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Linear transmission mechanisms directly transmit information, energy, or signals without significant alteration. Examples include electrical cables and data transmission systems.

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A lever is a bar which pivots around a fixed point called the fulcrum or pivot (fulcro o punto de apoyo).

The elements in a lever are:

● Load “L” (carga o resistencia): is the force we have to lift or

overcome.

● Effort “E” (esfuerzo o potencia): is the force exerted by the

user.

● Load arm “La” (brazo de resistencia): distance between the

load application point and the fulcrum.

● Effort arm “Ea” (brazo de potencia): distance between the

effort application point and the fulcrum.

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A lever is a bar which pivots around a fixed point called the fulcrum or pivot (fulcro o punto de apoyo).

The elements in a lever are:

● Load “L”: is the force we have to lift or

overcome.

● Effort “E”: is the force exerted by the

user.

● Load arm “La”: distance between the

load application point and the fulcrum.

● Effort arm “Ea”: distance between the

effort application point and the fulcrum.

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In these levers the fulcrum is placed between the load and the effort. Examples: the see-saw, scissors, hammer

claws, pliers, etc.

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In these levers the load is placed between the fulcrum and the effort. Examples: the wheelbarrow, the bottle

opener, the nutcracker, etc.

With these levers we always get mechanical advantage as the effort arm is always longer than the load arm.

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Circular transmission mechanisms transmit information or energy in a circular or rotational manner, like gear systems or rotary engines.

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In these levers the effort is placed between the fulcrum and the load. Examples: the shovel (pala para cavar), a

stapler, the hockey bat, a fishing rod, a broom, the tweezers, the ice holder, etc.

With this kind of lever no mechanical advantage is obtained as the effort arm is always shorter than the load arm.

Instead, we gain in speed of the load or movement of it.

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A movable pulley is a normal pulley but in this case the load is hanging from its axle.

With this mechanism we get mechanical advantage of 2 because the load is hanging

from two parts of rope and we just pull on one of them, the other one is tied to a

fixed point. In exchange, we’ll have to pull the rope two metres if we want to lift

the load 1 meter.

Usually, the moving pulley is used in combination with another

fixed to get the advantages of both of them. This mechanism

is called block and tackle (polipasto o aparejo)

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Circular movement transformation to linear.

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Circular movement transformation to linear.

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Circular to linear motion transformation converts rotation into straight-line movement. Examples include crankshaft and piston, cam and follower, screw and nut, and rack and pinion systems. These mechanisms are essential in various machines and tools.

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A pulley is a wheel with a groove (canal) that turns around a fixed axle.

The drive element of a pulley mechanism is usually a rope, cable, belt or chain that runs over the pulley inside the

groove.

A simple pulley (also called fixed pulley) doesn’t increase the speed of the rope nor

reduce the effort needed to move a load.

E = L

The only advantage is to reduce friction and to change the direction of the rope to

help us with our own weight.

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Circular movement transformation to alternative linear.

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Circular movement transformation to alternative linear.

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The circular to Alternating Linear Movement is a mechanism that converts rotational motion into back-and-forth linear motion. Examples include crankshaft and piston systems, cam and follower mechanisms, and Scotch yokes.

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Driver wheel (rueda motriz o conductora ) is the wheel moved directly by amotor or a crank.Driven wheel (rueda conducida) is the one to which the motion is transmitted.The motion to the driven wheel is transmitted by means of friction existingin the contact of both wheels. Consequently, both wheels rotate in oppositedirection.

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In this mechanisms, a belt passes around two pulleys. When the driver pulley moves, it moves the belt and the

belt moves the driven pulley. Both pulleys rotate in the same direction. This mechanism is reversible, which

means that we can use both wheels as driven or as driving wheels.

The transmission speed ratio is the same as in the friction wheels.

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This consists of two pairs of pulleys with belts working together. As shown in the picture, the central shaft is made up with two pulleys built together. To study this mechanism we have to divide it in parts. First of all we analyze the first two pulleys and then the other two, considering the same speed for both central pulleys.

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Gears are toothed wheels that mesh each other to transmit the circular motion or to change the speed between two

axles. The gears rotate in opposite direction. The speed of the driven gear depends on the number of teeth of both

gears.

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They are the most common type of gears. No possibility of slipping with this mechanism, so great strengths can be transmitted. The gears rotate in opposite direction. If we need them to rotate in the same direction, an idler gear (engranaje loco) should be used. With the idler gear, the speed transmission is not affected. Spurs gears are reversible, which means that we can use both gears as driven or as driving gears.

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These gears have teeth cut on a cone instead of a cylinder. They are used in

pairs to transmit rotary motion where the bevel gear shafts are at right angles

(90 degrees) to each other.

For the speed transmission we use the same equation we know from spur gears.

Bevel gears are reversible as well.

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It is constituted by a screw (worm) and a spur gear. As the worm turns, it pulls the gear. For every revolution of the worm, it will pull one of the gear’s teeth. Therefore, worm gears have a great speed reduction ratio, they are used when you want to slow down a movement considerably. The two axles (the one of the worm and the gear) are 90o.

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This consists of two pairs of gears working together. It is used when we need large changes in speed of rotation. This mechanism must be calculated the same as we saw in the belts and pulleys train.

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It is a system similar to the belts and pulleys but built in toothed wheels and a chain. The driver toothed

wheel meshes with the chain and pulls it as it rotates. As the chain moves, the driven wheel turns.

Bicycles and motorbikes use sprockets and chains

because of their greater strength and the fact that

they do not slip.

The speed ratio is the same as with the spur gears.

As well as the spur gears it is a reversible mechanism.

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A rack and pinion consists of a pair of gears which convert rotational motion into linear motion.

When the pinion (circular gear) turns, it meshes with the teeth of a linear “gear” bar, so it moves linearly.

This mechanism is reversible, which means that the rack can also make the pinion turn.

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If we turn the screw while locking the nut, then the screw will move back or forth depending on the turning direction

of it. And if we turn the nut while locking the screw, then the nut will move back or forth depending on the turning

direction of it.

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A winch is made up of a spool with a rope or cable and a crank. When we make the crank turn, the rope will roll up or

unroll depending on the turning direction to the crank. This way, the load attached to the rope will move up or down.

It is the system used to lift buckets in water wells or in fishing rods. We can use the lever’s law in a whinch, considering the

length of the crank as the Effort arm and the radium of

the spool as the Load arm.

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It transforms a rotary movement in the crank (manivela) or an eccentric axle (eje excéntrico) into alternative linear

movement in the rod (biela). It is a reversible mechanism, so if we make the rod move back and forth, we will get a

rotary motion in the crank or the eccentric.

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A cam (leva) is a specially shaped piece of material, which is fixed to a rotating shaft. The follower is an element

designed to move up and down as it follows the edge of the cam. The same function of the cam can do it an

eccentrics (excéntrica)