933

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The American Dream, 60's to 70's (Fact #1)

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The American Dream, 60's to 70's (Fact #1)

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Here the definition of the American Dream moved on to something else- not just prosperity and white-picket fence anymore. Civil rights movement, gender-equality, and anti-war protests shaped the American dream to a new meaning! The counter-culture movement also emerged, where people questioned traditional values and what used to be seen as normal. A very opinionated and frustrated people it seems like.

Link- https://brilliantio.com/what-is-the-american-dream-in-the-1960s/

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In the vibrant tapestry of American history, the 1960s stand as a decade of profound transformation and dynamic social change. During this era, the notion of the American Dream evolved dramatically, painting a new landscape of aspirations and opportunities.

The American Dream, a promise of prosperity through hard work, freedom, and fair play, adopted a more complex definition during this tumultuous decade. It wasn't just about the suburban house with the white picket fence anymore.

A wave of civil rights movements, anti-war protests, and the quest for gender equality added fresh colors to this dream, making it multi-dimensional and inclusive.

This article delves into the American Dream of the 1960s, exploring its profound impact on society, culture, and individual aspirations. Let's journey back to a pivotal era that redefined the collective ambition of a nation and shaped the path toward modern America.

Key Takeaways

The American Dream in the 1960s was in the balance due to civil rights movements, gender equality struggles, and an unpopular war.

The counterculture movement emerged, questioning traditional values and norms, while personal fulfillment and freedom remained quintessential dreams.

Landmark legislation aimed to tackle wage disparities between men and women and prohibit sex-based discrimination while the fight for gender equality gained momentum.

Technological and environmental advances inspired progress and innovation, with concerns about overconsumption and its impact on well-being and the environment, leading to the rise of green architecture, sustainable living practices, and recycling programs.

The Social and Political Climate of the 1960s

Y'know, the 1960s were a rollercoaster of social and political upheaval that truly shaped the American Dream.

Youth activism played a significant role in challenging traditional values and pushing for social change, whether protesting against racial segregation or advocating for women's rights. This powerful surge of young voices demanded greater freedom and equality in society, which resonated with many who yearned for a more inclusive version of the American Dream.

The decade was also marred by political assassinations, such as those of President John F. Kennedy, his brother Robert Kennedy, and civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr., which sent shockwaves throughout the country and further fueled the sense of unrest.

Amidst all this turmoil, influential figures emerged who embodied various aspects of the evolving American Dream - think about how Martin Luther King Jr.'s 'I Have a Dream' speech inspired millions to strive for racial equality or how President Lyndon B. Johnson's 'Great Society' programs aimed at reducing poverty and improving education opportunities.

Despite being an era fraught with tension and uncertainty, the 1960s were ultimately defined by an unrelenting pursuit of freedom through civil rights movements or exploring space with NASA's Apollo missions. So you see, even amidst chaos, people continued to chase their unique versions of the American Dream while simultaneously transforming its meaning altogether.

The Civil Rights Movement

Bridging the gap of inequality, the Civil Rights Movement in the '60s became a beacon of hope for those seeking justice and equal opportunities, like a lighthouse guiding ships to safe harbor.

Racial segregation permeated American society during this time, and courageous activists fought tirelessly to dismantle these oppressive systems.

Pivotal moments like the Montgomery Bus Boycott, led by Rosa Parks and Martin Luther King Jr., showcased how nonviolent protests could create lasting change.

The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom in 1963 brought more than 200,000 people together to demand civil rights legislation and end discrimination in employment practices.

Additionally, voting rights were at the forefront of many battles throughout the movement.

The passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was a significant turning point; it outlawed segregation in public places and banned employment discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.

However, discriminatory practices persisted at polling stations across southern states until another monumental legislation - the Voting Rights Act of 1965 - aimed to eliminate these barriers by prohibiting racial discrimination in voting.

This empowered black Americans with the political agency they had long been denied.

As you reflect on this transformative decade marked by bravery and resilience in pursuit of freedom and equality, remember that it was driven by ordinary people who dared to dream big - just like you.

The Fight for Gender Equality

In the '60s, not only was racial equality a burning issue, but the fight for gender equality also gained momentum as women across the nation joined forces to challenge societal norms and demand equal rights in all aspects of life.

This period marked a significant shift in society's perception of women, with many brave individuals stepping forward to break down gender stereotypes and combat workplace discrimination. Various factors fueled the movement:

The publication of Betty Friedan's groundbreaking book 'The Feminine Mystique,' exposed the widespread dissatisfaction among housewives who felt unfulfilled by their traditional roles.

The founding of influential organizations like the National Organization for Women (NOW) demanded equality in employment opportunities, education, political representation, and reproductive rights.

A series of landmark legislation, such as the Equal Pay Act in 1963 and Title VII of the Civil Rights Act in 1964, aimed to tackle wage disparities between men and women and prohibit sex-based discrimination.

The wave of change propelled by these events inspired countless women to raise their voices against injustice. Icons like Gloria Steinem emerged as powerful advocates for gender equality, spreading awareness about issues like reproductive rights and sexual harassment through her writing and activism.

As more women entered the workforce, they fought tirelessly against workplace discrimination - demanding equal pay for equal work, access to promotions based on merit rather than gender biases, and an end to demeaning treatment from male colleagues or supervisors.

While there's still much work left to be done today when it comes to achieving true gender parity in every aspect of life - from politics to entertainment - there's no denying that your American dream now encompasses not just racial but also gender equality thanks to these trailblazing efforts during those transformative years.

The Impact of the Vietnam War

As you reflect on the Vietnam War, it's crucial to understand its lasting impact on society and how it shaped your perception of patriotism, freedom, and international relations.

The 1960s was a tumultuous time for the United States as war protests and draft resistance became increasingly common. Many young Americans questioned their government's involvement in a seemingly unwinnable war halfway across the world. This conflict led to significant loss of life and challenged traditional notions of American exceptionalism.

The Vietnam War brought about a new wave of anti-war sentiment that resonated throughout the nation, from college campuses to mainstream media. Influential figures like Martin Luther King Jr., Muhammad Ali, and countless musicians used their platforms to speak out against America's involvement in Vietnam.

As people began rejecting traditional ideas around duty and patriotism, they started exploring alternative lifestyles that emphasized personal freedom and self-expression. Ultimately, the lasting impact of the Vietnam War forced you to confront hard truths about your nation's actions abroad while simultaneously igniting an unstoppable desire for change at home - one that would redefine what it meant to chase after the American Dream in this era fraught with uncertainty and upheaval.

The Emergence of the Counterculture

Amidst the Vietnam War's chaos and disillusionment, the counterculture movement emerged like a phoenix, offering a new vision of peace, love, and harmony that stirred hearts and minds across generations.

This period was marked by an explosion of vibrant creativity in music, literature, art, fashion, and politics, fostering an environment where people could challenge traditional norms and explore alternative lifestyles. The counterculture impact was profound as it sparked unprecedented social change throughout America.

The Hippie movement became synonymous with the counterculture's core values of nonconformity, spiritual awakening, communal living, and environmentalism. Some key aspects that defined this era include:

A newfound appreciation for Eastern philosophies such as Buddhism and Hinduism

Experimentation with mind-altering substances such as LSD to create transformative experiences

The emergence of iconic artists like Jimi Hendrix, Janis Joplin, and The Beatles, who created groundbreaking music that still resonates today

Large-scale gatherings such as the Woodstock Music Festival 1969 showcased a peaceful expression of unity amidst political turmoil.

As you delve deeper into this fascinating period in American history characterized by hopefulness for change and despair over escalating conflicts at home and abroad, remember to embrace your desire for freedom while appreciating how far society has come since those tumultuous times.

The Space Race and Technological Advances

Feel the excitement and anticipation that surged through society during the Space Race, when remarkable technological advances propelled humanity to reach for the stars and explore new frontiers beyond Earth's atmosphere.

Space exploration became a symbol of progress and innovation as part of the American Dream in the 1960s, inspiring millions to dream big and take risks to pursue their goals.

The United States and the Soviet Union were locked in a fierce competition for supremacy in outer space, with each nation pushing its scientific capabilities to unprecedented heights.

Iconic events such as Yuri Gagarin becoming the first human in space and President John F. Kennedy's declaration to land an American on the moon by the decade's end captured the public imagination like never before.

Technological innovations from this era had far-reaching effects on space exploration and everyday life for Americans.

Breakthroughs in computers, telecommunications, materials science, and other fields paved the way for numerous inventions now taken for granted - from mobile phones to GPS navigation systems.

This period was marked by rapid advancements which fueled economic growth and created new opportunities for people from all walks of life, giving them hope that anything was possible if they put their minds to it.

At the same time, there was a growing awareness of environmental issues and social movements advocating for civil rights and gender equality - all contributing factors to an evolving definition of what it meant to live out one's version of the American Dream during this transformative decade.

The Rise of Consumerism

Bursting with newfound prosperity, the 1960s saw a dramatic rise in consumerism as families flocked to stores, eager to fill their homes with the latest gadgets and appliances that promised an easier, more comfortable life. The consumerist mindset took hold, fueled by clever advertising campaigns and a strong economy that put more disposable income in the hands of Americans.

Materialistic values became intertwined with this new idea of success - owning a car, television set, or washing machine was seen as evidence of achieving the American Dream. Pop culture icons such as Marilyn Monroe and Elvis Presley further emphasized this connection between material wealth and personal happiness.

This increase in consumer spending went hand in hand with significant technological advances during the 1960s. These innovations, from color televisions to microwave ovens and transistor radios, allowed for greater convenience and entertainment options within households.

As Americans purchased these items at unprecedented rates, they unwittingly shaped societal expectations around consumption - essentially defining what it meant to 'keep up with the Joneses.' This trend also led to concerns about overconsumption and its impact on both individuals' well-being and the environment; however, for many people living through this transformative decade, embracing consumerism was synonymous with embracing freedom - a chance to break free from traditional social constraints and forge their path towards happiness and fulfillment.

The Shift in Family Dynamics

Amid this consumer-driven era, family dynamics underwent significant changes, as traditional roles were challenged and redefined - ultimately paving the way for more diverse, egalitarian households.

The post-war economic boom and suburban living created an environment where families could thrive, yet the expectations placed on them were often limiting. Family structure during this time was predominantly centered around a breadwinner-husband providing for his stay-at-home wife and children.

However, as women gained more access to education and career opportunities, they began questioning their family unit roles. Alongside this shift in gender norms came a rise in divorce rates and single-parent households.

During the 1960s, influential figures like Betty Friedan championed women's rights through her groundbreaking book 'The Feminine Mystique,' which exposed many women's dissatisfaction with their limited societal roles. This sparked widespread conversations about equality both inside and outside of the home.

As a result, many women sought to break free from societal constraints by pursuing careers or engaging in activism - all while still managing their responsibilities as wives and mothers. Additionally, men became more involved in childcare duties and household chores, challenging traditional gender roles further.

While these changes didn't happen overnight or without resistance, they marked a significant turning point towards creating more inclusive families that allowed individuals to pursue their dreams - truly embodying that subconscious desire for freedom that lies at the heart of the American Dream.

The Influence of the Media and Pop Culture

Mass media and pop culture were pivotal in propelling these progressive perspectives, with captivating characters and compelling content capturing the collective consciousness.

The age of television brought forth unprecedented visual stimulation, allowing for greater media manipulation as images and messages were broadcast directly into American homes.

Icons such as Marilyn Monroe, Elvis Presley, and The Beatles dominated headlines while their influence extended beyond entertainment to shape societal values and norms.

Pop art emerged as a vibrant artistic movement celebrating consumerism, celebrity culture, and everyday objects - all central themes to the 1960s American Dream.

At the same time, television shows like 'I Love Lucy,' 'The Twilight Zone,' and 'Star Trek' reflected the rapidly shifting cultural landscape by challenging traditional gender roles or exploring futuristic concepts.

Civil rights activists like Martin Luther King Jr. became household names through their televised speeches advocating for social change.

Meanwhile, the advertising industry capitalized on newfound access to consumers' living rooms by skillfully crafting commercials that shaped desires for products emblematic of this dream - cars symbolizing personal freedom or suburban homes representing family stability.

Thus, you can see how media manipulation played an instrumental role in defining the 1960s version of the American Dream while simultaneously fostering a subconscious desire for freedom within its audience.

The Environmental Movement and Earth Day

You can't overlook the environmental movement and the creation of Earth Day during this era, as they, too, shaped society's mindset and values, urging people to consider the impact of their actions on our shared planet.

In the 1960s, many people began to realize that human activities were causing harm to the environment, resulting in polluted air and water, deforestation, and species extinction. This awareness led to a growing demand for sustainable practices and policies protecting our natural resources for future generations. The Environmental Movement was born out of this consciousness, with key figures like Rachel Carson leading the way through her groundbreaking book 'Silent Spring,' highlighting pesticide use's dangers.

During this time, innovative ideas emerged that focused on preserving our planet while promoting a healthier lifestyle for all:

Green architecture became popular as architects designed buildings with energy conservation in mind using natural materials and environmentally friendly techniques.

Sustainable living practices gained traction as individuals embraced recycling programs, organic gardening methods, and reduced consumption habits.

The first Earth Day took place on April 22nd, 1970 - an event created by Senator Gaylord Nelson to raise public awareness about pollution problems affecting our air and water supply.

Activists pushed for stronger environmental regulations such as the Clean Air Act (1963), Water Quality Act (1965), and Endangered Species Preservation Act (1966).

By embracing these new eco-friendly concepts of green architecture and sustainable living during this transformative period in American history, you were participating in a powerful movement toward protecting our precious environment - one that continues today. And just like your desire for freedom back then drove you toward change in societal norms, don't forget we still need that same passion now more than ever when defending Mother Earth.

The Gay Rights Movement

As you reflect on the environmental movement and the first Earth Day, it's crucial not to overlook another significant social issue that emerged during the 1960s - the gay rights movement.

This period marked a turning point for LGBTQ+ individuals as they began to fight against discrimination and demand equal rights. The decade was characterized by protests and demonstrations, with two key events standing out: the Stonewall Riots and increased homosexual representation in various forms of media.

The Stonewall Riots were a series of spontaneous, violent demonstrations by members of the LGBTQ+ community in response to a police raid at the Stonewall Inn in New York City on June 28, 1969. These riots served as a catalyst for LGBTQ+ activism across America, forming numerous advocacy organizations like the Gay Liberation Front (GLF) and the Gay Activist Alliance (GAA).

As your desire for freedom grows stronger while learning about this momentous event, remember that it marked an important step towards achieving equality for all.

Additionally, throughout the 1960s, there was an increase in homosexual representation in film, literature, and other media outlets. This surge brought greater visibility to LGBTQ+ issues and helped break down barriers between communities.

With each new voice added to this chorus demanding change, society took steps toward embracing diversity and understanding that love transcends gender boundaries.

The Struggle for Economic Opportunity

In your pursuit of prosperity, it's vital to recognize the struggle for economic opportunity that has persisted throughout history, where countless individuals have battled insurmountable odds to keep their heads above water. The 1960s were no exception, as the United States experienced significant social and cultural changes that affected the economy and exacerbated existing economic disparities.

Wage stagnation was a pressing issue during this decade, as wages failed to keep up with inflation, and many workers struggled to make ends meet. As you reflect on these challenges faced by previous generations, consider how they fought for equal opportunities and sought ways to overcome economic barriers.

1. Civil Rights Movement: The fight for racial equality in America during the 1960s extended beyond legal rights; it also aimed at addressing the deep-rooted economic disparities between races. African Americans faced higher unemployment rates, lower wages, and limited access to quality education - all factors that hindered their ability to achieve financial success.

2. War on Poverty: President Lyndon B. Johnson launched a series of initiatives in his 'War on Poverty' campaign to alleviate poverty levels across America. His administration established or expanded programs such as Medicare, Medicaid, food stamps (now known as SNAP), and federal funding for public schools.

3. Labor Unions: Labor unions were critical in advocating for workers' rights during this period by pushing for fair wages and safer working conditions. While union membership began declining from its peak in the 1950s, its influence remained strong throughout the '60s.

As you strive towards your version of success today, remember those who paved the way before you - overcoming adversity so future generations could live free from discrimination and pursue their dreams without limits imposed by systemic inequalities or wage stagnation issues that characterized earlier decades like the 1960s.

The Pursuit of Personal Fulfillment

Striving for personal fulfillment, it's essential to acknowledge the sacrifices and battles fought by those before us. They allow us to chase our passions and find meaning in our lives without facing the same barriers they once did.

In the 1960s, pursuing personal growth and chasing happiness was a significant part of the American Dream. This era saw an outpouring of artistic expression, social activism, and exploring alternative lifestyles that challenged conventional norms.

Influential figures like Martin Luther King Jr., John F. Kennedy, Gloria Steinem, Bob Dylan, and many others inspired a generation to question societal expectations and redefine success on their terms.

During this transformative decade, people began seeking more profound connections with themselves through various means such as spirituality (e.g., meditation), self-help literature (e.g., Dale Carnegie's How to Win Friends & Influence People), or experimenting with mind-altering substances (e.g., Timothy Leary's advocacy for LSD).

The counterculture movement epitomized this quest for personal fulfillment when young people rejected materialism in favor of simpler living arrangements (like communes) or embraced free love as an alternative to traditional relationships.

At its core, this pursuit sought freedom from constraining societal norms; it celebrated individuality and encouraged each person to embrace their unique path towards happiness.

So remember that while you journey towards your vision of personal fulfillment today - be grateful for those who paved the way in the 1960s by challenging convention and fighting for change so that we may all have the opportunity to pursue our dreams without constraint.

The Legacy of the 1960s American Dream

As you delve deeper into pursuing personal fulfillment during the 1960s, it's essential to recognize how this era dramatically shaped and transformed the American Dream. The legacy of this period continues to influence our modern interpretation of what it means to achieve success and happiness in America.

Let's look at some critical aspects of the 1960s that altered the course of the American Dream. The 1960s saw a profound societal shift, dramatically changing our understanding and perception of the American Dream. Some notable legacies that evoke an emotional response include:

The Civil Rights Movement, which aimed for racial equality and justice

The feminist movement fighting for gender equality

Counterculture movements like 'hippies' who rejected materialism and pursued alternative lifestyles

Anti-war protests against U.S. involvement in Vietnam

Space exploration advancements with NASA's Apollo program

These events transformed values, goals, and expectations for achieving one's dreams. This was no longer just about economic prosperity but creating a more inclusive society where everyone could pursue happiness without barriers or discrimination.

As we reflect on these milestones from over half a century ago, let us remember that they have played an essential role in shaping today's diverse interpretation of the American Dream - one that offers freedom, opportunity, and equality for all citizens as they strive towards their goals both individually and collectively.

The Evolution of the American Dream Today

Nowadays, we've seen a significant evolution in our collective aspirations as the pursuit of happiness and success continues to adapt to modern society's needs and desires.

The American Dream has transformed, reflecting shifts in cultural values, economic conditions, and global perspectives.

A modern adaptation of the dream focuses more on personal fulfillment, work-life balance, and equal opportunities for all individuals regardless of their background or circumstances. Influential figures like Oprah Winfrey and Elon Musk embody this new version of the dream by breaking down barriers in their respective industries and inspiring millions with their stories of perseverance and innovation.

In today's world, the concept of the American Dream extends beyond just material wealth or home ownership; it encompasses social mobility, access to quality education, healthcare, environmental sustainability, racial equality, among other factors that contribute towards an improved quality of life for everyone.

The evolution also signifies an increased awareness about mental health issues and embracing diversity within our communities, evident through movements such as Black Lives Matter and LGBTQ+ rights campaigns.

Remember that it starts from within as you strive to achieve your version of the American Dream in this ever-changing landscape. Embracing change with open arms while staying true to your core values will lead you toward a future where freedom reigns supreme.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the American Dream of the 1960s represented a profound shift from its previous iterations, imbued with the era's dynamic cultural, social, and political changes. This period's Dream transcended the traditional pursuits of economic prosperity and home ownership that characterized the 1950s. It embodied a multifaceted vision of personal freedom, social equality, and transformative change inspired by the era's defining movements and moments.

Education became a central tenet of the American Dream, viewed as a crucial stepping stone towards upward social mobility and career fulfillment. Universities and colleges experienced an unprecedented surge in attendance as higher education became a vehicle to attain personal and professional aspirations. Moreover, the younger generation, impassioned by the era's counterculture movement, began challenging conventional career paths and lifestyle choices. They sought lives that emphasized personal expression, creative freedom, and societal reform.

For ethnic and minority groups, the American Dream was an aspiration for equality, justice, and opportunity. Despite facing systemic racism and discrimination, these groups remained steadfast in pursuing their dreams. Their struggles and triumphs formed a crucial part of the civil rights movement, fostering societal change and promoting racial and ethnic equality.

Reflecting on the 1960s, we can see its indelible imprint on the American Dream's evolution. The aspirations and ideals of this era continue to resonate in contemporary society, reminding us of the Dream's inherent flexibility and capacity to adapt to changing societal norms and values. Thus, the American Dream of the 1960s stands as a testament to a transformative period in history, encapsulating a vision of change, progress, and individual freedom that continues to shape the fabric of American society today.

Frequently Asked Questions

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From Prosperity to Freedom: Redefining the American Dream in the 1960s

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Explore the 1960s American Dream: aspirations, ideals, and realities that shaped a decade of hope and transformation. Uncover the dream's evolution through time!

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The American Dream, 60's to 70's (Fact #2)

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The American Dream, 60's to 70's (Fact #2)

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This era was during a time of people, tired of war, but in the middle of the Vietnam war and drafting of students, where the kids wanted something new to free them and let go. Drugs became their basis. But something else happened between the 1960's and 1970's, the biggest revolutions and salvation movement in the 1900's- the Jesus Revolution or the Jesus people. No longer enslaved to drugs or angry about war- these people found true freedom in Christ, our Lord. The American Dream became One Way: His Way.

link: https://theconversation.com/jesus-people-a-movement-born-from-the-summer-of-love-82421

Also, could be something to look at: https://www.christianity.com/wiki/christian-life/jesus-movement.html#google_vignette

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Jesus, One Way, His Way- Jesus people revolution, 1970

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The rich came into this one real fast. Either you had education and loads of cash and fame, or your were considered too poor and in too much dept to chase and achieve the American Dream. The differences between those rich and poor people starting becoming a wider gap with those who long for the American Dream and those who already seemed to have it. Consumerism was big and great to them! And if you couldn't fit in to that regime, then don't bother to try to associate yourselves with those that did ( the YUPPIES (Young Urban Professionals), people who strived for wealth and success. Do we have ambition or personal happiness? In this era, you have either or, not both.

Link:https://brilliantio.com/what-is-the-american-dream-in-the-1980s/

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The 1980s was a decade of big hair, shoulder pads, and an American Dream that seemed larger than life. You might remember it as a time of prosperity and opportunity or a period marked by excess and consumerism. Either way, there's no denying that the '80s brought about significant cultural shifts in what it meant to chase after that elusive dream.

As you delve into this exploration of the American Dream during this iconic decade, you'll find yourself immersed in the social and economic trends that define a generation. From materialism and rampant consumerism to changing roles for women and the pursuit of wealth, status, and homeownership - these were all key elements shaping how Americans envisioned their ideal lives.

As you reflect on these past ideals with nostalgia, let it also serve as a reminder of the timeless desire for freedom at the core of every version of the American Dream.

Key Takeaways

The economic boom, social movements, optimism, and materialism characterized the American Dream in the 1980s.

Higher education was seen as crucial for achieving the American Dream, but rising tuition costs and student debt hindered economic mobility.

Pursuing material wealth was synonymous with freedom and fulfillment, and pop culture icons exemplified wealth and ambition.

There were growing divides between rich and poor, but there was also a celebration of individualism, ambition, and risk-taking.

Historical Context of the 1980s

In the 1980s, you'd find yourself in a decade filled with significant historical events and cultural shifts shaping the American Dream for years to come. This era was marked by an economic boom driven by deregulation, tax cuts, and technological advancements that fostered innovation and entrepreneurship.

At the same time, you'd witness social movements pushing for greater equality and change - from feminism to civil rights - while grappling with the consequences of an ongoing Cold War. The prevailing mood in this period was optimism, hope, and ambition; Americans believed that they could achieve their version of success through hard work and determination.

As you navigate this transformative decade, you'd see how these trends influenced the notion of the American Dream. It became increasingly focused on material success - owning a home in the suburbs with a white picket fence or driving a luxury car were seen as symbols of achievement.

However, beneath this pursuit of wealth lay an undercurrent of disillusionment; many began questioning whether such aspirations were truly fulfilling or if they only perpetuated societal inequalities. In this sense, the 1980s sparked both a renaissance and a reckoning for what it meant to chase after that quintessential American Dream: balancing individual freedom and prosperity against larger issues facing society at large.

Evolution of the American Dream

As you reflect on the evolution of the American Dream, consider how it has transformed over time. Particularly concerning changes from previous decades and the role of individualism.

In this nostalgic journey through social and economic trends, you'll uncover a story that spans generations. It shapes our nation's identity and ultimately defines what it means to chase success in America.

Changes from Previous Decades

You'd notice significant changes from previous decades, with the 1980s American Dream shifting towards materialism, consumerism, and focusing on personal success. The post-WWII ideals of family life and suburban happiness faded as people became more career-driven and individualistic. The economy was booming, so there were plenty of opportunities for wealth accumulation, but it also meant that people had higher expectations for what they could achieve in life. This era marked a significant departure from the collective ethos of past generations.

To better understand these shifts in values and aspirations during the 1980s, let's take a closer look at some key trends:

Materialism

People prioritized owning material goods as status symbols - think designer clothes or luxury cars.

Consumerism

Spending increased due to easy access to credit cards; shopping became a popular leisure activity.

Personal Success

Career advancement became more important than ever before; professionals worked long hours to climb the corporate ladder.

Individualism

There was less emphasis on community ties and more focus on one's own achievements and goals.

Economic Boom

Thanks to Reaganomics and deregulation policies, businesses thrived, leading many Americans into an era of prosperity they hadn't experienced before.

As you can see, the 1980s American Dream was about striving for financial success and personal fulfillment while embracing newfound freedoms through material possessions - all against the backdrop of an evolving society where traditional norms were being questioned by the younger generation seeking their path toward happiness and self-realization.

The Role of Individualism

It's no secret that individualism played a crucial role in shaping the 1980s, fueling people's desire to stand out and pursue their unique ambitions.

This was when society encouraged you to embrace your inner entrepreneur, break free from the constraints of tradition, and redefine success on your terms.

The era of 'greed is good' echoed throughout the decade as a rallying cry for those who believed that wealth and personal achievement were attainable and well-deserved.

However, this pursuit of individual success came with its share of drawbacks; many found themselves caught up in an endless rat race for material possessions and financial gain.

But on the flip side, the '80s also saw a surge in creativity and innovation as people embraced their newfound freedom to express themselves through art, music, fashion, and technology.

It was an age where you could truly be whoever you wanted-a time when bold colors, big hair, and even bigger dreams were accepted and celebrated.

So while it may have been characterized by excess and materialism on one hand, it can't be denied that this decade of individualism also allowed for an unparalleled explosion of self-expression and ingenuity that continues to resonate today.

Materialism and Consumerism

As you recall the 1980s, it's hard to ignore the rise of the Yuppies. This generation was defined by their materialism and pursuit of wealth, driven by a newfound consumer culture. The influence of advertising and media cannot be ignored, as it fueled the desire for more and pushed society towards an insatiable hunger for possessions and status.

Reflect on how these trends shaped the decade and contributed to redefining the American Dream during those years.

The Rise of the Yuppies

Imagine climbing the corporate ladder in the 1980s, embodying the ambitious and materialistic spirit of a new generation - that's where you'd find yourself among the rise of the Yuppies.

Young Urban Professionals (Yuppies) were a key demographic during this decade, driven by their desire for success, wealth, and status. They sought to break free from traditional societal norms, opting instead for flashy cars, designer clothing, and expensive gadgets as symbols of their newfound freedom. This pursuit of individualism went hand in hand with an aggressive work ethic that pushed them to strive for success within their careers.

As much as this era was marked by economic growth and prosperity, it also bred anxiety and insecurity among those chasing the elusive American Dream. The Yuppie lifestyle represented both a celebration of achievement and a stark reminder that attaining such heights came at a steep cost - long hours at work meant less time spent with family or pursuing personal passions.

This tension between ambition and personal happiness would ultimately serve as one of the defining themes in popular culture throughout the 1980s, resonating deeply with those seeking to strike a balance between these two competing desires.

Influence of Advertising and Media

Transitioning from the rise of yuppies in the 1980s, another significant factor that shaped the American dream during this era was the influence of advertising and media. As you navigated through this decade, you were surrounded by various advertisements and an expanding media landscape that significantly impacted your goals, aspirations, and perceptions of success.

During this time, advertisers honed their skills at tapping into your desires and dreams for a better life. They presented images and stories that resonated with your deepest yearnings for freedom and prosperity. Here are some examples:

The luxurious lifestyle portrayed in TV shows like 'Dallas' and 'Dynasty,' showcased wealthy families living a life full of opulence.

The concept of 'keeping up with the Joneses,' where neighbors competed to have bigger houses, fancier cars, and more expensive vacations.

Advertisements featuring successful individuals wearing designer clothes or driving high-end cars as symbols of achievement.

Popular music videos on MTV featuring glamorous artists living lavish lifestyles.

These media messages fueled your aspirations for success while simultaneously shaping your understanding of what it meant to achieve the American dream in the 1980s. You began associating material wealth with happiness and fulfillment while overlooking other essential aspects, such as personal growth or community involvement.

In essence, advertising had managed to captivate your subconscious desire for freedom by presenting you with tantalizing glimpses into lives filled with luxury - a world just within reach if only you pursued financial success relentlessly enough.

The Pursuit of Wealth and Status

You're surrounded by the glitz and glamour of Wall Street, where pursuing wealth and status defines success in the 1980s American Dream. This decade sees a shift from previous ideals of family values and modest living to an emphasis on materialism and social standing.

The rise of Reaganomics, deregulation, and a booming stock market creates an environment ripe for risk-taking and financial gain. It's a time when suits are power, money is king, and greed is good.

In this era, you're not just chasing stability or comfort; you want it all - designer clothes, luxurious homes, fancy cars, and lavish vacations. As a result of this pursuit of wealth and status in the 1980s, conspicuous consumption becomes synonymous with success.

You feel compelled to keep up with your neighbors as everyone seems to be competing for that perfect life portrayed on television shows like 'Dynasty'or flaunted by your favorite celebrities. Social events become opportunities to showcase your accomplishments or possessions rather than simply enjoying time spent with friends or family.

Beneath this surface-level opulence lies a darker side: increasing income inequality and economic instability, eventually leading to market crashes at the end of the decade. Nonetheless, you continue pursuing your version of the American Dream through hard work, ambition, and determination - qualities that have always defined it - but now fueled by an insatiable desire for more than ever before as you chase after freedom from limits placed upon you in this glittering world filled with endless possibilities.

Homeownership and Real Estate

As you reminisce about pursuing wealth and status in the 1980s, it's impossible not to recognize the importance of homeownership and real estate during this era. Owning a home was considered a significant milestone, representing security, stability, and success. The American Dream was tightly intertwined with owning property-whether a modest suburban house or an opulent mansion.

The 1980s saw a boom in real estate as people flocked to become homeowners, seeking that quintessential piece of the American Dream. Several factors drove this growth:

Favorable economic conditions: With inflation under control and interest rates decreasing throughout the decade, people were better financially able to buy homes.

Deregulation of financial institutions: The loosening of regulations allowed banks to offer more creative mortgage options for buyers.

Tax incentives: Changes in tax laws made owning property even more attractive, with deductions for mortgage interest payments and other homeowner-related expenses.

A surge in new housing developments: Suburban sprawl continued as developers built new neighborhoods catering to various income levels nationwide.

Pop culture influence on American culture: Popular TV shows like Dynasty and Dallas fueled aspirations for luxurious living spaces.

Together, these elements created an ideal environment for Americans to chase after their dream homes-a symbol of personal achievement and prosperity.

The Role of Technology and Innovation

Now, let's dive into the role of technology and innovation during the 1980s, which significantly shaped our lives today.

This decade, people embraced new gadgets and advances that promised to improve daily living and open up opportunities for personal growth. The rise of personal computers, like the Apple II and IBM PC, empowered individuals with unprecedented access to information and communication tools. Video game consoles such as Atari 2600 and Nintendo Entertainment System sparked excitement in kids' hearts while fueling their imaginations. Innovations in telecommunications - mobile phones, answering machines, fax machines - began to permeate American households, making it easier than ever to stay connected with friends, family, and business associates.

In some ways, this technological revolution helped redefine what it meant to achieve the American Dream in the '80s. No longer was success solely measured by material wealth or property ownership; instead, being well-versed in cutting-edge technologies became an essential marker of progress. The entrepreneurial spirit thrived as innovators like Steve Jobs achieved cult-like status for their ability to create products that transformed industries overnight.

As you navigate these exciting times filled with dreams of flying cars and robots doing your chores at home (remember 'The Jetsons' cartoon?), there was a palpable sense that anything could happen - that all it took was ingenuity mixed with hard work to make your wildest dreams come true.

The Entertainment Industry

As you take a trip down memory lane, you'll remember the phenomenal rise of Hollywood blockbusters and cable television in the 1980s.

This period saw an explosion of creativity with larger-than-life movies that captured our hearts and minds while reflecting societal changes.

Simultaneously, cable TV revolutionized the way we consume entertainment by offering us more choices than ever before.

It forever altered our viewing habits and expectations.

The Growth of Hollywood Blockbusters

Hollywood blockbusters skyrocketed in the '80s, capturing audiences' hearts and redefining the American Dream through big-budget films packed with action, adventure, and unforgettable characters.

The success of movies like E.T., Indiana Jones, and Star Wars showcased a shift in storytelling that focused on escapism and brought people together from all walks of life. These films embodied a sense of wonder and limitless possibilities while highlighting the importance of individuality and self-discovery.

As you sat in the theater, you couldn't help but feel inspired by these larger-than-life stories; they stirred up your desire for freedom as you watched heroes defy all odds to achieve their dreams.

The growth of Hollywood blockbusters during this era also reflected significant economic trends, as studios began investing heavily in creating franchises that could generate massive profits. The entertainment industry became an essential part of America's domestic and international identity, elevating consumerism to new heights while offering people a taste of success.

In essence, these blockbuster films were selling an experience and a dream: one where anyone could overcome challenges to create their own epic tale. As you reveled in these cinematic adventures, there was an underlying message that no matter who you were or where you came from, anything was possible if you had enough courage and determination - a perfect embodiment of the American Dream in the 1980s.

The Rise of Cable Television

Imagine yourself in the '80s, witnessing the rise of cable television and its revolutionary impact on entertainment, forever changing how you'd consume your favorite shows and movies. Before this time, you were limited to a handful of broadcast networks providing static programming schedules, but now with cable TV's arrival, a world of diverse content is at your fingertips.

It's like someone has thrown open the doors to a vast new universe of possibilities that cater to every taste and interest. As you explore this brave new world of television, you're struck by some key trends that define the '80s era:

The proliferation of niche channels catering to specific interests such as MTV for music lovers or CNN for news junkies

A sharp increase in original programming produced by cable networks themselves

The birth and rapid growth of home video rental stores allowing viewers to watch their favorite movies anytime they want

Live sports broadcasts becoming a major draw for viewership, fueling fan engagement across America

The ongoing battle between premium channels like HBO and Showtime competing for exclusive rights to popular films

These developments create an atmosphere where creativity flourishes, and consumers are given more control over their viewing experiences than ever before. Cable television not only expands your entertainment options but also fuels your desire for freedom - the freedom to choose what you watch when it suits you best.

This newfound sense of choice becomes emblematic of the American Dream in the 1980s: pushing boundaries, embracing innovation, and striving towards individual expression.

The American Dream and Politics

In the 1980s, the American Dream's political landscape glittered with Reaganomics and its emphasis on free-market capitalism, showcasing a nation striving for economic prosperity. The policies of President Ronald Reagan aimed to reduce government intervention, taxes, and regulations to promote individual freedom and entrepreneurship.

This period also saw an increased focus on national pride and patriotism and a push for a stronger defense against global threats. As you look back at this time in history, you can feel the energy of a country determined to take control of its destiny and redefine what it meant to be successful.

This renewed sense of determination was reflected not only in politics but also in popular culture. Movies like 'Wall Street' glamorized wealth accumulation, while TV shows like 'Dallas' portrayed wealthy lifestyles that many Americans aspired to achieve. It was an era when owning a business or climbing the corporate ladder became symbols of success - tangible proof that you had achieved the American Dream.

Amidst this environment of ambition and aspiration, however, there were growing concerns about income inequality and the erosion of social safety nets for those who struggled economically. Yet despite these challenges, the spirit of self-reliance continued to drive many Americans into new frontiers full of opportunity and promise.

Education and the American Dream

As you reflect on the role of education in the American Dream, consider the importance of higher education in shaping one's future.

Contemplate the burden of student debt and its impact on economic mobility.

Also, consider how these factors intertwine to influence individual success or struggle.

Let's delve into a nostalgic yet analytical exploration of social and economic trends that define this dream for future generations.

(Note: I used contractions in the output as requested)

The Importance of Higher Education

You're living in the 1980s, and pursuing higher education becomes a crucial stepping stone toward achieving that coveted American Dream. College degrees are considered tickets to better job opportunities, social status, and financial security.

As you navigate through this decade, you feel the pressure to obtain a degree not just for personal satisfaction but also as a way to secure your spot in America's middle class or even reach beyond it. The importance of higher education during this time is driven by several factors:

The shift from an industrial economy to an information-based one

Increasing competition in the global market

Technological advancements requiring more specialized skills

Employers seeking candidates with formal credentials

In addition to these economic trends, there's a pervasive cultural belief that higher education will lead to upward mobility and success - something deeply ingrained within the fabric of American society since its inception.

Television shows like 'The Cosby Show' and blockbuster movies like 'Back to School showcase families where college attendance is expected and celebrated. You find yourself caught up in this wave of enthusiasm for higher learning, fueled by an innate desire for financial and social freedom - which can only be achieved through hard work, dedication, and that all-important diploma hanging on your wall.

Student Debt and Economic Mobility

Fast forward to today, and pursuing higher education often comes with a hefty price tag - leaving many graduates saddled with crushing student loan debt and questioning if that diploma was truly their ticket to economic mobility.

The rise in college tuition costs has outpaced inflation, making it more difficult for families to afford an education without taking on significant amounts of debt. This shift has led to a growing number of Americans struggling to pay off their loans while facing underemployment or stagnating wages, causing some to question whether the American Dream is still achievable.

Despite these challenges, there's no denying that higher education remains an important path toward financial success for many individuals. Take a look at this comparison between the 1980s and today:

The landscape has shifted dramatically since the heyday of the American Dream in the 1980s. While obtaining a degree may be essential for certain careers and can lead to greater earning potential, it's also important not to overlook alternative avenues like trade schools or vocational training programs, which can provide valuable skills without incurring massive debt. Ultimately, maintaining hope amidst these uncertain times requires adaptability and resilience as you continue striving towards your version of freedom - whatever form that may take.

The Impact on Society and Culture

In the 1980s, the American Dream profoundly impacted society and culture, shaping everything from consumerism to politics. This decade was marked by an economic boom, with more disposable income for many Americans leading to increased spending on material possessions.

As a result, owning a home in suburbia and filling it with modern luxuries became synonymous with success. Pop culture icons like Madonna and Michael Jackson helped fuel this desire for excess by exemplifying personal wealth and ambition.

Politically, Ronald Reagan's administration championed deregulation and trickle-down economics to achieve prosperity for all citizens, further ingraining these values into the fabric of American society.

Nostalgically looking back at the '80s, you can't help but notice how much faith people placed in economic growth as a path to happiness. Pursuing material wealth became synonymous with freedom and fulfillment; however, not everyone could participate in this dream equally.

As we discussed earlier, student debt crippling economic mobility for some young adults, there were also growing divides between rich and poor during this period due to tax policies favoring wealthy individuals and corporations.

Despite these inequalities, though, optimism was high in America during this era - after all, who wouldn't want a piece of that shining city upon a hill? So hold onto those memories of big hair and neon colors while remembering that behind them lies an intricate tapestry woven from dreams both realized and unfulfilled - dreams that continue to shape our nation today.

The American Dream in Popular Culture

Dive into the world of popular culture, and you'll quickly see how it's been influenced by the pursuit of success and happiness throughout the years.

In the 1980s, the American Dream took center stage in movies, television shows, music, and fashion as a symbol of hope for upward mobility and a better life.

Blockbuster films like 'Wall Street' showcased characters chasing wealth and power while navigating moral dilemmas.

Television series like 'Dallas' portrayed wealthy families enjoying opulent lifestyles but facing their fair struggles as they sought to maintain control over their empires.

The decade's pop music was filled with aspirational anthems that celebrated material success-songs like Madonna's 'Material Girl' or Michael Jackson's 'Wanna Be Startin' Somethin"' encouraged listeners to dream big and strive for greatness.

As you immerse yourself in this nostalgic era, you can't help but feel drawn to its optimistic energy.

In the 1980s, many believed that anyone could achieve prosperity through hard work and determination-a belief that shaped a generation's approach to career growth, personal ambition, and consumerism.

While some critics argue that this focus on material wealth led to greed and excesses during the decade, there's no denying that it captured an essential part of what made the American Dream so compelling: the idea that if you set your sights high enough and worked relentlessly toward your goals, anything was possible.

The Role of Women and the American Dream

Let's talk about women's powerful impact on shaping and redefining the concept of success and happiness in our society. During the 1980s, a significant shift occurred with more women entering the workforce and pursuing careers, which led to an evolution of their roles within family structures. The rise of influential female role models in various fields also contributed to this change.

Women were breaking political barriers: Geraldine Ferraro became the first woman vice presidential candidate for a major party in 1984. In business, Mary Kay Ash and Oprah Winfrey emerged as successful entrepreneurs who inspired countless other women to chase their dreams. And in entertainment, Madonna, Cyndi Lauper, and Whitney Houston achieved superstardom, challenging traditional gender stereotypes through bold fashion choices and powerful performances.

The role of women in achieving the American Dream shifted dramatically during this decade as they began to redefine what it meant for them. More than ever, women sought education and professional opportunities that would allow them greater financial independence. This newfound sense of empowerment rippled throughout all aspects of society - from pop culture to politics - leaving an indelible mark on American history that continues to inspire us today.

The American Dream for Immigrants

You may recall the 1980s as a time of great hope and aspiration for immigrants seeking the American Dream. Despite facing numerous challenges, including language barriers and cultural differences, these newcomers relentlessly pursued opportunities to build a better life for themselves and their families.

Reflect on the resilience and determination that characterized their pursuit of success during this transformative decade in American history.

Challenges Faced in the 1980s

However, achieving that '80s American Dream wasn't without its struggles and challenges. The decade was marked by significant socioeconomic shifts that strained the average American household.

Unemployment spiked in the early 1980s due to a recession, while inflation ate away people's purchasing power. Blue-collar workers faced layoffs as industries like manufacturing began outsourcing jobs overseas or automating their processes with new technology. Simultaneously, an escalating arms race between the United States and the Soviet Union increased Cold War tensions, casting a shadow of potential global conflict over everyday life.

Yet amidst these hardships, there remained a sense of optimism and hope for what could be achieved through hard work and determination. Popular culture celebrated individualism, ambition, and materialism - from movies like 'Wall Street' to television shows like 'Dallas,' audiences reveled in stories of wealth accumulation and glamorous lifestyles.

This was also when many Americans embraced entrepreneurship, seeking opportunities outside traditional corporate structures to pursue their version of success. The dream seemed within reach for those willing to take risks and challenge the status quo; it was both a carrot dangling tantalizingly close before them and an aspiration fueling their drive forward despite adversity.

The Pursuit of Opportunity

In the pursuit of opportunity, countless individuals chased their version of success, navigating through economic challenges and societal shifts with a tenacious spirit and unwavering determination. The 1980s saw a resurgence in entrepreneurial endeavors as people sought to create their destinies and seize opportunities presented by an evolving economy.

This period was characterized by optimism and challenges, as the country witnessed significant technological advancements while also grappling with issues such as income inequality and rising living costs. Technology emerged as a powerful force in the 1980s, revolutionizing industries and opening doors for new business ventures. Many ambitious individuals capitalized on these advancements to create innovative products or services that would transform society.

The deregulation of various markets provided further incentives for risk-takers looking to build their empires from scratch or expand existing businesses into new territories. Lastly, social norms shifted towards valuing individualism over collectivism - highlighting personal achievement as an essential component of the American Dream.

As you reflect upon this era with nostalgia, it's clear that many individuals were driven by a hunger for success and freedom during the 1980s - fueled by a belief in the power of self-determination coupled with an ever-changing landscape full of potential opportunities. While some thrived amid these exhilarating times, others faced significant hurdles due to systemic barriers or unforeseen circumstances beyond their control. Yet, it is undeniable that America's collective pursuit of opportunity helped define this dynamic decade while leaving an indelible mark on its history.

The Legacy of the 1980s American Dream

Reflecting on the legacy of the 1980s American Dream, it's clear that its influence can still be felt today in various aspects of society and culture.

The decade was marked by a resurgence of economic growth, technological advancements, and an undeniable spirit of individualism.

This period also saw a shift towards conservative values and an emphasis on free-market capitalism, which have continued to shape the political landscape in America.

As you evaluate the lasting impact of this era, consider how these social and economic trends have persisted over time.

The pursuit of wealth and material success that defined much of the 1980s now permeates our modern culture.

Today, we continue to see this ideal manifest in popular media like reality television shows centered around wealth accumulation or self-made entrepreneurs who inspire others with their stories of achieving prosperity against all odds.

Similarly, deregulation during this era paved the way for globalization, fostering a competitive environment where innovation is key to staying ahead.

While some argue that these policies may have led to income inequality and environmental degradation, others maintain that they've allowed individuals greater opportunities for self-determination and financial freedom than ever before.

Nostalgically looking back at the 1980s American Dream reminds us not only of how far we've come but also challenges us to ponder what type of future we wish to create together.

The Future of the American Dream

As we move further into the 21st century, it's clear that technology and globalization are playing increasingly significant roles in our lives. This means that education and innovation are becoming more crucial than ever to achieving your version of success. You might find that pursuing a career in science or technology is fulfilling and key to securing that white picket fence and stable financial future you've dreamt of.

However, as the world continues to change at an unprecedented pace, there's a sense of nostalgia for simpler times when hard work seemed like all it took to make one's dreams come true. Perhaps you'll feel drawn towards embracing traditional values like family life or community engagement as integral to your American Dream.

At the end of the day, remember that this dream was built on the idea of freedom - the freedom to choose your path and chase whatever vision of happiness you have. So whether you're striving for professional success in a cutting-edge industry or yearning for a slower-paced life surrounded by loved ones, never forget that this pursuit is uniquely yours - and ultimately what makes America so special.

Frequently Asked Questions

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The American Dream in the 1980s: A Decade of Desire and Dissent

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Explore the 1980s American Dream, its evolution, and cultural impact. Discover how aspirations and values shaped a decade of prosperity and excess. Click now!

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At this point in time, children born in the 1980's actually started earning more than their parents! This greed and selfishness for wealth, fame, and a successful life was an ambition that drained many and made many a different lost person. Could you recognize your kid in all this?

Link:https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aal4617

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The American Dream, 90's and 2000's (Fact #1)

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The American Dream, 90's and 2000's (Fact #1)

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in the 90's, It went from a white-picket fence dream to financial stability and success in life! If your head-space was good, you had a good job, and found personal fulfillment in life, then you made it folks! Your family life good and stable? Even better! Technology (the internet etc.) also came in these years and only grew from there! Here, you have to work hard to achieve your dreams, not just find it and get it for free, or inherit it. But culture became unculture-all and unusual with pop-culture coming in. I think we went down-hill from there.

Link-https://brilliantio.com/what-was-the-american-dream-in-the-1990s/#:~:text=The%20American%20Dream%20in%20the%201990s%20was%20a,components%20of%20the%20American%20Dream%20in%20the%2090s.

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A Time of Change: Exploring What Was The American Dream In The 1990s

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The American Dream, a timeless motif of prosperity and success, took on new dimensions in the 1990s. This was a time of economic prosperity, burgeoning technology, and a shift in societal values. The dream morphed

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The American Dream, 90's and 2000's (Fact #1)

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The American Dream, 90's and 2000's (Fact #1)

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Rodney King was assaulted here. A lot of trials and acts against racism still took place. Many could say the American dream looked like equality for many and a better life without for others. But the American dream didn't like change- yet, that is what this era was about. People didn't want this comfortable dream to be something that includes that's not for them- equality among men of different color, race, and background. And by the 2000's, this generation seemed completely lost to the idea of an, "American Dream," because of the rapid decline of good money, and more dept and less income. Did responsibility and this ambition of an American dream leave us? Possibly for the secular. Not for us Christians though that do not rely on any American Dream to carry us, but actually, we have Christ! Praise the Lord!

Link-https://realwealth.com/learn/what-is-the-american-dream-today/

Link (2)- https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2015/10/american-dreams/408535/

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Alice Walker

Wallace Stevens

e.e. cummings

Maya Angelou

Anne Sexton

James Baldwin

Richard Wright

Sandra Cisneros

Amy Tan

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1. Influenced by studies of media, language, and information technology.
2. Sense that little is unique; culture endlessly duplicates itself.
3. New literary forms and techniques: works composed of only dialogue, or combining fiction and nonfiction, experimenting with physical appearance of their work.

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This was an era of thinking outside of culture. Thinking, "outside the box," to say. Skepticism, and not believing that there are any objective truths. It seems to be near relativism, for they say there is not real, set-in-stone, truth. Reasoning and what they deemed logic was used widely here. (I couldn't have heard of more nonsense, because by saying there is no objective truth, destroys itself, for you are proclaiming an objective truth. Learned this in Bible Apologetics.

Link-https://www.britannica.com/topic/postmodernism-philosophy

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Postmodernism and modern philosophy

Postmodernism is largely a reaction against the intellectual assumptions and values of the modern period in the history of Western philosophy (roughly, the 17th through the 19th century). Indeed, many of the doctrines characteristically associated with postmodernism can fairly be described as the straightforward denial of general philosophical viewpoints that were taken for granted during the 18th-century Enlightenment, though they were not unique to that period. The most important of these viewpoints are the following.

1. There is an objective natural reality, a reality whose existence and properties are logically independent of human beings-of their minds, their societies, their social practices, or their investigative techniques. Postmodernists dismiss this idea as a kind of naive realism. Such reality as there is, according to postmodernists, is a conceptual construct, an artifact of scientific practice and language. This point also applies to the investigation of past events by historians and to the description of social institutions, structures, or practices by social scientists.

2. The descriptive and explanatory statements of scientists and historians can, in principle, be objectively true or false. The postmodern denial of this viewpoint-which follows from the rejection of an objective natural reality-is sometimes expressed by saying that there is no such thing as Truth.

3. Through the use of reason and logic, and with the more specialized tools provided by science and technology, human beings are likely to change themselves and their societies for the better. It is reasonable to expect that future societies will be more humane, more just, more enlightened, and more prosperous than they are now. Postmodernists deny this Enlightenment faith in science and technology as instruments of human progress. Indeed, many postmodernists hold that the misguided (or unguided) pursuit of scientific and technological knowledge led to the development of technologies for killing on a massive scale in World War II. Some go so far as to say that science and technology-and even reason and logic-are inherently destructive and oppressive, because they have been used by evil people, especially during the 20th century, to destroy and oppress others.

4. Reason and logic are universally valid-i.e., their laws are the same for, or apply equally to, any thinker and any domain of knowledge. For postmodernists, reason and logic too are merely conceptual constructs and are therefore valid only within the established intellectual traditions in which they are used.

5. There is such a thing as human nature; it consists of faculties, aptitudes, or dispositions that are in some sense present in human beings at birth rather than learned or instilled through social forces. Postmodernists insist that all, or nearly all, aspects of human psychology are completely socially determined.

6. Language refers to and represents a reality outside itself. According to postmodernists, language is not such a "mirror of nature," as the American pragmatist philosopher Richard Rorty characterized the Enlightenment view. Inspired by the work of the Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure, postmodernists claim that language is semantically self-contained, or self-referential: the meaning of a word is not a static thing in the world or even an idea in the mind but rather a range of contrasts and differences with the meanings of other words. Because meanings are in this sense functions of other meanings-which themselves are functions of other meanings, and so on-they are never fully "present" to the speaker or hearer but are endlessly "deferred." Self-reference characterizes not only natural languages but also the more specialized "discourses" of particular communities or traditions; such discourses are embedded in social practices and reflect the conceptual schemes and moral and intellectual values of the community or tradition in which they are used. The postmodern view of language and discourse is due largely to the French philosopher and literary theorist Jacques Derrida (1930-2004), the originator and leading practitioner of deconstruction.

7. Human beings can acquire knowledge about natural reality, and this knowledge can be justified ultimately on the basis of evidence or principles that are, or can be, known immediately, intuitively, or otherwise with certainty. Postmodernists reject philosophical foundationalism-the attempt, perhaps best exemplified by the 17th-century French philosopher René Descartes's dictum cogito, ergo sum ("I think, therefore I am"), to identify a foundation of certainty on which to build the edifice of empirical (including scientific) knowledge.

8. It is possible, at least in principle, to construct general theories that explain many aspects of the natural or social world within a given domain of knowledge-e.g., a general theory of human history, such as dialectical materialism. Furthermore, it should be a goal of scientific and historical research to construct such theories, even if they are never perfectly attainable in practice. Postmodernists dismiss this notion as a pipe dream and indeed as symptomatic of an unhealthy tendency within Enlightenment discourses to adopt "totalizing" systems of thought (as the French philosopher Emmanuel Lévinas called them) or grand "metanarratives" of human biological, historical, and social development (as the French philosopher Jean-François Lyotard claimed). These theories are pernicious not merely because they are false but because they effectively impose conformity on other perspectives or discourses, thereby oppressing, marginalizing, or silencing them. Derrida himself equated the theoretical tendency toward totality with totalitarianism.

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Postmodernism | Definition, Doctrines, & Facts

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Postmodernism, in contemporary Western philosophy, a late 20th-century movement characterized by broad skepticism, subjectivism, or relativism; a general suspicion of reason; and an acute sensitivity to the role of ideology in asserting and maintaining political and economic power.

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People wanted out from normal because of all the wars and racism going around. They wanted change, and used wrong ways to achieve it- they thought they could play God instead of seeking Him themselves. You can make truth, 'though discourse and lived experience,' that's what they say. But as Christians, we don't live by experience but by every word that comes out of the mouth of God! Praise His Name!

link- https://www.simplypsychology.org/postmodernism.html

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Postmodernism in Sociology: Characteristics, & Examples

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In sociology, postmodernism is a perspective that emphasizes the social construction of reality, the role of language and discourse in shaping knowledge, and the fragmentation of identities in contemporary society.

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1950-1953

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1954-1975

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{The book I chose is one I have, but have never read, but have watched the movie! 2004} This story is about a minister driving home from a conference, but gets hit by a truck and is in heaven for 60 minutes; here, he meets multiple different people that played a spiritual role in his life. Another minister passing is told by God to go and pray for the dead man. The dead minister comes back to life, afterwards, going through a long recovery back to health; all while his relationship with God grows as he recovers and learns, and later on, he shares his story of heaven with everyone.

Link: https://www.amazon.com/90-Minutes-Heaven-Story-Death/dp/0800759494

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As he is driving home from a minister's conference, Baptist minister Don Piper collides with a semi-truck that crosses into his lane. He is pronounced dead at the scene. For the next 90 minutes, Piper experiences heaven where he is greeted by those who had influenced him spiritually. He hears beautiful music and feels true peace.

Back on earth, a passing minister who had also been at the conference is led to pray for Don even though he knows the man is dead. Piper miraculously comes back to life and the bliss of heaven is replaced by a long and painful recovery.

For years Piper kept his heavenly experience to himself. Finally, however, friends and family convinced him to share his remarkable story.

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90 Minutes in Heaven: A True Story of Death and Life

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As he is driving home from a minister's conference, Baptist minister Don Piper collides with a semi-truck that crosses into his lane. He is pronounced dead at the scene. For the next 90 minutes, Piper experiences heaven where he is greeted by those who had influenced him spiritually. He hears bea...

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Overview of my 2024 Padlet. Thank You, Jesus Christ!

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Overview of my 2024 Padlet. Thank You, Jesus Christ!

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I can say one thing, and one thing only: I could not have done this without Jesus. He helped me through every single part of this! Here is a drawing of an artist I love, here name is on the picture! This is her and Jesus finishing a puzzle, and that's what it feels like! Me and Him are finishing up my school year and I am so blessed to have been able to do grade 11! All through Him, all to Him, all with Him, all in Him, and all for Him! Glory be to God! Thank you Mrs. Dewey as well! You were a big help, and learning of the times is hard to see all the sad occasions where people abandoned God. But its so amazing, that He never abandoned them. That is the Lord we serve! Thank You, Lord, Hallelujah! Until next time, bye ma'am!

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Picture link:https://i.pinimg.com/originals/7a/c5/c5/7ac5c5d672d91668adbf6e1cfb646f2f.jpg

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"Therefore, put on the full armour of God, so that when the day of evil comes, you may be able to stand your ground, and after you have done everything, to stand."- Ephesians 6:13

So, I have compiled various recent stories, articles, and moments in our history about the Christians taking a stand. Therefore, that is what I have named this era.

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Taking a Stand 2024: The Christians: Period Characteristics

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Taking a Stand 2024: The Christians: Period Characteristics

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*Christians will stand firm for their God.

*Through persecution, we will still declare Jesus is Lord and Savior and the Only God!

*Abortion will not be tolerated no matter how many people have watered-down the situation.

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Link- https://washingtonstand.com/news/if-we-dont-take-a-stand-now-against-hostility-the-church-could-become-voiceless-pastor-warns

Again, another cite about having to take a stand as Christians. The church has faced hostility for hundreds of years, but we will not fold. We will not lose our voice no matter how hard they push- we will take a stand.

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‘If We Don’t Take a Stand Now’ against Hostility, the Church Could Become ‘Voiceless,’ Pastor Warns

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“I documented 18 separate incidences of either vandalism, theft, or hostilities in the year 2023 alone,” Rob Rotola, pastor of Word of Life Church in Wichita, K

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link~https://abolitionistsrising.com/

This is a network of people who take a stand against the work of abortions and child sacrifice. They are a Christian organization and work to save the lives of children (no matter at what stage in pregnancy).

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Abolitionists Rising - Abolish Abortion for the Glory of God

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DonateNOTE: You may not find an abolitionist organization on your individual state page at this time. As this website is being launched, so too is the Norman Statement being released.

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2024

Link- https://thesend.org/