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The Cold War began not too long after World War II ended in 1945. Although, the Soviet Union was an important member of the Allied Powers, there was separation between the Soviet Union and the rest of the Allies. The Allies were concerned with the leadership of Joseph Stalin as well as the spread of communism. The Cold War was often fought between the superpowers of the United States and the Soviet Union in something called a proxy war. These were wars fought between other countries, but with each side getting support from a different superpower. Some examples of proxy wars include the Korean War, the Vietnam War, and the Soviet Afghanistan War.

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The Berlin Wall was built by Democratic Germans during the Cold War to stop its people from escaping. The Soviet controlled the East side of Berlin and the major Western Allies controlled the West side of Berlin. Democratic Germans did not want there people to go from the East side of Berlin to the West side of Berlin, so they built the Berlin Wall.

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Communism is a type of government and philosophy. Its goal is to form a society where everything is shared equally. All people are treated equally and there is little private ownership. In a communist government, the government owns and controls most everything including property, means of production, education, transportation, and agriculture. Capitalism is based on people's economic freedom. This means most factories and businesses are owned by people, not the government. The owners decide what to make. They decide how much their goods should cost.

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When the new goverment came in states damanded fredom and the goverment was under a lot of presher. Soviet hardliners kidnaped Gorbachev and anounsed that he got sick and that they would take over. People got mad and protested so the military came but refused to shoot there own people, so the takeover failed.

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In April 1962, Cubans from the U.S. attacked Cuba at the Bay of Pigs. Trying to drive Fidel Castro from power. On October 14, a U.S. spy plane was flying above Cuba. It took pictures of cannons that could fire nuclear missiles. The pictures were brought to the White House the next day. This began the Cuban Missile Crisis. Some of President Kennedy's advisers wanted to bomb the missiles. Others just wanted to give Cuba and the Soviet Union a warning. President Kennedy decided to stop Soviet ships that were bringing weapons to Cuba. U-2 flights over Cuba showed the Soviet missiles were ready to be used. U.S. was moving closer to war. Khrushchev told him to take the missiles back to the Soviet Union.Kennedy wrote back saying the U.S. said missiles would be taken out of Turkey. The next morning was October 28, 1962. The crisis ended. Missiles went back to the Soviet Union. U.S. missiles were taken out of Turkey in April 1963.

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On the morning of September 11, 2001, 19 men hijacked four airplanes. They flew two of the planes into the Twin Towers in New York City and another plane into the Pentagon. The Pentagon is the headquarters of the United States military. A fourth plane crashed in an empty field. The attackers killed 2,977 people.The 9/11 attacks killed thousands.The causes behind the 9/11 attacks were complicated. The Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan in 1979.In October 2001, the American military and allies invaded Afghanistan. The Taliban was quickly defeated. Yet the global conflict was just beginning. Bush said that terrorist groups like Al-Qaida Almost 3,000 people died in the 9/11 attacks. Thousands of soldiers have died in the wars that followed. Yet the largest group of casualties have been civilians. were part of an "Axis of Evil." The axis included unfriendly states like Hussein's Iraq. However, Iraq had not been involved in the events of 9/11.Two decades of war have transformed life in the U.S. The government now has more powers. The war in Afghanistan surpassed the Vietnam War as America's longest conflict.Almost 3,000 people died in the 9/11 attacks. Thousands of soldiers have died in the wars that followed. Yet the largest group of casualties have been civilians.

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He kicked out the government of Cuba and was in power. He nearly started a nuclear war, and he got Cuba and America banned from trading with each other. During his rule, hundreds of thousands of Cubans left the country. The U.S. tried to kill Castro more than 600 times, and all failed. He stepped down from power when he was 81 years old. His brother Raul took over, he was 76.

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Just a few months after becoming president, Kennedy decided to try and help Cuban rebels overthrow the communist Cuban leader Fidel Castro. Unfortunately, the invasion failed miserably when the CIA-assisted rebels were soundly defeated. This event is called the Bay of Pigs because of the name of the bay where the invasion took place.

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Gorbachev was the Soviet and Russian politician and was the last leader in the Soviet Union from 1985 to the country's dissolution in 1991.

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President Ronald Reagan was president from 1981 to 1989. Reagan was born in Tampico, Illinois, on Feb. 6, 1911. He worked his way through Eureka College in Illinois. After he finished school, he became a sports announcer. Later, Reagan was hired to be an actor. An actor is a person who acts in movies, plays or TV. Over the next 20 years Reagan acted in 53 movies. He also worked as the head of a group that spoke for actors. In 1966, Reagan was elected as California's governor. In 1980, he ran for president again against President Jimmy Carter. Americans were not sure who to vote for. Reagan asked Americans the question. “Are you better off now than you were four years ago?” Americans felt they were not. Reagan won by many votes. Two months after becoming president, Reagan was shot. Thankfully he did not die. In 1984, Reagan ran for re-election and he won.