# data[].attributes.body
Animals all over the world, from every continent, face the threat of extinction. The loss of their habitats, poaching, pollution, and climate change are some of the reasons why many species are in danger. In modern society, technology plays a vital role in helping detect changes in animal migration patterns and habitats to establish solutions to conserve species.

Africa is home to several endangered animals, and the cheetah is one of them. It is critically endangered, with an estimated population of fewer than 300 cats. Human activities such as poaching and overgrazing have led to the endangerment of African animals. Hunting has caused cheetahs to lose their food sources, as the prey they once fed on is now hunted by humans, leading to competition for food. The

gazelle is another species that faces extinction due to overgrazing and poaching for their horns. African

elephants are sought after by poachers for their ivory tusks. It is unfortunate when animals become

vulnerable due to climate change and habitat loss, but it is heartbreaking when it happens intentionally

due to hunting. One technology that has been useful in detecting poaching is the use of drones that can

capture hunters and poachers in real-time.

In the Americas, animals face habitat loss and the issue of pollution. The freshwater red-eared slider

turtle that is native to the southern parts of the United States and Mexico is affected by the loss of clean

freshwater and pollution that infects it. The Guiana dolphin off the coast of central and south America

faces pollution from fishing gear and plastic. The marsh deer inhabiting South America faces the risk of

being hunted and other human interactions such as road accidents. One common form of technology

suggested for studying freshwater turtles and monitoring their populations is drone-based surveys.

Microplastics are an issue that affects marine life, and we have learned about the detrimental effects of

pollution in our oceans. Regarding the marsh deer, conservation efforts must involve the community to

implement strategies on how to deal with human interaction.

In Antarctica, many animals face the risk of extinction due to the devastating effects of climate change. We also see the threat of ocean pollution on marine animals in this region. For example, penguins native

to Antarctica face the disturbance of sea ice melting, and they must face the challenge of acclimating to

rising temperatures. Weddell seals face this threat as well, which affects their population from growing.

Humpback whales must face pollution in their habitat, not only from trash but also from oil sources.

However, satellite transmitters have been shown to be helpful in monitoring all these species, as this

technology can be used on land and marine animals to track their migration.

The Arctic region faces many of the same challenges as the Antarctica region does. Polar bears

encounter melting ice, which threatens their habitat and reduces their prey availability. The arctic fox's

food source is depleted because of this, but they also face the difficulty of being hunted for their unique

fur. This species is also spread out farther from one another due to looking for breeding ground and other food sources. Beluga whales are negatively affected by the melting ice, which affects their migration patterns. Satellite imaging has been shown to be helpful in identifying these unique animals

through optical sensors and visualizing them in their landscape.

Asian animals face the threat of poaching as a common theme in their extinction. Leopards and elephants are hunted by humans, and the great bustard faces challenges such as cabling accidents and

ingesting toxic chemicals from Asian agriculture. Lemurs are also poached, and their habitat is drastically

changing due to climate change. GPS monitoring technology has been used to detect animals and help

establish grids in their habitats, prevent animals such as elephants from interacting with them.

# data[].attributes.body
The Arctic region is home to a diverse range of wildlife, including polar bears, boreal woodland caribous, beluga whales, and artic foxes, all of which face unique challenges in the face of climate change. Recent research has shed light on how emerging digital technologies can enable the politics of the region, and also on the potential impact of sea ice habitat change on Arctic animals. In addition, spectral reflectance measurements have also shown promise for using remote sensing tools to discriminate between different mammals in Arctic habitats.

Research has also evaluated a tool for predicting possible maternity den habitats for polar bears, using a combination of thermal imagery, digital photography, and human observations. The approach accurately predicted den positions based on snowdrift distributions and model parameters and can be a key input for managing polar bear populations in the Barents Sea and other Arctic populations affected by sea ice changes. Moreover, aerial surveys have been used to estimate the abundance and distribution of polar bears on sea ice in the Chukchi Sea, in a joint US-Russian project. Results reveal high densities of polar bears in Russian waters south of Wrangell Island, and underscore the importance of studying Arctic migration patterns and understanding the genetic determinants of migratory distance in order to facilitate the conservation of migratory birds.

Moreover, by using satellite-based data recorders, a study of Pacific Arctic beluga whales revealed delayed migration patterns in response to rapid changes in Arctic Sea ice, with Chukchi belugas showing a later migration timing as a result of delayed regional sea ice change. Conversely, Beaufort belugas did not shift migration timing between periods nor was migration timing related to freeze-up timing.

Finally, in Fennoscandia, a population of Arctic foxes experienced a drastic bottleneck in the late 19th century due to high hunting pressure. Conservation actions including supplementary feeding and red fox culling, followed by the reintroduction of foxes from a captive breeding program, were implemented in 1998 and 2006 respectively, and have resulted in a doubling of the population size over the past decade

# data[].attributes.body
The criteria that we use to evaluate other teams’ works based on these:

·        the quality and quantity of evidence discussed

·        demonstration of critical thinking

·        demonstration of innovative and/or creative thinking

·        completion of assigned tasks and team responsibilities

And we assume that all the teams have been excellent in effective using of digital tools, using one’s own words rather than quotation, respecting each other culture differences and being punctual on turning in their works.

Africa: I really struggle with all the articles of this profile as not all the prompts were appropriately answered, so I have to spend some time to quickly skim and scan the missing prompt and articles so that I can clearly understand the profile.
Rate: 1.7

Americas: Overall, I love this teamwork, however, for the prompt # 1, it would be better if you could have the image of the protected animal in the map, and the map should be in one or two colors so that I can’t clearly see the research areas mentioned in the articles and highlighted in the map.
Rate: 1.0

Antarctica: Same feedback as Africa team
Rate: 1.7

Artic:  I highly appreciate this team as they have tried to finish almost all the prompts of session 3 and also finish the recap an overview of the profile. The part that I liked the most is the prompt #3 with a very clear comparison between the technologies used in protecting Beluga whales and Polar Bears
Rate:  1.0

Asia: This is my team, so I know the best that every single member in the team has tried their best to work on all the prompts of S4 and all the articles of the S3. Moreover, we also use Discord to form sub-team and each sub-team has self-managed to finish their tasks.
Rate: 1.0

# data[].attributes.body
Africa Team: The African team highlights the importance of technology in the conservation and protection of endangered species. Various technologies, including GPS, telemetry, satellite telemetry, and stable isotope analysis, provide valuable insights into the behavior and ecology of these species, enabling the development of sustainable conservation strategies. However, further research is necessary to address the limitations of these technologies and address threats throughout the year. Conserving endangered species is critical for maintaining biodiversity and ecosystem health, and continued development and utilization of advanced technologies are essential in conservation efforts.

American Team: The American team emphasizes the benefits of using technology, particularly drones and mapping software, in monitoring and protecting vulnerable wildlife species. However, they acknowledge the challenges and limitations of these technologies and suggest combining them with traditional methods for a more comprehensive approach. Managing human-wildlife conflicts is also crucial in protecting vulnerable species. The studies and interventions discussed provide valuable insights into wildlife conservation and highlight the importance of technology in monitoring and protecting vulnerable species while also considering its limitations and challenges.

Antarctic Team: The Antarctic team highlights the significant impact of technology on the study and conservation of animals in Antarctica, particularly in the face of climate change and pollution. Satellite imagery, crowdsourcing, acoustic sensors, and underwater cameras are among the technologies used to collect data and observe animals without disturbing them. Protecting biodiversity in Antarctica requires a holistic approach that considers all variables and promotes sustainable management practices. The team suggests creating candidate protected areas and adopting a modern, systematic conservation planning approach to expand the Antarctic Specially Protected Area (ASPA) network.

Arctic Team: The Arctic team emphasizes the role of technology in addressing environmental issues in the Arctic, particularly in understanding climate change, hunting practices, and migratory patterns of marine animals. However, more research is necessary on the practical aspects of technology and its impact on indigenous communities. Diverse perspectives are crucial in addressing environmental issues, and technology is a valuable tool in improving our knowledge and understanding of these issues. Further research and consideration of diverse perspectives are needed to fully address these challenges.

Asian Team: The Asian team highlights the importance of technology in monitoring and conserving endangered animal species, including GPS tracking collars, DNA collection, ArcGIS software data processing, and land cover maps. Addressing the root causes of threats, such as human conflicts and habitat loss, is crucial for the long-term conservation of these species. Climate change poses a significant threat to these endangered species, and it is necessary to address the underlying causes of their endangerment to ensure their survival.

Overall, the texts demonstrate the critical role of technology in conservation efforts, enabling researchers to gather valuable data and develop sustainable strategies for protecting vulnerable species. However, the limitations and challenges of these technologies must also be considered, and further research is necessary to address them. Additionally, addressing the root causes of threats to endangered species is crucial for their long-term conservation, highlighting the need for a comprehensive approach that considers all variables and diverse perspectives.

# data[].attributes.body
In the peer presentations about technologies for endangered species in the Americas, several interesting applications were discussed. These technologies aim to protect and conserve nonhuman animals, which are facing a variety of threats such as habitat loss, human-wildlife conflict, and climate change.

One of the most innovative technologies presented was the use of drones for monitoring and studying wildlife. The drones can capture high-resolution images and videos of nonhuman animals without disturbing them, which can provide valuable information about their behavior, population size, and distribution. For example, the drones have been used to monitor the population of the endangered Black Spider Monkey in the Amazon rainforest, which can help with conservation efforts and reduce the impact of human activities on their habitat. However, there are some concerns about the use of drones, such as their potential impact on the animals' stress levels and privacy.

Another technology that was presented is the use of GPS collars and tags to track the movement and behavior of nonhuman animals, such as the Marsh Deer and the Red-throated Loon. This can provide valuable data on their migration patterns, habitat use, and population dynamics, which can inform conservation strategies and management plans. However, the use of these technologies can be

costly and may require specialized skills and training to install and maintain them properly.

Analysis, Evaluate

The use of genetic analysis and biotechnology was also discussed, particularly in the context of the Red-Eyed Tree Frog, which is threatened by habitat loss and the spread of a fungal disease. The genetic analysis can help identify populations that are more resistant to the disease, which can inform selective breeding programs and the development of vaccines. However, there are some ethical concerns about genetic manipulation and the potential unintended consequences of these technologies.

Finally, the use of citizen science and community-based conservation approaches were also presented as effective ways to engage the public in conservation efforts and increase awareness about the importance of protecting nonhuman animals. For example, the Red-Cockaded Woodpecker Conservation Project in the southeastern United States involves local communities in habitat restoration and monitoring efforts, which can lead to a more sustainable and collaborative approach to conservation.

Overall, these technologies present promising solutions to the challenges faced by nonhuman animals in the Americas. However, it is important to consider their potential impact on the animals' welfare and their effectiveness in achieving long-term conservation goals. The use of multiple approaches, such as combining technology with community-based conservation, can lead to a more holistic and effective approach to protecting endangered species.

# data[].attributes.body
The presentations provided a fascinating insight into the various technologies being used to aid in the conservation of endangered species in Africa. Each presenter demonstrated a clear passion for their subject matter and a deep understanding of the challenges facing endangered species in their respective regions.

One of the most striking aspects of the presentations was the wide range of technologies being utilized, from drones and satellite tracking to genetic analysis and virtual reality. The presenters each made compelling arguments for the effectiveness of their chosen technologies, highlighting their unique benefits and applications.

However, it was also evident that each technology had its limitations and potential drawbacks. For example, while satellite tracking has been incredibly useful in monitoring the movements of elephants and other large animals, it may not be as effective for smaller species or in areas with dense vegetation. Similarly, while virtual reality can be a powerful tool for engaging the public in conservation efforts, it may not be accessible or effective for all demographics.

Overall, it was clear that technology has the potential to be a powerful tool in the fight to protect endangered species in Africa. However, it was also evident that technology alone cannot solve these complex conservation challenges. The presenters all emphasized the importance of collaboration and a holistic approach to conservation that includes community engagement, policy changes, and habitat restoration.

In terms of comparative analysis, it was interesting to note the similarities and differences between the various technologies presented. For example, several presenters discussed the use of drones for tracking and monitoring endangered species, but each had a slightly different approach and focus. It was also notable that some technologies, such as genetic analysis and disease screening, were not covered by all presenters, highlighting the diversity of approaches being taken in conservation efforts.

In evaluating the presentations, it was clear that each presenter had done thorough research and was able to effectively convey their ideas to the audience. The use of visuals and real-life examples helped to bring the technology to life and made the presentations engaging and informative. However, some presenters could have benefited from more clearly outlining the potential drawbacks and limitations of their chosen technologies.

Overall, the presentations provided a thought-provoking exploration of the role of technology in conservation efforts in Africa. It was encouraging to see the passion and dedication of the presenters and the potential for these technologies to make a real impact in protecting endangered species.

# data[].attributes.body
The Antarctic environment is home to numerous endangered species, making conservation and management efforts of utmost importance. Several articles of the Antarctica profile have mentioned these regions: Lazarev Sea, Weddell Sea, Bellingshausen Sea, Amundsen Sea and Ross Sea with the effort of researching and protecting humpback whales, Weddell seals, penguins.

The first species are the Antarctic blue and fin whale, whose seasonal occurrence and behavior were studied using an autonomous acoustic recorder to detect D- and Z-calls and the 27 Hz chorus of blue whales, the 20 and 99 Hz pulses of fin whales, and the 18-28 Hz chorus of blue and fin whales. Moreover, from the data observation, researchers also find out that the Maud Rise can be considered as an import habitat for the whales in the Southeast Ocean.

The Satellites Over Seals (SOS) project is a crowdsourced method to determine factors behind the presence/absence patterns of Weddell seals, a species proposed to be part of the Antarctic Research and Monitoring Program required in the newly designated Ross Sea Region Marine Protected Area. Using high-resolution satellite imagery and the online platform Tomnod to determine the locations of seals. Seal presence was detected on only 0.55% of available maps, surprisingly showing a sparse, irregular distribution. This approach not only allowed the effectiveness of the platform for introducing citizen scientists to the ecology of the Southern Ocean to be measured but also was an opportunity to assess image resolution and quality, as well as training and outreach.

The movement patterns of marine migratory species are critical to understanding habitat use and population structure, helping inform conservation and management planning. The dispersal and migration of humpback whales in the western Indian Ocean were studied using satellite transmitters. Eleven were deployed on wintering humpback whales from the south-western Indian Ocean breeding stock at the Comoros islands, successfully tracked for 24.3 ± 12.4 days and travelled between 146 km and 5804 km in total. Whales either remained at their wintering site for several weeks or dispersed along the west coast or east coast of Madagascar. Two individuals travelled along straight paths to distant, potential, foraging areas. Identification of these dispersal patterns is important for delineation of breeding regions and for allocating abundance estimates to stocks.

Autonomous time-lapse camera systems offer an opportunity to collect spatially extensive data on phenology and reproductive success, important for seabird conservation and management, but can be logistically challenging in remote regions. A method to estimate nest-level breeding phenology and reproductive success of colonial pygoscelid penguins using photographs from time-lapse cameras was described. The method accurately estimated phenology and reproductive success relative to direct observations and appears well-suited to operationalize regional time-lapse camera networks.

Lastly, the Antarctic and Southern Ocean are excluded from assessments of progress against the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity, leading to missed opportunities for biodiversity conservation globally. Evidence suggests that the biodiversity outlook is similar to that for the rest of the planet, but much scope for remedial action exists. Understanding the use and importance of the Antarctic sea ice to the Ross seal is also critical. Four adult females were tagged with Argos satellite transmitters in the Amundsen Sea, and their movements, haul out behavior, and time spent at different temperatures were logged. Their pelagic behavior suggests that Ross seals may adapt comparatively easily to climate change involving ice melting and recession, which is important given their status as an ice obligate species.

# data[].attributes.body
The conservation and management of threatened species in Asia is a critical issue, and several studies have shed light on important aspects of their ecology and behavior. In one study, researchers used GPS tracking to monitor the movements of Asian great bustards, a species with one of the largest ranges of any threatened species in Eurasia. The study found that the migratory behavior of this species varies longitudinally, possibly due to differences in seasonality and winter severity. Similarly, the Japanese Wood Pigeon was found to undertake the longest recorded flight for the species during seasonal migration to non-breeding sites.

Another study focused on gibbons and their territorial behavior, with researchers collecting GPS data to understand home range and movement patterns. Their findings showed that gibbons have a highly territorial nature, with a core area that is vigorously defended and a wider home range that is more shared with neighboring groups. The study is important for understanding carrying capacity and reintroduction plans for wild populations.

Conservation efforts also involve genetic monitoring protocols to establish and revisit conservation strategies. An example is the cost-effective genetic monitoring protocol for Amur leopards, which were found to have low genetic diversity and a recent bottleneck signature. A similar study investigated the distribution of the endangered Asian elephant in Sri Lanka, using a grid-based questionnaire survey to produce an island-wide distribution map. They found that elephants occur over 59.9% of Sri Lanka, indicating the challenge of separating people and elephants at a landscape scale.

Understanding habitat interactions of wildlife with human activity is also crucial for managing human-wildlife conflicts, as seen in a study of snow leopards in northern Pakistan. The study found that snow leopards' suitable habitat overlapped with human encroachment, resulting in growing competition for limited rangeland resources, and contributing to increasing human-snow leopard conflicts.

Finally, the use of advanced wildlife monitoring technologies is transforming wildlife conservation and management, but this study highlights the drawbacks of the digital divide, which can marginalize local and indigenous communities in wildlife management. The study emphasizes the need for inclusive consultations and dialogues between conservationists and local communities to achieve interdisciplinary solutions for effective conservation and management of wildlife. In conclusion, these studies provide valuable insights into the ecology, distribution, and management of threatened species in Asia and demonstrate the importance of interdisciplinary approaches for their conservation.