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In Chapters 1-8 Yanek and all the other Jews were forced to wear this armband with the star of David to signify that they were Jewish. 

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Yanek's Literal Journey

Yanek and his family live in Krakow, Poland. But in just a blink of an eye, their city was invaded by the Germans beginning WWII for now Yanek and his family remain in Krakow. for a little while they stay in their flat with several other families. Anti-Semitic rules have been put in place that persecute Jewish people, taking away any rights they had. Over time, walls are built up around the ghetto to contain the remaining Jews who have not been taken for resettlement or deportation yet. One by one many of the Jews relocated to other Jewish ghettos, work camps, and concentration camps or were killed on site.

Yanek's Figurative Journey

With the stress of no food and constant hiding, Yanek is living in fear of being caught by the Nazis. His emotional state is one of constant terror and panic at what awaits him at every turn. The unknown aspects of the war leave a feeling of being unsettled. Yanke's early life as a 10-year-old boy before the war was very normal. He attended school, played with friends, and went to the synagogue with his family. He loves his Mom and his Dad and looks up to them but as the war continues Yanek begins to see his father's constant hopefulness and positivity and wonders who is really right- his father or Uncle Moshe. "I still worried he was wrong, but fresh bread made me forget all my troubles. For a little while, at least." (pg. 25) Doubting your parents for the first time is a struggle for Yanek especially in war-torn Poland.

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The National Holocaust Centre and Museum

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Image Use: Use of images owned by the National Holocaust Centre and Museum is governed by our Terms and Conditions. Accession Number: NEKHC:2011.71 Object: Armband Physical Description: Cotton; thread; complete. Stained in many places and light damage. Information: Under the Nazi regime Jewish people were forced to wear identifiers such as Star of David armbands or badges. This white armband has a blue Star of David sewn onto it. Further Information Hans Frank; Governor General of Nazi occupied Poland, decreed on November 23rd 1939 that all Jewish people over a certain age had to wear a 4 inch wide white armband displaying a blue Star of David on their right arm. The intention was to isolate, harass and humiliate Jewish people, and further embedded Nazi ideology that Jewish people were different from everyone else by marking them out from the rest of the population. Information: The National Holocaust Centre and Museum takes all reasonable measures to ensure we are not infringing on the rights of others. If you are the owner of the copyright or related rights in any of the material from our collections on this website, or you believe that the material may be subject to a third party ownership or another legal claim, and you believe its use infringes your intellectual property or any other rights, please contact us on takedown@nationalholocaustcentre.net We endeavour to resolve objections in a timely manner, and will withdraw affected materials from the website until the matter is resolved. The information you provide will be treated as confidential and will be used only in connection with this enquiry Sources: Fischel, Jack (2010) Historical Dictionary of the Holocaust Maryland: Scarecrow Press Inc. Germany (1941) Deutsches Reichsgesetzblatt [German Reich Law Journal] Police Regulation for the Labelling of Jews (September 1, 1941) Part 1: 547 [Online]. Available at: http://alex.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/alex?aid=dra&datum=1941&size=45&page=575 (Accessed: 20 January 2015). Gutman, Israel (ed.) (1990) Encyclopedia of the Holocaust Jerusalem: Yad Vashem. Holocaust Memorial Day Trust ‘23/11/1939: Introduction of the yellow star for Polish Jews’, HMDT [Online]. Available at: http://hmd.org.uk/content/23111939-introduction-yellow-star-polish-jews (Accessed 20 January 2015).       Rozett, Robert and Spector, Schmuel (2000) Encyclopedia of the Holocaust Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers. Shoah Resource Centre ‘Badge, Jewish’ Yad Vashem [Online]. http://www.yadvashem.org/odot_pdf/microsoft%20word%20-%2059.pdf (Accessed 20 January 2015).

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Chapters 9-12 The Jewish people who wear taken to the concentration or work camps were forced to wear prisoner uniforms and had to have patches on the to signify what they did.

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Yanks figurative journey

Through Yanek's journey from his home in Krakow and Plaszow camp, he had a lot of traumatic events and scary situations. Yanek lost his Mother, Father, and other family members they were taken to camps and Yanek was left alone. He also had to witness some violent events such as a fellow worker getting hit so hard they died, sick people getting shot, and a dog attacking the person next to him. Lastly, Yanek had to experience getting Deported to the Plaszow camp leaving the Krakow ghetto.

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By 1937, Nazi regime's prisoner uniforms made of coarse grey-blue striped material and clogs had become standard issue in the concentration camp system.

The exhibition is home to several uniforms that were used by inmates in Auschwitz and other concentration and death camps. Each of these striped uniforms was marked with a badge indicating the prisoner's category and an identification number that henceforth substituted his or her name.

The most common badge in Auschwitz was the yellow triangle that marked prisoners incarcerated for being Jewish. These crude uniforms were made from bolts produced at the Ravensbrück camp for women, afterwards cut and sewn in tailor workshops in each of the most important camps.

In view of the high mortality among the inmates in Auschwitz, the new prisoners were often given the old uniforms and shoes left behind by the murdered.

Even so, when these were in short supply given the vast number of prisoners, civilian clothes marked with paint and the customary badges were used.

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By 1937, Nazi regime's prisoner uniforms made of coarse grey-blue striped material and clogs had become standard issue in the concentration camp system. The exhibition is home to several uniforms that were used by inmates in Auschwitz and other concentration and death camps.

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Wieliczka Salt Mine, Daniłowicza, Wieliczka, Poland

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Chapter 13 Yanek was taken to a salt mine where he had to mine salt all day and even have to skip dinner  from his work there were parts of the mine with gorgeous cathedral and parts with overworked men.

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Wieliczka Salt Mine, Daniłowicza, Wieliczka, Poland

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Wieliczka Salt Mine, Daniłowicza, Wieliczka, Poland

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Yanek's Figurative

Yanek had a lot of darkness and trauma with him from the war and the work camp, and then he found out he was being taken to another camp. Once Yanek got there he felt trapped again being underground made him scared. when he was there there was a Judenrat police who was bad and overused his power and it made all the sadness and darkness that he had in Krakow come back to him. The other jew killed the Judenrat and covered his wounds with salt and the incident adds to the trauma and sadness of Yanek's journey.

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Chapter 14 Yanek was taken to a camp where he was forced to carry rocks around all day just for the pleasure of nazis. All of the hard work and toucher lead Yanek to feel fury, fear, and then acceptance.

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Yanek's Figurative Journey

After Yanek was transferred to the Trzebinia camp he felt fury, fear, and then acceptance. Yanek at first felt fury and anger because the nazis would make them carry huge rocks to one side and if he felt they weren't big enough they would be hit and then after all other brutal work, they would make them carry them right back over just to overwork them. The Nazis would also try and aggravate them and make the prisoners fight back so they could kill them. All of this torcher made

Yanek was very angry and vindicated. after all that anger he was ready to fight back until somebody else did once they did that the nazis killed him and started killing other prisoners for the other man's actions of fighting back so after that incident yanek felt very fearful. soon after Yanek just learned to accept that fact that there was nothing he could do to fight back and just went back to trying to stay hidden.

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Establishment of the Mauthausen Camp

Nazi Germany incorporated Austria in the Anschluss of March 11-13, 1938. Shortly thereafter, Reichsführer-SS (SS chief) Heinrich Himmler, SS General Oswald Pohl, the chief of the SS Administration and Business Offices, and SS General Theodor Eicke, the Inspector of Concentration Camps, inspected a site they thought suitable for the establishment of a concentration camp to incarcerate, as Upper Austrian Nazi Party district leader August Eigruber put it, "traitors to the people from all over Austria." The site was on the bank of the Danube River, near the "Wiener Graben" stone quarry, which was owned by the city of Vienna. It was located about three miles from the town of Mauthausen in Upper Austria, 12.5 miles southeast of Linz.

At the end of April 1938, the SS founded a company, German Earth and Stone Works Inc. ( Deutsche Erd- und Steinwerke, GmbH-DESt), to exploit the granite which they intended to extract with concentration camp labor. In August 1938, the Inspectorate of Concentration Camps transferred approximately 300 prisoners, mostly Austrians and virtually all convicted repeat offenders or persons whom the Nazi regime classified as "asocials" from Dachau concentration camp to the Mauthausen site in order to begin construction of the new camp. By the end of 1938, Mauthausen held nearly 1,000 prisoners, still virtually all convicted criminals and asocials.

Prisoners in the Camp

Three months into World War II in December 1939, the number had increased to over 2,600 prisoners, primarily convicted criminals, "asocials," political opponents, and religious conscientious objectors, such as Jehovah's Witnesses.

After the Nazi regime initiated World War II, the number of prisoners arriving in Mauthausen increased dramatically and broadened in diversity. After the fall of France in June 1940, Vichy French authorities turned over to the German SS and police thousands of Spanish refugees, virtually all of whom had fought against General Francisco Franco's rebel troops during the Spanish Civil War, and who had fled to France after Franco overthrew the Spanish Republic in 1939. The SS and police incarcerated the overwhelming majority of the Spanish Republicans, more than 7,000, in Mauthausen in 1940 and 1941; individual members of the anti-Franco forces continued to trickle in to the camp until the last weeks of the war. Also incarcerated at Mauthausen were members of the International Brigades, most of them Communists of various nationalities, who had fought the Franco forces in Spain.

An estimated 197,464 prisoners passed through the Mauthausen camp system between August 1938 and May 1945. At least 95,000 died there. More than 14,000 were Jewish.

SS Staff and SS Guard Detachment

Mauthausen's first commandant was SS Captain Albert Sauer, who presided over the establishment of the camp on August 1, 1938 and remained commandant until February 17, 1939. SS Colonel Franz Ziereis replaced Sauer and remained the commandant of Mauthausen until May 1945.

After March 1940, SS Captain Georg Bachmayer was 1st Protective Detention Camp commandant, with responsibility for the prisoners while they were inside the camp. In 1938-1939, the 4th Regiment ("Ostmark") of the SS Death's-Head Units ( SS-Totenkopfverbände) guarded the perimeter of the Mauthausen concentration camp as well as prisoner work detachments deployed outside the camp. In 1940-1941, the guard unit, renamed SS Death's-Head Battalion ( SS-Totenkopf-Sturmbann) and upgraded in strength to battalion size, was administratively subordinated to the Waffen SS, though the camp commandant still issued all operational orders to the battalion.

Beginning in 1942, the SS authorities deployed an increasing number of ethnic German Waffen SS recruits from Slovakia, Romania, Hungary, and Croatia to serve in the Death's-Head Battalions at all concentration camps, including Mauthausen. In 1944 and 1945, Trawniki-trained guards (some of them veterans of Operation Reinhard deportation operations or killing centers), air force, and naval as well as other military personnel, and, later, municipal police ( Schutzpolizei) personnel and firefighters, served in the SS Death's-Head Battalion at Mauthausen and its subcamps.

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Nazi Germany incorporated Austria in the Anschluss of March 11-13, 1938. Shortly thereafter, Reichsführer-SS (SS chief) Heinrich Himmler, SS General Oswald Pohl, the chief of the SS Administration and Business Offices, and SS General Theodor Eicke, the Inspector of Concentration Camps, inspected a site they thought suitable for the establishment of a concentration camp to incarcerate, as Upper Austrian Nazi Party district leader August Eigruber put it, "traitors to the people from all over Austria."

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Birkenau, Ofiar Faszyzmu, Brzezinka, Poland

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Chapter 16 Yanek was taken in a cattle cart to a different camp and his journey was brutal and thought. 

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Birkenau, Ofiar Faszyzmu, Brzezinka, Poland

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Birkenau, Ofiar Faszyzmu, Brzezinka, Poland

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Literal Journey

In chapter 16, Yanek is taken onto a cattle cart, where he has a brutal journey. At first, Yanek is bunched into the cart so tightly that he can barely breathe the guard's Euphemism that it won't be bad. His arms are squished down from the lack of room. Yanek is sat by a side vent, which he benefits from because he can use that to get fresh air. He had to sit in the cart for almost 3 days without food or water so when it started to snow Yanek used all his strength to try and lift his arm from the tight space between him and the person next to him to grab snow and eat it to rehydrate, at that point anything sounded good. through the long trip, Yanek realized that the man next to him was dead. that shows how long and exhausting the trip was. once they made it to the camp he saw a chimney with smoke coming out of it and he just realized what he had coming.

Figertive Journey

Once Yanek got to the camp he was brought into a gas chamber. He starts to go crazy and yell and scream on page 129 he says"Go on! I yelled at the shower head Go on, do it! I dare you! I laughed again. What are you waiting for? I cried. Kill me! I give up! You win!" This shows that Yanek had given up and was ready for it all to be over. he was so ready to die until water started to pour out of the shower head Yanek was relieved and shocked at the same time. Yanek and the other prisoners started to become overwhelmed with joy and they survived. He was so ready to be dead but now all he could think about was how grateful he was that he was alive. On page 130 he says"I had been so ready to die. But when water came out of those showers, not again was like I was born again. I had to keep serving, and I would keep surviving." this shows that Yanek was so grateful for his life and how fast his feelings changed.

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Chapters 19-21 This is the gates to Auschwitz. the gates say Arbeit Macht Frei or "work sets you free" and this is a big part of this chapter because the grads said that you enter through the gates but the only way out is through the chimney, but Yanek does make it out alive.

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Figurative Journey

In chapters 19-21, Yanek is taken to the Auschwitz. In his time there he had lots of experiences with one being making a friend. Yanek was unsure when deciding whether to be Fred's friend or not because of the things that his Uncle Moshe told him. But Yanek decided to take a risk because he missed having someone to talk to, so Yanek and Fred started doing everything together. They would eat together, sleep with each other, and even get assigned to work at the same place. eventually, Fred fell sick and one day couldn't even get out of bed because he wasn't able to work they hung him. This was awful for Yanek because he had already had so much loss and now he lost a friend. It was hard enough for them to survive as it is but now with the loss of his friend, it is all just harder to get by.

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chapter 23 Yanek is taken to a camp where there is so many dead that he comperes it to a forest of dead people because there was so many.

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literal journey

Yaneks's literal journey to Sachsenhausen was a long walk. It took 10 days to get there in the freezing winter. The Jews were only given half a loaf of bread for the 10-day trip. They call this walk the death march because of the number of people who died. Throughout the trip, people would freeze, and get frostbite, and if they walked too slowly an SS guard would shoot them. during the march, there was a boy who was struggling and about to die so Yanek helped him and it backfired because he had to carry extra weight. He also lost his bread while helping the kid and had no food for the rest of the trip. Eventually, they made it and it only got worse from there.

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chapters 24 at bergen-belsen is where a girl Anne frank was at and that is where she died and so there is memorial 

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Figertive Journey

Throughout Yaneks time at this camp, he first feels it will be great and this is where he will make it through the war and survive. When he first arrived they gave the prisoners a week of rest and gave them good food. Yanek was super happy because he needed to regain his energy and get better. But then an awful guard called Moonface started to target him and he was miserable. Moon Face was a perpetrator and guard at the time. His time there got worse and worse eventually he just needed to get out. So Yanek had to do this brutal race to get transported to another camp. So Yanek felt happy, relieved, scared, miserable, and then lastly thankful that he got to transfer.

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Chapter 25 Yanek and the other prisoners had to work the rock quarry and carry heavy rock out of the quarry and the some had to pull wagons with rocks and would get wiped for going to slow.

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Literal Journey

Once Yanek got to this new camp, he started to struggle immediately. They had to go down into the rock quarry and do curl work. They had a camp zoo for the guard's family, and even the animals were treated better than the prisoners. One of the guards was beaten for mistreating one of the animals, which made Yanek very angry because still the prisoners were getting abused and hurt by the guards, but the animals were treated better. this showed how poorly the Jews were treated just because of the guard's persecution. So that means guards think of them as less than animals.

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Gross-Rosen Museum in Rogoznica, Ofiar Gross Rosen, Rogoźnica, Poland

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Chapter 26 I chose a whip because Yanek gets whipped for losing something.

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Gross-Rosen Museum in Rogoznica, Ofiar Gross Rosen, Rogoźnica, Poland

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Gross-Rosen Museum in Rogoznica, Ofiar Gross Rosen, Rogoźnica, Poland

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Literal Journey

In chapter 26 Yanek gets transferred to yet another camp. He gets deported aging by a cattle cart again. Once they arrived they had more dead than alive. After they got into the camp they were put straight to work. As Yanek was working one of the camp guards noticed he was missing a button and he didn't think anything of it but the guard told him that the penalty for that was twenty lashes with a whip. After being whipped more than twenty times he went to the back to the barrecks. that night it was hard for him to sleep because of all his pain but eventually, he fell asleep.

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Dachau Concentration Camp Memorial Site, Pater-Roth-Straße, Dachau-East, Germany

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Chapter 29 I put the American flags because in this chapter all the prisoners get liberated and get to leave with the Americans.

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Dachau Concentration Camp Memorial Site, Pater-Roth-Straße, Dachau-East, Germany

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Dachau Concentration Camp Memorial Site, Pater-Roth-Straße, Dachau-East, Germany

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Figertive Journey

In chapter 29, Yanek and the other prisoners are liberated and no longer prisoners. This makes Yanek so relieved but also scared because he is free but doesn't know where to go; he has no family left and no home. Once he started talking to one of the Allies, he told him his name, and this made Yanek feel so joyful because he hadn't told anyone his name in such a long time. The morning of when they walked out to no guards and then saw all the Americans all the prisoners were filled with joy and so happy even though they missed all their family they were all just happy they made it out alive.

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Chapter 30 I chose bunk bed because when Yanek got to Munich he got a bunk bed all to himself and this was amazing new to him because he got his own bed with sheets a blanket and a pillow after all theses years 

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Literal journey

Once Yanek was out of the camps and finally free, thanks to the Allies, he was taken to Munich and then to a room where he had an assigned bunk. This was unbelievable to him because he had been sharing a shelf to sleep on for 6 years and now had his own bed with sheets and a pillow. Then, one afternoon, when he was walking around, he saw his old neighbor. He was so thrilled to see someone he knew survive. After some talking he found out some of his family was still alive. Yanek was so surprised and so happy so go see them. He found out there was a program for Jewish orphans to get their visas approved and go to America. after a few years, Yanek finally left for America.