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emerged as frontier warriors against the Byzantines in Anatolia

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the Ottomans ended the Byzantine empire by capturing Constantinople

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Istanbul became the ottomans' capital and the center of their highly efficient government

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Captured Syria, Palestine, and Egypt from other Muslim rulers

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Suelyman l ruled the Ottoman Empire

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conquered vast portions of northern Africa and Eastern Europe

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built mosques and palaces

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women in the Ottoman Empire led more restricted lives than men did

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A family known as the Umayyads gained power after, Ail was murdered. they established a hereditary system of succession.

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Ismail united the Persian kingdoms into an independent state in 1501

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expanded Persia's borders

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Safavids and Ottomans went on to fight a long war that lasted more than 100 years

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Gained and lost possession of the land

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made a new capital called Esfahan

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They moved the capital of the Muslim empire and the Muslims didn't really like that and because of this Islam split into two branches

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invaded india

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allowed different religions to flourish the empire

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The Umayyads expanded the Muslim empire and it spread to new areas

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reached its peak in 1628

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reached its peak between 1588 and 1629

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They set up an efficient bureaucracy, a system of government

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leaders library was vast and included books in English, Greek, Persian, Hindi, and Arabic

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leaders court was cultured and learned

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These actions helped unite the dividend empires

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The Abbasid ruled in the golden age of Muslim history

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The government had to trust the adviser who held the empires together with force.

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They built a huge army that mainly had Turkish mercenaries and later on called the group Seljuk

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The Turks converted to Islam and wanted to control the government of the Muslim empire.

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Then in 1258 an invading group from central Asia killed the last Abbasid caliph

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Muslims first conquered Spain in 711 and region came under Umayyad control

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The last prince of Umayyad survived and fled to a city in Cordoba and establish a powerful independent state called al-Andalus

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The state reached its peak under the leadership of Abd al-Rahman lll and assumed power in 192

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Abd al-Rahman lll fought the rebels and proclaimed himself caliph in 929 and directly competing with the Abbasids

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One of the most beautiful buildings ever created was the Great Mosque and its a vast prayer hall that could hold over 50,000