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During the First World War, there was an epidemic of Spanish influenza. It was estimated that more people died as a result of this epidemic than of the First World War itself.

The countries that are at war whose information the citizens received were very controlled by the state.

In countries that were at war they did not have much news about the epidemic, but as Spain was a neutral country more news about this epidemic appeared.

It was called Spanish flu, because Spain did not participate in the war, it was a neutral country, and since it was the only country where news about this influenza was heard was called this way, but the origin was not really in Spain.

The United States at the end of the world war will also participate and with all that the movement of the population entails.

In a situation of influenza epidemic, in addition, this is aggravated because mobility is very high then the people of the United States who come to Europe to fight or from Asia, therefore, there is a lot of movement of people who make the epidemic spread and at the same time cause many more deaths. This was called Spanish flu or Spain Influence.

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What sparks the First World War is the death of Francesc Ferran the heir and archduke of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Franz Ferdinand).

Hitler in the First World War was just one more soldier.

In 1st World War and in 2nd World War the origin of the conflict is in Europe.

The mostly countries in Europe had colonies in Africa, in Asia and this is one of the reasons that converts that European war in a World War.

Germany considered that at this conference in Berlin he had been a little mistreated, that he did not receive enough colonies, because, in the war for example, he will try apart from winning the war, winning colonies, because if he overcomes any country, apart from winning you stay with his colonies.

The war was also a way of gaining colonies by force.

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Europe is divided in empires and in countries. Country with the idea of state nation.

We have __ empires:

Ottoman Empire (present-day Turkey, but much larger)

Russian Empire led by an absolute king

Austro-Hungarian Empire (now does not exist)

Germany Empire

There were also other, younger countries that follow our idea. Our idea of a country is a nation state. Example: France, where the French people live, who speak the French language, with their own culture.

This idea of country we have today is an invention of the 19th century.

Italy was born its monarchy in the mid of 19th century.

Our conception of the world of countries is an invention of the 19th century.

When the First World War ends, empires will disappear, except the Russian Empire that will become the first communist country in the world from 1917.

The map of Europe will therefore change considerably.

The empires come from the Roman Empire, from Ancient Egypt. The idea of the empire is to conquer as many territories as possible, that is, to expand.

There is also the German Empire. And his idea with that of the Austro-Hungarian Empire was to expand on both sides.

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Causes of war:

France and Germany have always been arch enemies and have always had conflicting border territories.

In 1871 it was a war about France against Prussia (now Germany). This war is won by the Germans.

Alsace-Lorraine is a border territory between France and Germany, which historically has always been in conflict. In 1871 Germany managed to conquer this territory.

Another cause of the war is military alliances between countries or empires to help each other.

In Europe, military alliances will be created, which when one of these countries of military alliances comes into conflict, then everyone must enter.

The colonial factor and colonialism is also a cause.

And the condolences of the Balkan Peninsula are also important causes

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One of the sectors of the war are the Central Powers that are formed from the German Empire, the Austro-Hungarian Empire and Italy. And these three have a military alliance.

Another sector is the Triple Entente, which is formed by France, the Russian Empire and Britain. And these three have a military alliance.

When a country enters into war, the country and all its colonies enter.

Precedence to war is what was known as ARMED PEACE, that is, all European countries generated more weapons.

The idea of the Austro-Hungarian Empire was to expand throughout the Balkan Peninsula (Italian).

Serbia was allied with Russia. Serbia was not part of the military alliance, but it has always been and today also an ally of Russia.

Serbia and Russia at the time did not want the Austro-Hungarian Empire to expand.

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The heir was Francis Ferdinand, who was the future emperor of the Austro-Hungarian Empire

Francis Ferdinand visits the city of Sarajevo (now the capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina), and that is where he is murdered. This will be the factor that will make everything break out.

The Austro-Hungarian Empire accuses Serbia of having murdered the heir and declares war on Serbia, and as it declares war and is allied with Russia, Russia declares war on the Austro-Hungarian Empire. And then all alliances will be activated to enter into war.

Once the war breaks out and the war progresses, the Ottoman Empire will support the Austro-Hungarian Empire and the German Empire.

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The idea of the Schlieffen Plan is the military plan of the German Empire, and the idea is to conquer as fast as they can Territories.

The idea of the Schlieffen Plan was to move quickly towards the western front and conquer France as quickly as possible, entering from Belgium.

Belgium was a neutral country, but Germany will use it as a gateway to enter France

Schlieffen's plan was a German soldier.

In the First World War, Germany entered Belgium and Luxembourg also breaking the neutrality of these countries, entering by force and reaching 40 km from France.

Political power leaves Paris and goes to Bordeaux, because they believe they will go directly to the capital, then they decide to change their place.

Finally, the Germans failed to enter Paris during World War I, but in World War II yes. France with the help of the English will manage to withdraw the German troops.

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There is a first phase that is the war of movement, which coincides with the Schlieffen Plan. This begins in 1914 and ends in 1914, when the war of the movement ends, it will enter the War of Trinxeres, which is the second phase that lasts from 1914 to 1917.

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One war of Trinxera are constructions, holes in the ground where soldiers live, rest and occasionally try to make attacks. Since the construction of the Trinxeras is a slow process, then this Trinxera war is a very slow war.

The First World War is an investment of people and deaths of millions of soldiers, but the territorial advances in the First World War are minor, and that is why it was very difficult to conquer the territory of the other.

As industrialization has begun, since aircraft begin to be present, also the chemical industry of the second industrial revolution, also has a lot of presence, the use of toxic gases to attack the enemy. The first tanks will also appear, although in the First World War, they are not just given good use.

The Ottoman Empire will support the Central Powers.

The Zeppelin in World War I dropped these airships, and the biplanes are a two-winged aircraft.

A moment will come when a mutine will occur, which is when the soldiers revolt, rebel against their heads.

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When the war begins, Italy declares itself neutral, when the war unfolds, changes sides to the Central Powers, because it considers that here it will obtain better benefits.

1914 European War, 1915 World War because Japan intervenes, because it tries to conquer colonies in the area. The war is beginning to develop globally throughout Africa.

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In 1917 two very important things will happen, which will be the third phase.

The first United States enters into war. And the reason is the naval blockade that the Germans were making in the Atlantic, did not allow him to trade with Britain.

The second in Russia is the Russian Revolution/Soviet Revolution/Communist Revolution

Before Russia was the Russian Empire led by an emperor there is a revolt in which many soldiers of the same Russian army participate and in the end the Russian Empire becomes for the first time in the history of humanity in a country that follows the guidelines that come from Marxism, socialism, communism. Therefore, it will move from the Russian Empire to the USSR (the Union of Soviet Socialist Republic) from an agricultural country to a communist country. As Russia becomes USSR, it will cause the USSR to abandon the war, and it will abandon in exchange for many territories, many territories that in the Second World War will recover.

There are two revolutions, the first being that you move from Russia from absolute monarchy to a democratic liberal regime.

And the second will force Russia to become a communist country called the Bolshevik Party.

For the first time, Marxist theories are carried out in a country

These two factors will develop the end of the war.

Who loses the war is the German Empire.

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In 1919 the Treaty of Versailles was carried out, Germany would run out of an army, the army would be reduced by 100,000 men and very harsh economic conditions would be given, therefore it would have to pay a lot of money to France in Britain, it would also reduce territories, and this would feed Nazism a spirit of Revenge, to these harsh conditions of the First World War.

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After the First World War, Germany went from being an empire to a republic, to the Weimar Republic, and this happened in the 1920s, especially in the 1930s, when there was a very strong ideological polarization.

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The interwar starts with the end of the First World War (1918) until the beginning of the Second World war (1939).

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The roaring twenties (the happy twenties) we talk about, especially USA. The positive economic situation of the United States also favors Europe

This period of economic splendor dates back to the 1920s, which broke in 1929 with the crash of 1929.

During the roars twenties appears the consumerism, the consume society because it is the era of the radio of the cinema of jazz music, of party. In Spain until the 1960s the first cars, the first radios, the first appliances will not arrive.

In the 1920s, the car began to be popularized with the Ford model that is Mr. Henry Ford. For the first time in history, he creates a car that is destined for the working class to pay for it.

It will create chain production, which wants many workers to produce small parts of the car to the final product and that even if there are more people working on that is produced faster, costs can be lowered.

The ___ is chain production

For the first time, it is popularizing to borrow from the bank.

Taylorism is chain production. Taylorism and Fordism are synonyms. The idea of advertising, of being able to borrow, in the end all this prosperity had an end that is the crisis of this stock market. In this chain of production, all products ended up imitating it.

It is also the era of dry law, in the United States, alcohol was banned and this causes the black market for alcohol, products made illegally.

At the end of the war, the United States participates in the war, but not in its territory, therefore, it does not directly affect them, therefore, it generates an economic benefit.

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The crash of 1929 is a huge economic crisis for the New York stock market.

And because of this crash of 1929 brought the era of the Great Depression.

The crash of 29 occurs overnight, and occurs on October 24, 1929, called the black Thursday that is the moment when the stock market breaks out and the one street crash of the New York bag occurs.

Stop market is the stock exchange. Anonymous company is a company, they are called this because they want there to be an entry of money.

It is also popularizing buying shares, and there is the false perception, that shares always rise in price. This share price began to drop, and people began to suffer fear, and in the end they all want to take the shares out of their heads, and this bubble ended up affecting them. We are therefore moving from a time of splendor to a very strong economic crisis.

What will drive this global economy out of ruin will be the war industry.

The production of material by war is what will paradoxically help to revive the economy.

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The Great Depression, which is an economic depression during the 1930s, affects the United States and ends up affecting Europe and the rest of the world.

The Great Depression is not a direct route, but if they are communicating steps, or is one of the factors that favors that an ideology that had been born since the 1920s known as fascism has a significant rise, the rise of Mussolini who is one of the first to throw this system with the help of the king, and Mussolini with the Italian fascist political party will convert a democratic state into a totalitarian state, Hitler will do the same in Germany.

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In 20 there is the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera and in 30 and then there was the dictatorship of Francisco Franco, but in the same period of time there is another dictatorship in Portugal.

Hitler in Germany until the 1933, Mussolini in Italy until the 1922, and others one with different forms there are fascist military dictatorships, there are totalitarian regimes/monarchies

Stalin, once the Russian Revolution has taken place, the leader of the Russian Revolution is Lenin (Vladimir Ilich Ulyanov Lenin), Lenin dies in 1924, and his successor will be Stalin, and he will rule the USSR with a totalitarian regime, and that is why it is called Stalinism, because it is repression of opponents, but also repression of comrades of travel and comrades of Communists so that they would not cast a shadow over it. This is why it is called a totalitarian regime, in which the state controls all aspects of society.

When the First World War ends, all empires disappear, but totalitarian regimes enter, and there are exceptions, for example, in Britain, France, Belgium, Holland.

In these areas of exceptions, it is because democratic socialist parties fall within the system.

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Benito Mussolini is the inventor of classical fascism, Victor Manuel III introduces Benito Mussolini. Mussolini becomes the President of the Government, of an undemocratic government.

This model is the one that Alfonso XIII will copy with Primo de Rivera in Spain.

Benito Mussolini began to rule with a legal entry into power, this occurred in 1922.

And in 1924 it was when Benito turned Italy into an authoritarian regime, that is, it annulled the constitution, banned political parties, its leaders were persecuted and imprisoned, prohibited strikes, single union. There is only one party in, the National Fascist Party. Italy went from having a democratic parliament to a House of Fascism.

Mussolini, Hitler and Franco apply autarchy.

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Mussolini signs a pact with the Vatican, with the Holy See that has it within Italy, because he wants to have a good relationship with this mini state that has within his country, Vatican gives religious powers to Italy, because the Vatican and Catholicism in Italy have a privilege. Mussolini will try to have a good relationship with the Vatican.

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Mussolini's idea is to recover the empire, to recover the idea of the Roman Empire.
Another idea of Mussolini will be to recover the colonies, because Italy considered that at the Berlin conference had been betrayed, therefore, Mussolini wants to recover Ethiopia, Somalia, Eritrea, Djibouti, Egypt all those areas are the objective of Mussolini, an objective that will try to move forward with the Second World War, and that will generate many problems in Germany.
But that ends up damaging Mussolini, because Mussolini tries to conquer Greece, Germany does not get help, North Africa will try to control, Germany does not get help.
The idea of the charismatic leader, Mussolini was called Ducce, Hitler was called Führer and Franco was called Caudillo.

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The use of the paramilitary forces, the national fascist party when they still had no power were paramilitary groups, which means a violent group, but which is not the legal police, nor is the legal army, but depended on the fascist party and which was often formed by former fighters of the First World War. When soldiers who do not die in war and return often find it very difficult to resettle in society. That is why many of these people joined these paramilitary forces and used violence against workers’ demonstrations, against trade unions.

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In 1922 a fact will pass that is the March on Rome, which is a demonstration of the strength of the Mussolini regime of occupation and is a kind of coup d'état in government and is what will cause Victor Manuel to bring him in without bloodshed. The march on Rome is a military parade

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Hitler was an Austrian who participated in the First World War only as another soldier.

Hitler will try to do the same as the Munich Putsch in 1923 and it is an attempt at a coup that Hitler did not get well because they did not have enough strength and will be arrested, and he was in prison. In prison Hitler will write his book called Mein Kampf which means “My Struggle”. Hitler will become more and more relevant, when he leaves prison, the German National Socialist Workers' Party is led by Hitler. From National Socialism will come the Nazi concept.

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Fascism uses the symbolism and terminology of the labour movement, to attract the working class. The Nazi ideology was anti-communism, anti-socialist, but they used these terms to attract the working masses. This National Socialist Party will be presented in several elections and will be more and more relevant, each time will improve the results, all by doing it very and very easily. In the 1932 elections, the Nazi Party obtained 13 million votes. In none of the elections did the Nazi party gain an absolute majority.

In Fascism the public administration was pulged, which means that all officials who did not swear obedience to the Nazi regime or were suspected of something or where Jews were left without work.

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In Germany, the head of state is called the president of the republic of Germany. And the president of the government is called chancellor. At that time the head of state was Hindenburg and invited Hitler to take office as chancellor. Hindenburg's intention was to moderate and control Hitler, but he did not do well. In 1934 Hindenburg died naturally, and then Hitler remained Chancellor and took over as head of state and became the Führer.

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There is a fire called the Reichstag fire. The Reichstag is the name of the German parliament. Before Hitler becomes the Führer there is a fire, but after he becomes the Führer, he will accuse Communism and the Composing Forces as the cause of this army and to do so he will present it as an emergency situation and with it banned the constitution, the political parties and much more. Hitler provokes this fire in order to cancel everything he wanted. And all this happens in 1933.

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Himmler is Hitler's second cousin is a lord who had a lot of power, he was behind the Gestapo that was the secret police group that was created in 1934 and this group was Hitler's trust group, Himmler was the one behind the extermination camps.

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The Nuremberg Laws of 1933 stated that a Jew could or could not do and established blood types, spoke of German, Jewish blood, mixed blood what rights they had which they did not. Even if a German marries a Jew or vice versa, there were laws.

And here begins the legal persecution of the Jews. Then they send Jews to the Getos which was a place where only they could live, after the Getos sell the concentration camps, after the concentration camps will come the extermination camps. The idea was to make disappear the 10 million Jews who lived in Europe. But they only made 6 million disappear.

There was also a plan to make people with mental disabilities disappear, people with physical disabilities.

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Hitler and the Nazi party will ignore the Treaty of Versailles, so it will do what it will, so it has many plans to expand and the idea of autarchy. By the end of World War I, Germany could have only 100,000 soldiers. And the investment of the war industry a lot of money to create a very modern army, with ships, with planes with tanks.

Then there is the occupation of Poland and the beginning of the Second World War.

They spoke of the Lebensraum “living space” that should include all territories from part of Germany.

They also spoke of the inferiority of the Slavs.

And this indoctrination of the population that speaks of the filigree youth, the subject of propaganda.

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The crisis in Morocco: Morocco was Franco-Spanish, more Franco than Spanish, it was also a French colony, and Germany made a couple of attempts to occupy, to colonize Morocco. Therefore, the conflict between France and Germany already came between borders, from colonies. So all of this came under the precedents of the First World War.

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When the First World War ends, Germany has to pay a lot of money and since Germany was economically in crisis, the United States tries to make a plan, to negotiate.

What happens is that all this help to try to recover Germany, then when the crash of 29 comes everything goes to waste.

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The trigger that makes bursts the war at the minute zero is the invasion in Poland, or was the Germany nazi occupies it and France and England view obliged to declare him the war. Quan ends the World War I signs the Treaty of Versailles, the conditions imposed in Germany are very hard, Germany practically stays without army and the Nazism what will make will be to spring this Treaty of Versailles, strip forward the industry of the war, will commence at expanding and France and England looked to the other band to eschew a World War II, and declared him the war when do not have any remedy.

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The consequences of the Second World War

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The consequences of the Second World War

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The end of the first world war the empires disappear and appear news countries.

The Ottoman Empire a small part becomes the current Turkey.

The Austro-Hungarian Empire becomes several countries: Czechoslovakia, Austria, Hungary.

And the losers of the war are imposed very harsh economic conditions, their army is reduced and they also lose territory. All this in the context of the economic crisis of the 30s. When in the United States in the happy 20s the economy was doing very well it helped Europe economically, when in the United States the economy is not doing very well then Europe is left a little behind, and Germany will suffer much more than the rest of European countries.

Hyperinflation is when all prices go up and money has no value. They go up so much overnight that the German currency is no longer worth anything.

Italy, despite being one of the winners of World War I, believes that it will be mistreated in the Treaty of Versailles, in the peace treaties, and that it has not obtained enough benefit despite being one of the winners of this First World War.

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Germany's idea was to create this -- Germany and include all the border territories of Germany.

Germany's initial plans are to occupy the German-speaking territory, which included part of southeastern Czechoslovakia, which included Austria, therefore, its idea was to expand, therefore, Hitler completely bypasses the Treaty of Versailles, recruits people again to form a large army, and will also push forward the war industry to create armaments. And in the case of Italy, in its own way, it also has this expansion plan towards Albania on one side and towards the area of ​​Ethiopia to colonize, because in the colonial distribution Italy has been harmed.

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The Second World War begins on September 1, 1939, in these causes, in this prelude to the Second World War there is the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939), which will already be like a testing ground for the future world war, and a little of the sectors that fight against them and they also began to see the role of the democratic powers that will make the non-intervention committee in the face of the civil war the sectors of the Francoist army will indeed receive help from Hitler and Mussolini, and the republicans will receive from the USSR and the International Brigades, but the position of European democracy like France and England will be of non-intervention and all this is what marks the prelude to the Second World War, that is to say when Germany and Italy begin to expand and France and England especially England, then, will try to look the other way, because they do not want to go to war with Germany again and in September 1939 they will have no choice but to declare war on it. war.

The Second World War its war zone will be in Europe and will be in the Pacific zone where the war will be developed and the protagonist will be Japan. In the Second World War we talk about Hitler, Mussolini (the Rome-Berlin axis) and Emperor Hirohito, because Japan will also want to expand at the expense of China and will also collaborate with Hitler and Mussolini and will enter into conflict with the United States, because the Pacific zone is between Japan and the United States, something that the USA in the Hawaiian Islands has military. The war begins in 1939, so, in 1941 Japan will attack this military base and will force the United States to enter the war.

The area of ​​Manchuria, Japan which is economically very developed and technologically as well, but has a small territory from its point of view and what it wants is to expand towards China.

Germany begins to expand first in Austria, the concept is Anschluss, which means the annexation of Austria. Germany occupies Austria, the Austrians mostly welcome Hitler, he was Austrian.

France and England especially England tried to go through diplomatic life, they will meet with Hitler, they will talk and they do it to avoid going to war.

The USSR will not enter the war until 1941, when Germany tries to occupy them, but before all this there will be a pact between Nazi Germany and Stalin's communist Russia. They begin to agree on the invasion of Poland, that is, that they will divide Poland. What Germany wanted was to make sure that the USSR, that they would expand towards Poland, that it would not be believed as an attack and that the USSR would attack them. Therefore, making a non-aggression pact. And that is what will happen on September 1, 1939.

The USSR will join the war because the German troops will try, despite having a pact, to attack the USSR.

And Japan will attack the United States in 1941.

Before the entry of the USA and the USSR, all of Europe will be controlled by Nazi Germany, only Great Britain will resist, it will be the only country that resists the Nazis.

First Spain declares itself neutral, then non-belligerent which means I help you, but I do not fight directly, and then when Nazi Germany begins to lose territories. Spain declares itself neutral again.

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The Allies

The Axis Powers

Both World War I and World War II the conflict was born in Europe.

When World War II began we would have Germany involved and we would have France and England on the other side. Later countries would be added, United States.

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Technology in World War II is linked to the second industrial revolution, the use of oil, therefore, there is a technification of the war of weapons and, therefore, greater destruction.

The bombing of Guernica in World War II became a common thing.

Tanks in World War I are almost not used in World War II, they do have a lot of importance.

Missiles are just beginning to be used to direct from a specific point to another specific point.

The atomic bomb, everyone was after it, French scientists were researching to know its potential and create this atomic bomb, the United States too and it is they who will explode.

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Blitzkrieg (lightning war) was the German war tactic. One of the factors of German success at the beginning of the war before the entry of the USSR and the United States is this lightning war. France had a conception of war very similar to the First World War, therefore, the French and the English wanted to make a Trench war and Germany that makes a much more modern war and to use tanks and aviation. And it is the combination of planes and tanks and it is a way to carry out a much faster war and the most aggressive and not like in the First World War through Trenches.

German soldiers used drugs, to stay many hours without sleep with fetanin and pills to increase this continuous action of attacks. And it is also because the soldier loses a little the notion of the dangerousness of the events and that he acts in a more unconscious and more wild way and they also used minor children who drug them, and they use them because they have a different perception of reality and that they are more aggressive than adults who have the perception of danger.

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England will resist the German attack and in part thanks to the use of radar, which England will begin to use during the Second World War. Since England is an island and uses ships and planes to attack, the radar will serve to locate the German enemy planes and neutralize them.

And it is said that one of the very important factors in the English resistance to the bombings of German planes, the Luftwaffe, is the use of radar.

The Wehrmacht is the German ground army.

The Luftwaffe is the German aviation.

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In 1945 Italy falls, Germany too, but Japan is the only one that continues to fight. The way the United States has to end the war is by dropping two atomic bombs, one on Hiroshima and the other on Nagasaki. Atomic bombs that generate death and destruction when they fall and that generate nuclear, means that generations will suffer from cancer, bad formations.

Albert Einstein regretted having discovered the potential of the atomic bomb.

The Holocaust killed around 6 million Jews.

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The First World War (1914-1918) left profound economic, human and social consequences. Millions of people died or were injured, and many European countries were devastated economically and industrially. The tensions were not fully resolved with the Treaty of Versailles, which imposed harsh sanctions on Germany, generating resentment and a desire for revenge. In addition, the war caused political instability, especially in Central and Eastern Europe, where former empires such as the Austro-Hungarian, Russian and Ottoman Empires fell.

After a period of growth during the 1920s, the world entered a global economic crisis after the New York Stock Exchange Crash of 1929. This crisis, known as the Great Depression, caused a massive increase in unemployment, bank failures and poverty in many countries.

During the 1920s and 1930s, totalitarian regimes emerged in countries such as Italy (with Mussolini), Germany (with Hitler), and the Soviet Union (with Stalin). These governments were characterized by having a single party, eliminating individual freedoms, controlling the media, and persecuting the opposition. In times of crisis, they provided order, security, and national pride. -European democracies, especially during the interwar period, proved incapable of providing effective responses to social and economic problems. In many countries, governments were unstable, with frequent changes and little capacity to make firm decisions. This led to a part of the population losing confidence in the democratic system and supporting authoritarian alternatives that promised faster solutions.

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Important characters in Second World War

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Important characters in Second World War

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Hirohito: Before entering World War I, Japan had already invaded part of China (1937). In 1941, it attacked Pearl Harbor (Hawaii), which led to the US entering the war. From then on, Japan fought in the Pacific against the Allies (the US, the UK, etc.).

Although he did not participate directly in military strategies, Hirohito was informed and authorized many important decisions. Some historical documents show that he did not always agree with the generals, but he did not stop them either.

In August 1945, after the US dropped the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Hirohito intervened personally to demand surrender. On August 15, 1945, he spoke on the radio to the Japanese people for the first time in history, saying that they should accept surrender "to avoid greater suffering".

Mussolini: Benito Mussolini was the dictator of Italy and leader of fascism. He ruled from 1922 to 1943 with the title of "Duce" (the leader). He founded the first totalitarian regime in Europe and served as an inspiration for Hitler.

Mussolini turned Italy into a fascist state: he banned political parties, controlled the press, persecuted the opposition and exalted nationalism. He wanted to create a "new Roman Empire" and expand Italian territory.

Although the war began in 1939, Italy did not enter until June 1940, when Germany was already winning. Mussolini allied himself with Hitler (part of the Axis) because he wanted to participate in the victory and divide up territories.

Italy had many failures:

It was defeated in Greece and North Africa.

It was constantly dependent on German military aid.

The Italian troops were ill-prepared and poorly motivated.

In 1943, the Allies invaded Italy. The Fascist Grand Council deposed him and King Victor Emmanuel III had him arrested. But Hitler rescued him and placed him in charge of a puppet government in northern Italy: the Republic of Salò.

In April 1945, when the war was lost, Mussolini tried to flee to Switzerland. He was captured by Italian partisans and executed on April 28, 1945. His body was hanged in Milan as a symbol of the end of fascism in Italy.

Hitler: Adolf Hitler was the dictator of Germany, leader of the Nazi Party and chancellor since 1933. In 1934 he became Führer, concentrating all political and military power. He established a totalitarian regime based on racism.

Since coming to power, Hitler ignored the Treaty of Versailles:

He rearmed Germany.

He occupied Czechoslovakia.

Finally, he invaded Poland in 1939, which led to the start of World War II.

During the first years, Germany had many victories

He occupied Poland, Norway, the Netherlands, Belgium and France.

He attacked the USSR in 1941 (Operation Barbarossa).

He bombed the United Kingdom (Battle of Britain).

One of the most terrible crimes of his regime was the Holocaust: the systematic murder of 6 million Jews and millions of others (Gypsies, disabled, communists, etc.) in concentration and extermination camps.

From 1943, Germany began to lose territory to the Allies and the USSR. Berlin was surrounded in April 1945.

On April 30, 1945, Hitler committed suicide in his bunker with his wife, Eva Braun. A week later, Germany surrendered.

In November 1936, Germany and Japan signed the Anti-Comintern Pact (Anticommunist Pact) against the USSR, which Italy later joined in 1940 (Tripartite Pact)

In March 1938, Germany sent troops into Austria, where there were some Nazi supporters, and annexed it without meeting any resistance and Austria became an additional province of Germany.

This was called by Hitler the Anschluss

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They allowed Hitler to annex the Sudetenland, a region of Czechoslovakia where the German population lived, without consulting Czechoslovakia.

The powers did this with the idea of ​​avoiding war (appeasement policy), but it only delayed the conflict.

In March 1939, Hitler occupied all of Czechoslovakia, violating the agreement.

It then became clear that Hitler would not stop.

And finally, in September 1939, he invaded Poland, which did cause the start of World War II.

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German-Soviet Pact or Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact

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German-Soviet Pact or Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact

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Nazi Germany, represented by Joachim von Ribbentrop (Hitler's Foreign Minister)

Soviet Union, represented by *Vyacheslav Molotov (Stalin's Foreign Minister)

Mutual non-aggression:

Both countries promised not to attack each other, even if a war broke out in Europe.

Secret Protocol:

Included a secret agreement dividing Eastern Europe:

Germany would invade Western Poland

The USSR would occupy Eastern Poland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and part of Romania.

This pact surprised the world because Hitler and Stalin were ideological enemies (Nazism *vs communism), but they signed it out of strategic interest.

The pact only lasted until 1941, when Hitler betrayed Stalin and invaded the USSR (Operation Barbarossa).

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The Axis Offensive (1939–1941) refers to the initial stage of World War II in which the Axis Powers (primarily Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, and Imperial Japan) took the military initiative, achieving a series of rapid and decisive conquests.

1. Invasion of Poland (September 1939)

1 September 1939: Germany invades Poland using the tactic of *Blitzkrieg (lightning war).

17 September: The USSR invades Poland from the east, under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact.

Poland is divided between Germany and the USSR. World War II officially begins.

2. War in the West (1940)

April 1940: Germany invades Denmark and Norway to secure sea routes.

May-June 1940: Attack on France, the Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg.

Germany quickly defeats the Allied forces.

France captured on 22 June 1940.

3. Battle of Britain (July-October 1940)

The United Kingdom is left alone against Germany.

Hitler's first major defeat.

4. Expansion into the Balkans and Africa (1940-1941)

Italy invades Greece from Albania, but fails.

Germany intervenes in the Balkans, invading Yugoslavia and Greece (April 1941).

5. Operation Barbarossa (June 1941)

22 June 1941: Germany breaks the pact with the USSR and invades the Soviet Union.

Achieves rapid advances, surrounds millions of Soviet soldiers.

Despite the initial success, the war in the East will become prolonged and costly.

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This period marks the definitive expansion of the conflict worldwide, with the entry of new powers.

1. Entry of the United States (1941)

December 7, 1941: Japan attacks the naval base of Pearl Harbor (Hawaii).

December 8: The US declares war on Japan.

December 11: Germany and Italy declare war on the US

The conflict becomes a full-scale world war, with fighting in Europe, Africa, Asia and the Pacific

2. Expansion of the conflict in Asia and the Pacific (1941–1942)

Japan quickly conquers vast territories:

Philippines, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Burma, etc.

Establishes the so-called Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere.

Brutal campaigns against civilians and prisoners (e.g. Bataan Death March).

3. Major turning points (1942–1943)

In Europe and North Africa:

Battle of Stalingrad (August 1942 – February 1943):

German defeat by the USSR; marks the beginning of the Nazi retreat in the east.

Battle of Alamein (October–November 1942):

British victory that stops the advance of the Africa Corps in Egypt.

Operation torch (November 1942):

Allied landings in North Africa.

In the Pacific:

Battle of Midway (June 1942):

Decisive US naval victory over Japan.

Marks the end of Japanese expansion and the beginning of the Allied offensive in the Pacific.

4. Allied Offensive (1943–1944)

Campaign in Italy (1943):

Invasion of Sicily and southern Italy.

Fall of Mussolini in July 1943.

Eastern Front: The USSR launches major offensives and recovers territory.

Pacific Front: The US advances island by island towards Japan ("island hopping" tactics).

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Germany:

April 30, 1945: Hitler commits suicide in Berlin.

May 8, 1945: Germany signs the unconditional surrender (Day of Victory in Europe - V-E Day).

Japan:

USUU intensifies the bombing of Japan.

August 6 and 9, 1945: Atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

September 2, 1945: Japan officially surrenders (Victory Day over Japan - V-J Day).

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Ylalta Conference

February 1945

Roosevelt (*USA), Churchill (UK) Stalin (USSR)

- Decide the future of Europe after the war.

- Division of Germany into 4 occupation zones (*USA, USSR, UK, France).

- Agreement to try Nazi war criminals.

- USSR agrees to enter war against Japan.

- The creation of the UN is agreed.

Potsdam Conference

July-August 1945

Truman (USA), Attlee (UK), Stalin (USSR)

- Confirm Yalta decisions.

- Ultimatum in Japan: unconditional surrender or "total destruction" (before the atomic bombs).

- Border adjustments in Eastern Europe.

- Tensions between the USUU and the USSR marked the beginning of the Cold War.

Paris Conference

1946

Representatives of the Allies and defeated countries

- Signing of peace treaties with the Axis allies (Italy, Romania, Hungary, Bulgaria and Finland).

- Redefining borders.

- Payment of war reparations.

- Disarmament and democratization of the defeated countries.

- Germany was not included (its situation was dealt with separately).

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The USSR suffered the most deaths.

At least 60 million people died in World War II, and the figure rises to as high as 80 million if we include people who died from disease and famine.

The war also caused massive displacement of individuals, either through the release of prisoners or through peace treaties that changed borders.

Survivors of the war suffered intense trauma after witnessing human cruelty firsthand.

The Nazi concentration camps, the Japanese massacres in the Far East, the Allied bombing of German cities, and the atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki raised enormous ethical questions.

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They were a series of judicial processes conducted by the Allied countries after World War II to try the main Nazi leaders accused of crimes during the conflict.

24 senior Nazi leaders (although not all were present: some died or committed suicide before the trial, such as Hitler, *Himmler and Goebbels).

Among the main defendants: Hermann Göring, Rudolf Hess, Joachim von Ribbentrop, Albert Speer, among others.

Composed of judges from the four victorious powers: the United States, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom and France.

By 1945 the communications network in central Europe had disappeared, oil was scarce and industrial production had decreased. Cities, farms and production infrastructure had been destroyed in the war.

The war was economically beneficial for the United States, as it had been the main producer of weapons and supplies for the Allies. Its production capacity grew enormously and it consolidated itself as a great industrial and financial power.

In Western Europe, parliamentary democracy and capitalism were restored, while in Eastern Europe, so-called people's democracies emerged, which were actually communist dictatorships under Soviet control.

The United Nations (UN) was founded on October 24, 1945. Originally, it consisted of 51 countries, but now there are 193 member states.

The division of the world into two blocs: global political dominance now belonged to the United States and the USSR. Their relations soon became strained, leading to the Cold War.