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¿Fue la desintegración de Yugoslavia el resultado inevitable de los conflictos de poder entre Serbia y las demás repúblicas, o reflejó también fallas profundas en la convivencia política y étnica dentro del país?

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🔥Las GUERRAS de YUGOSLAVIA en 10 minutos 🔥 | El conflicto de los balcanes resumido

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ACNUR. (2018). Guerra de los Balcanes, uno de los peores conflictos de la historia. https://eacnur.org/es/actualidad/noticias/desplazados/guerra-de-los-balcanes-uno-de-los-peores-conflictos-de-la-historia

Aithor. (s. f.). La guerra de los Balcanes: Causas, desarrollo y consecuencias. https://aithor.com/essay-examples/la-guerra-de-los-balcanes-causas-desarrollo-y-consecuencias

De los Reyes, M. (2013). Los conflictos en los Balcanes: La guerra civil en Yugoslavia y los intereses externos. https://www.igadi.gal/es/analise/los-conflictos-en-los-balcanes-la-guerra-civil-en-yugoslavia-y-los-intereses-externos/

Encyclopaedia Britannica. (2025). Osman and Orhan. Ottoman Empire. https://www.britannica.com/place/Ottoman-Empire/Osman-and-Orhan

La Vanguardia. (2021). La memoria de la Guerra de los Balcanes. https://www.lavanguardia.com/vida/junior-report/20210625/7552178/memoria-guerra-balcanes.html

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Following the final Mongol defeat of the Seljuqs in 1293, Osman emerged as prince ( bey) of the border principality that took over Byzantine Bithynia in northwestern Anatolia around Bursa, commanding the ghazis against the Byzantines in that area. Hemmed in on the east by the more powerful Turkmen principality of Germiyan, Osman and his immediate successors concentrated their attacks on Byzantine territories bordering the Bosporus and the Sea of Marmara to the west. The Ottomans, left as the major Muslim rivals of Byzantium, attracted masses of nomads and urban unemployed who were roaming through the Middle East searching for means to gain their livelihoods and seeking to fulfill their religious desire to expand the territory of Islam. The Ottomans were able to take advantage of the decay of the Byzantine frontier defense system and the rise of economic, religious, and social discontent in the Byzantine Empire and, beginning under Osman and continuing under his successors Orhan (Orkhan, ruled 1324-60) and Murad I (1360-89), took over Byzantine territories, first in western Anatolia and then in southeastern Europe. It was only under Bayezid I (1389-1402) that the wealth and power gained by that initial expansion were used to assimilate the Anatolian Turkish principalities to the east.

By 1300 Osman ruled an area in Anatolia stretching from Eskişehir (Dorylaeum) to the plains of İznik (Nicaea), having defeated several organized Byzantine efforts to curb his expansion. Byzantine attempts to secure Il-Khanid support against the Ottomans from the east were unsuccessful, and the Byzantine emperor's use of mercenary troops from western Europe caused more damage to his own territory than to that of the Turks. The Ottomans lacked effective siege equipment, however, and were unable to take the major cities of Bithynia. Nor could they move against their increasingly powerful Turkmen neighbours, the Aydın and Karası dynasties, which had taken over Byzantine territory in southwestern Anatolia. Orhan 's capture of Bursa in 1324 (some sources date the event to 1326) provided the first means for developing the administrative, economic, and military power necessary to make the principality into a real state and to create an army. Orhan began the military policy, expanded by his successors, of employing Christian mercenary troops, thus lessening his dependence on the nomads.

Orhan soon was able to capture the remaining Byzantine towns in northwestern Anatolia: İznik (1331), İzmit (1337), and Üsküdar (1338). He then moved against his major Turkmen neighbours to the south. Taking advantage of internal conflicts, Orhan annexed Karası in 1345 and gained control of the area between the Gulf of Edremit and Kapıdağı ( Cyzicus), reaching the Sea of Marmara. He thus put himself in a position to end the lucrative monopoly enjoyed by the city of Aydın, that of providing mercenary troops to competing Byzantine factions in Thrace and at the Byzantine capital, Constantinople (present-day Istanbul). The expansion also enabled the Ottomans to replace Aydın as the principal ally of the Byzantine emperor John VI Cantacuzenus. The consequent entry of Ottoman troops into Europe gave them a direct opportunity to see the possibilities for conquest offered by Byzantine decadence. The collapse of Aydın following the death of its ruler, Umur Bey, left the Ottomans alone as the leaders of the ghazis against the Byzantines. Orhan helped Cantacuzenus take the throne of Byzantium from John V Palaeologus and as a reward secured the right to ravage Thrace and to marry the emperor's daughter Theodora.

Ottoman raiding parties began to move regularly through Gallipoli into Thrace. Huge quantities of captured booty strengthened Ottoman power and attracted thousands from the uprooted Turkmen masses of Anatolia into Ottoman service. Starting in 1354, Orhan's son Süleyman transformed Gallipoli, a peninsula on the European side of the Dardanelles, into a permanent base for expansion into Europe and refused to leave, despite the protests of Cantacuzenus and others. From Gallipoli Süleyman's bands moved up the Maritsa River into southeastern Europe, raiding as far as Adrianople. Cantacuzenus soon fell from power, at least partially because of his cooperation with the Turks, and Europe began to be aware of the extent of the Turkish danger.

Orhan's son Murad I was the first Ottoman emperor to use Gallipoli for permanent conquests in Europe. Constantinople itself was bypassed, despite the weakness and disorganization of its defenders, because its thick walls and well-placed defenses remained too strong for the nomadic Ottoman army, which continued to lack siege equipment. Murad's initial conquests extended northward into Thrace, culminating with the capture in 1361 of Adrianople, the second city of the Byzantine Empire. Renamed Edirne, the city became the new Ottoman capital, providing the Ottomans with a centre for the administrative and military control of Thrace. As the main fortress between Constantinople and the Danube River, it controlled the principal invasion road through the Balkan Mountains, assured Ottoman retention of their European conquests, and facilitated further expansion to the north.

Murad then moved through the Maritsa River valley and captured Philippopolis (Philibé or Filibe; modern Plovdiv) in 1363. Control of the main sources of Constantinople's grain and tax revenues enabled him to force the Byzantine emperor to accept Ottoman suzerainty. The death of the Serbian emperor Stefan Dušan in 1355 left his successors too divided and weak to defeat the Ottomans, despite an alliance with Louis I of Hungary and Tsar Shishman of Bulgaria in the first European Crusade against the Ottomans. The Byzantine emperor John V Palaeologus tried to mobilize European assistance by uniting the churches of Constantinople and Rome, but that effort only further divided Byzantium without assuring any concrete help from the West. Murad was thus able in 1371 to rout the allies at Chernomen (Çirmen), on the Maritsa, increasing his own confidence and demoralizing his smaller enemies, who rapidly accepted his suzerainty without further resistance.

Murad next incorporated into the rapidly expanding empire many European vassals. He retained local native rulers, who in return accepted his suzerainty, paid annual tributes, and provided contingents for his army when required. That policy enabled the Ottomans generally to avoid local resistance by assuring rulers and subjects that their lives, properties, traditions, and positions would be preserved if they peacefully accepted Ottoman rule. It also enabled the Ottomans to govern the newly conquered areas without building up a vast administrative system of their own or maintaining substantial occupation garrisons.

Moving rapidly to consolidate his empire south of the Danube, Murad captured Macedonia (1371), central Bulgaria (including Monastir [1382], Sofia [1385], and Niš [1386]), and Serbia, all culminating in the climactic defeat of the Balkan allies at the Battle of Kosovo in 1389. South of the Danube only Walachia, Bosnia, Albania, Greece, and the Serbian fort of Belgrade remained outside Ottoman rule, and to the north Hungary alone was in a position to resist further Muslim advances.

Murad was killed during the Battle of Kosovo. His son and successor, Bayezid I, was unable to take advantage of his father's victory to achieve further European conquest. In fact, he was compelled to restore the defeated vassals and return to Anatolia. That return was precipitated by the rising threat of the Turkmen principality of Karaman, created on the ruins of the Seljuq empire of Anatolia with its capital at Konya. Bayezid's predecessors had avoided forceful annexation of Turkmen territory in order to concentrate on Europe. They had, however, expanded peacefully through marriage alliances and the purchase of territories. The acquisition of territory in central Anatolia from the emirates of Hamid and Germiyan had brought the Ottomans into direct contact with Karaman for the first time. Murad had been compelled to take some military action to prevent it from occupying his newly acquired Anatolian territories but then had turned back to Europe, leaving the unsolved problem to his successor son.

Karaman willingly cooperated with Serbia in inciting opposition to Ottoman rule among Murad's vassals in both Europe and Anatolia. That opposition strengthened the Balkan Union that was routed by the Ottomans at Kosovo and stimulated a general revolt in Anatolia that Bayezid was forced to meet by an open attack as soon as he was able. By 1390 Bayezid had overwhelmed and annexed all the remaining Turkmen principalities in western Anatolia. He attacked and defeated Karaman in 1391, annexed several Turkmen states in eastern Anatolia, and was preparing to complete his conquest in the area when he was forced to turn back to Europe to deal with a revolt of some of his Balkan vassals, encouraged and assisted by Hungary and Byzantium. Bayezid quickly smashed the rebels (1390-93), occupied Bulgaria and installed direct Ottoman administration for the first time, and besieged Constantinople. In response, Hungary organized a major European Crusade against the Ottomans. The effort was beaten back by Bayezid at the Battle of Nicopolis (Niğbolu) on the Danube in 1396. Europe was terrorized, and Ottoman rule south of the Danube was assured; Bayezid's prestige in the Islamic world was so enhanced that he was given the title of sultan by the shadow Abbasid caliph of Cairo, despite the opposition of the caliph's Mamluk masters (the rulers of Egypt, Syria, and the holy cities of Mecca and Medina), who wanted to retain the title only for themselves.

Turning back to Anatolia to complete the conquests aborted by his move against the Crusaders, Bayezid overran Karaman, the last Turkmen principality, in 1397. His advances, however, attracted the attention of Timur (Tamerlane), who had been building a powerful Tatar empire in Central Asia, Iran, Afghanistan, and Mesopotamia and whose invasion of India in 1398 had been halted by his fear of the rising Ottoman power on his western flank. Encouraged by several Turkmen princes who had fled to his court when their territories were taken by Bayezid, Timur decided to destroy Bayezid's empire before turning his attentions back to the east and thus invaded Anatolia. As Bayezid and Timur moved toward battle, the former's Turkmen vassals and Muslim followers deserted him because he had abandoned the old Ottoman ghazi tradition of advancing against the infidel. Left only with forces provided by his Christian vassals, Bayezid was decisively overwhelmed by Timur at the Battle of Ankara in 1402. Taken captive, Bayezid died within a year.

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Ottoman Empire - Osman, Orhan, Expansion

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Ottoman Empire - Osman, Orhan, Expansion: Following the final Mongol defeat of the Seljuqs in 1293, Osman emerged as prince (bey) of the border principality that took over Byzantine Bithynia in northwestern Anatolia around Bursa, commanding the ghazis against the Byzantines in that area.

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Los movimintos separatistas se incian en Kosovo en 1981

Este territorio fue centro de serios conflictos étnicos

90% poblacion

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Tarea #1 Estudios Sociales:    EL CONFLICTO DE LOS      BALCANES

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Tarea #1 Estudios Sociales:    EL CONFLICTO DE LOS      BALCANES

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Alonso Mata, Avia Elizondo, Valeria Torres

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Albania, Rumania, Bulgaria, Grecia, Turquía, la antigua Yugoslavia (Bosnia-Herzegovina, Eslovenia, Croacia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia y Kosovo)

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Zona muy disputada por varios imperios: otomano, ruso, germánico y austrohúngaro.

En esa región se originó lal Primera Guerra Mundia(por el asesinato del archiduque Francisco Fernando.

Nacimiento de Yugoslavia

Después de la Primera Guerra Mundial, se creó el Reino de los Serbios, Croatas y Eslovenos, formado por varios grupos étnicos.

En 1929 cambió su nombre a Estado de Yugoslavia.

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Durante la guerra, los nazis ocuparon Yugoslavia.

Tras la derrota nazi, los aliados apoyaron la creación de un nuevo Estado comunista bajo el mando del mariscal Josip Broz Tito (1945–1980).

4. Gobierno de Tito

Tito unificó las diferentes etnias con mano dura, pero les permitió cierta autonomía ( ideomas-religrión)

El país se llamó República Federal Socialista de Yugoslavia.

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Crisis tras la muerte de Tito (1980) / política y económica

La antigua represión de un poder central autoritario explotó en movimientos separatistas.

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Causas de la Primera Guerra de los Balcanes (1912)

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Causas de la Primera Guerra de los Balcanes (1912)

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Debilidad del Imperio Otomano

Nacionalismo

Liga Balcánica

Ambiciones territoriales

Apoyo ruso

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El dominio turco en los Balcanes comenzó en el siglo XV. La intervención de Rusia en el XIX comenzó a revertir el poder turco en la zona. Unos cuantos países de esta región europea lograron su independencia -ratificada en la mayoría de los casos por el Congreso de Berlín- y ansiaban ampliar sus fronteras por el territorio en poder de los otomanos. El nacionalismo y la religión fueron los ingredientes perfectos para crear un clima previo al enfrentamiento. La intervención del Imperio Austro-Húngaro en los Balcanes causó todavía más tensión a principios del siglo XX. La crisis vivida en el Imperio Otomano con la ascensión al poder de los Jóvenes Turcos fue aprovechada para tomar la decisión de formar una Liga Balcánica.

¿Quiénes ganaron la Primera Guerra balcánica?

Los turcos luchaban en ese momento contra los italianos en Libia, y no pudieron anticiparse al ataque de Montenegro, el primer país que comenzó con las hostilidades. El resto de aliados (Grecia, Serbia y Bulgaria) se sumaron a la ofensiva, y muy pronto consiguieron derrotar a su enemigo. El tratado de Londres, firmado en mayo de 1913, puso fin a esta primera guerra, pero sus acuerdos pronto quedaron volatilizados por las aspiraciones territoriales de los ganadores. Esas desavenencias por el reparto de los lugares conquistados provocaron una Segunda Guerra balcánica, que enfrentó a Bulgaria -la nación perdedora en esta ocasión- con sus antiguos socios, y con turcos y rumanos. El Tratado de Bucarest anuló lo dispuesto en el de Londres, y fijó una nuevas fronteras que apuntalaron el dominio serbio, acrecentado por su sólida relación con Rusia.

Otras efemérides históricas del 8 de octubre

El día 8 de octubre de 1573 finalizó el asedio de Alkmaar. Es la primera victoria de los Países Bajos en la Guerra de los 80 años.

El día 8 de octubre de 1814 se celebró la primera sesión del congreso de Viena, creado para rediseñar el mapa de Europa después de las guerras napoleónicas.

El día 8 de octubre de 1917 León Trotski fue elegido presidente del Soviet de San Petersburgo.

El día 8 de octubre de 1967 el Che Guevara fue apresado por el ejército boliviano en una operación en la que participó la CIA. Al día siguiente fue ejecutado.

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Primera Guerra balcánica - 8 de octubre de 1912 - Zenda

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El 8 de octubre de 1912, dio comienzo la Primera Guerra balcánica. Serbia, Bulgaria, Grecia y Montenegro se unieron contra el Imperio Otomano.

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Consecuencias de la Primera Guerra de los Balcanes (1912) 

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Consecuencias de la Primera Guerra de los Balcanes (1912) 

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Derrota del Imperio Otomano

Expansión de los países balcánicos

Creación de Albania

Tensiones entre aliados

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The First Balkan War lasted from October 1912 to May 1913 and involved actions of the Balkan Leagu

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Causas de la Segunda Guerra de los Balcanes (1913) 

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Causas de la Segunda Guerra de los Balcanes (1913) 

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Disputa por el reparto del territorio ganado → Bulgaria se sintió perjudicada tras la primera guerra.

Ambición búlgara → Quería controlar Macedonia, que había quedado en manos de Serbia y Grecia.

Ruptura de la Liga Balcánica → Los antiguos aliados se enfrentaron entre sí.

Intervención de otros países → Rumania y el Imperio Otomano aprovecharon el conflicto para recuperar territorios.

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Consecuencias de la Segunda Guerra de los Balcanes (1913)

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Consecuencias de la Segunda Guerra de los Balcanes (1913)

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Derrota de Bulgaria → Perdió parte de los territorios que había ganado.

Serbia y Grecia se fortalecen → Amplían sus fronteras y poder en la región.

Rumania y el Imperio Otomano recuperan tierras → Aprovecharon el conflicto para expandirse.

Aumento de tensiones en Europa → Las rivalidades en los Balcanes ayudaron a preparar el terreno para la Primera Guerra Mundial (1914).

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1. Tito lideró la resistencia y Yugoslavia contra los nazis

2. Creó un Estado socialista unido e independiente, sin seguir totalmente a la Unión Soviética.

3. Tras su muerte en 1980, surgieron conflictos étnicos que provocaron la división de Yugoslavia.

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✅La LIBERACIÓN de YUGOSLAVIA por JOSIP BROZ TITO | Explicación sencilla en 10 minutos

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Kosovo era importante para Serbia para sus tradiciones y su historia.

Centro Sagrado de la iglesia Ortodoxa Serbia ( Jerusalén Cristianos)

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- Kosovo busca su independicia pero Serbia en sus inicios no se lo permiten.

- Vence a los manifestantes

- 2008 logran su objetivo

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Junto a los Serbios Nacionalistas, juran reconstruir la Gran Serbia

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Proclama su idependecia pero el ejercito ferderal de Yugoslavia no lo permite

-Se da el conflicto de los Diez Días

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Proclamo su independencia en 1991

Conflictos de los antiguos territorios de Yugoslavia.

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Macedonia se prepara para celebrar un referendo histórico

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“Este es un referéndum sobre nuestra segunda independencia”, dice el primer ministro de Macedonia. - Anadolu Ajansı

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Como consecuencia de la Guerra de Kosovo acepto a refugiados de Albania y Kosovo.

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Desequilibrio étnico entre macedonios y albaneses 

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Desequilibrio étnico entre macedonios y albaneses 

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Enfrentamientos armados en 2011.

Ingreso de Macedonia a la ONU en 1993.

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Revolución de Macedonia y Tracia de 1903. Autonomía política y comunas en los Balcanes - Todo Por Hacer

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En la memoria del anarquismo europeo siempre nos vienen a la cabeza sucesos renombrados como la Comuna de París en 1871, el territorio libre de Makhnovia

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Fundación de la República Federal de Yugoslavia 

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Fundación de la República Federal de Yugoslavia 

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Presidida por Slobodan Milošević.

La O.T.A.N pusó fin al su regimén represivo.

En 1999 borbardeo a Serbia.

2001 detenido en Belgrado

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Colaboradores de los proyectos Wikimedia

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Slobodan Milošević - Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre

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Existen desacuerdos sobre la neutralidad en el punto de vista de la versión actual de en todo el texto. Motivo: texto adjetivado y claramente parcial

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En 2003, la República Federal de Yugoslavia dejó de existir para convertirse en la Federación Serbia y Montenegro.

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2006 por medio de un referendum nacional.

Republica de Serbia.

Con Boris Tadíc como presidente.

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Colaboradores de los proyectos Wikimedia

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Boris Tadić - Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre

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Boris Tadić (en serbio cirilizado: Борис Тадић; Sarajevo, 15 de enero de 1958) fue, desde el 11 de julio de 2004 hasta el 5 de abril de 2012, presidente de Serbia. De profesión psicólogo, es también presidente del Partido Demócrata.

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Declaró su independencia en 1991, despues de varios conflictos con Yugoslavia acordaron reconocimiento mutuo.

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Los Serbios de la región Oriental de Croacia,con la ayuda de las tropas federales de Yugoslavia intentaron separarse.

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1998 Croacia adquiere la plena soberania sobre Eslovenia Oriental (territorios orientes de Croacia)

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Se desato una guerra sangrienta, en esa pequeña republica vivian pueblos de origen:croata,serbio y bosno.

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El expresidente serbio los invadio con ejercitos de serbia y bosnia, con la idea de reconstruir a la Gran Serbia, en los territorios que conquistaron realizaron una limpieza etnica con bastantes asesinatos, violacion de mujeres, destruccion de infraestructura etc..

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Gracias a la intervencion de la O.T.A.N y de los Estados Unidos, los presidentes de Bosnia, Croacia y Serbia decidieron conversar a Bosnia como un solo estado compuesto por 2 partes.

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Gracias a la ayuda del banco mundial se hizo posible la reconstrucción que había quedado en ruina