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1. Powder C

2. Powder C, because its very small particle size gives it a larger surface area, allowing it to dissolve more quickly in water.

3. Powder A, because the coarse particles flow more easily and are less likely to stick together during tablet production.

4. Poor flowability, clumping of particles, difficulty filling tablet dies, and possible variation in tablet weight and drug content.

5. Drug dissolution: Smaller particles dissolve faster due to a larger surface area.

Drug absorption: Faster dissolution can improve drug absorption.

Powder flow: Smaller particles generally have poorer flowability because they tend to stick together.

Dose uniformity: Particle size can affect how evenly the drug is distributed in the formulation, influencing dose consistency.

6. A combination of particle sizes. This is because it provides a balance between good flowability and fast dissolution, helping to achieve both efficient manufacturing and a quicker therapeutic effect.

-Jananee

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1. C

2. Powder C because it has the smallest particle size and the largest surface area, so it dissolves the fastest.

3. Powder A because its coarse particles flow very well into the tablet machine.

4. Clumping, aggregation, poor flowability, dust formation, inconsistent die filling, and variable tablet weight.

Drug dissolution: Smaller particles increase dissolution rate; larger particles dissolve more slowly.

Drug absorption: Smaller particles improve absorption and bioavailability.

Powder flow: Larger particles have better flowability; fine particles tend to flow poorly.

Dose uniformity: Uniform particle size improves mixing and consistent dosing; wide size variation may cause segregation.

6. A combination of particle sizes because coarse particles improve flowability while fine particles improve dissolution, providing the best balance between manufacturing and drug performance.

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1. C

2. C, because smallest particle size, larger surface area, faster dissolution.

3. A. bcs large particles have less cohesion, so flow better.

4. If you choose Powder C, what manufacturing problems might occur?

Clumping/agglomeration

Poor powder flow

Uneven filling during compression

Tablet weight variation

5. How can particle size affect pharmaceutical properties?

Drug dissolution: Smaller particles dissolve faster.

Drug absorption: Faster dissolution leads to faster absorption.

Powder flow: Larger particles flow better, fine particles flow poorly.

Dose uniformity: Poor flow causes uneven drug distribution in tablets.

6. large particles improve flowability, fine particles improve dissolution, giving the best balance

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1. C

2. Powder C

3. Powder A, because they have less surface area and less cohesion between particles.

4. Poor flowability, clumping, hard to fill die, increase electrostatic charge

5. Dissolution: smaller size, higher surface area, fastsr disolution

Absorbtion: faster disolution, faster absorbtion

Flow: larger particle, larger flow

Uniformity: uniform size allow uniform drug content

6. Combination of particle sizes, A has large size easy to manufacture, C has small size faster disolution.

The slow painkiller problem is likely due to the use of particles that are too large (similar to Powder A), resulting in slow dissolution and delayed drug action. A balanced particle-size distribution would provide both good manufacturing properties and rapid pain relief.

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Teng (hybrid)

1. powder c

2. powder c dissolve fatest in water because it have the smaller particle size which contains larger total surface area exposed in water

3. Powder A has the best flowability, because it has less surface area per unit, therefore gain a weaker cohesive force and flow more freely

4. Powder c will facing some problem like por flowability problem during manufacturing because it is a fine powder.

5. Drug dissolution= the smaller particle size have a faster dissolution due to it contain larger surface area exposed

Drug absorption= faster dissolution have a greater absorption because it improved the bioavailability

Powder flow= larger particle size contains a better flowability because less cohesive force

between particle

Dose uniformly= moderate and uniform particle size give the best dose uniformly

6. Powder that combination particle size because it give a balance between the properties

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1. Powder C because consists of fine particles and has the smallest particle size.

2. Powder C. Its smaller particle size increases the total specific surface area exposed to water, allowing the drug to dissolve much faster.

3. Powder A. Its larger crystals have minimal interparticle cohesion and friction compared to fine powders, allowing gravity to easily drive a smooth, consistent flow into the tablet machine.

4. Manufacturing problems such as poor flow and clumping in the hopper, tablet weight variation, inconsistent dosing, tablet splitting and powder sticking to the tablet press punches.

5. Effects of particle size

Drug dissolution:Smaller particles increase surface area, which accelerates the dissolution rate.

Drug absorption:Faster dissolution leads to quicker systemic absorption and a faster onset of pain relief.

Powder flow: Coarser particles flow freely, whereas fine particles clump due to dominant cohesive forces.

Dose uniformity: A well-controlled, uniform particle size prevents the formulation components from separating, ensuring every tablet contains the exact same dose.

6. A combination of particle sizes.Combining them allows you to aggregate fine drug particles into larger, free-flowing granules. This gives you the best of excellent flowability for manufacturing and rapid dissolution for fast patient relief.

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1. C

2. C — dissolves the fastest

3. A — coarse particles move more easily and do not stick together

4. Manufacturing problems with Powder C:

Clumping

Poor flow into tablet machine

Uneven tablet weight

Poor dose uniformity

5. Effect of particle size:

Drug dissolution: Smaller size → faster dissolution

Drug absorption: Smaller size → usually faster/better absorption

Powder flow: Larger size → better flow

Dose uniformity: moderate size often gives better uniformity

6. 3. A combination of particle sizes
Because it gives good flow (from larger particles) + good dissolution (from smaller particles) → better overall tablet performance

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sara

1. Powder C

2. Powder C – Largest surface area, therefore dissolves the fastest.

3. Powder A – Largest particles, therefore best flowability.

4.

- Poor flowability

- Agglomeration (clumping)

- Dust formation

- Inconsistent die filling

- Tablet weight variation

5.

- Drug dissolution.

Smaller particle size → Faster dissolution

- Drug absorption.

Smaller particle size → Better absorption/bioavailability

- Powder flow.

Larger particle size → Better flowability

- Dose uniformity.

Uniform particle size → Better dose uniformity

6. A combination of particle sizes – Balances good flowability and fast dissolution.

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Mariam Jasmeen (012023090913)

1. C

2. C, has greatest surface area to expose to water and dissolve

3. A, no clumping has less interparticle cohesion = particles flow more freely

4. Clumping causes poor flowability = uneven die filling & variation in dose

5. Smaller particle size > more surface area > faster dissolution

Faster dissolution > drug reach systemic circulation faster > faster absorption

Larger particle > better flow

Better flow > more consistent die filling > uniform dose

6. Combination with Powder A or B to improve flowability and dose uniformity during manufacturing

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1. C

2. Powder C — smallest particle size, largest surface area, fastest dissolution.

3. Powder A — coarse particles provide the best flowability.

4. Problems with Powder C:

Clumping/agglomeration

Poor flowability

Weight variation

Dose inconsistency

Dust generation

5. Effect of particle size:

Drug dissolution: Smaller particles → faster dissolution

Drug absorption: Smaller particles → faster/better absorption

Powder flow: Larger particles → better flow

Dose uniformity: Appropriate particle size improves uniformity; very fine particles may cause inconsistency

6. A combination of particle sizes — provides a balance between good flowability and fast dissolution.

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Theva & Eisya

Q1-C

Q2-Powder C will dissolve faster because smaller particles have larger total surface area exposed to water.

Q3- Powder A will have the best flowability because large , coarse crystals have weaker cohesive forces

Q4- 1)Poor flow: powder will clog hoppers

2)uniformity issues : drug may not distribute evenly per tablet

Q5

Drug Dissolution: Smaller particle size increases surface area and speeds up dissolution.

Drug Absorption: Faster dissolution leads to quicker and higher absorption into the body.

Powder Flow: Smaller particles decrease flowability due to increased static and cohesion.

Dose Uniformity: Poorly flowing fine powders cause uneven die filling, disrupting dose uniformity.

Q6

A combination of particle sizes because Powder A alone fixes manufacturing but dissolves too slowly, causing the slow-acting painkiller. Powder C alone provides fast pain relief but cannot be manufactured efficiently due to clumping.

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Yong An Nie (012024090112)

1. Powder C

2. Powder C would dissolve the fastest because it has smaller particle size. The smaller the particle size, the greater the surface area to volume ratio. This allows for more contact with the solvent and facilitate faster rate of dissolution.

3. Powder A because it has coarse crystal that flow well into a tablet machine.

4. Powder C will clump together.

5. Drug dissolution: smaller particle size can increase the surface area. As a result, it can increase the dissolution rate.

Drug absorption: Faster dissolution will leads to a faster drug absorption.

Powder flow: larger, more uniform particle can have better flow properties

Dose uniformity: Can lead to inconsistent amount of active ingredient per tablet

6. A

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Kirthiga, Aisyah, Hui Zi

1. Smallest particle size : C

2. Powder dissolves fastest : C because smaller particles have more surface area and increase dissolution rate.

3. Flowability during tablet manufacture : A because coarse crystal have less surface contact and have less cohesion

4. It will clumps together and flow poorly.

5. Assuming its all big particle size:

1. Drug dissolution : slower dissolution

2. Drug absorption : have smaller surface area to volume ratio, slower drug absorption

3. Powder flow : better flow

4. Dose uniformity: good flow and proper mixing

6. Powder to choose : combination of particle sizes because it would a blend of both balances tablet production efficiency and fast therapeutic action.

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1. Powder C because it has the finest particles.

2. Powder C because smaller particles have a larger surface area, so they dissolve faster.

3. Powder A because its larger particles flow more easily and do not stick together.

4. Powder C may clump together and flow poorly, causing uneven tablet production.

5. - Drug dissolution: Smaller particles dissolve faster.

- Drug absorption: Faster dissolution can lead to faster absorption.

- Powder flow: Larger particles flow better.

- Dose uniformity: Proper particle size helps ensure each tablet contains the correct amount of drug.

6. A combination of particle sizes because it provides good flowability from larger particles and faster dissolution from smaller particles. This gives the best overall performance.

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1)C

2)C According to the Noyes-Whitney equation, the rate of dissolution is directly proportional to the surface area of the drug particle. Smaller particles (Powder C) have a significantly higher specific surface area compared to larger particles of the same mass.

3)A Larger particles have a smaller specific surface area, which minimizes the cohesive forces

4)Poor Flowability The strong cohesive forces between very fine particles lead to archiving, bridging, or rat-holing in the hopper, causing inconsistent filling of the tablet die.

5)Drug dissolution Decreasing particle size increases the specific surface area, which exponentially accelerates the drug dissolution rate andDrug absorption For BCS Class II and IV drugs a smaller particle size increases dissolution, which directly leads to faster and more complete systemic absorption (bioavailability).

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1. C

2. C due to larger surface area dissolving faster

3. A low cohesive forces that prevents them from clumping

4. low flowability rate where they tend to clump together

5. - larger particle size have smaller surface so it dissolves slower compared to smaller particle size

larger dissolves slowly so absorption takes much time

smaller particles have high cohesive force, easily clump

larger particles has difficulty measuring which lead to lack of uniformity

6. We would choose C due to its fast dissolution rate and drug absorption so its suitable for fast relief

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1.Powder C has the smallest particle size

2.Powder C would dissolve the fastest in water. Smaller particles have a larger surface area exposed to water, allowing the drug to dissolve more quickly This can help the medication act faster in the body.

3. Powder A would likely have the best flowability during tablet manufacturing. Its coarse crystals are larger and less likely to stick together, allowing them to move smoothly through the equipment and fill tablet molds more consistently.

4. Choosing Powder C may lead to manufacturing challenges. The fine particles can clump together, reducing powder flow and causing uneven filling of tablet molds.

5. Drug dissolution: Smaller particles dissolve faster because they have a larger surface area.

Drug absorption: Faster dissolution often leads to quicker absorption and a faster onset of action.

Powder flow: Larger particles generally flow better, while fine particles tend to stick together and flow poorly.

Dose uniformity: Good powder flow helps ensure each tablet contains the correct amount of drug. Poor flow can cause variations in dose between tablets.

6. A combination of particle size. Fine particles from Powder C can improve dissolution and help the drug work faster, while larger particles from Powders A or B can improve flow during manufacturing.

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1. Powder C

2. Powder C, small particles has larger surface area

3. Powder A, it has coarse crystals help it to flows well into tablet machine

4. It might clumps together hence poor powder flow

5. Smaller particle size has faster dissolution rate as it surface area is larger, hence faster drug absorption as well

6. Combination of particle size, good flowability from larger particles and faster dissolution from smaller particles

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1. Powder C has the smallest particle size.

2. Powder C would dissolve the fastest in water.

This is because fine particles have a larger surface area exposed to water. When the surface area is larger, water can contact the drug particles more easily, so the drug dissolves faster.

However, Powder C may clump together, so in real manufacturing, the dissolution may be affected if the powder is not properly mixed or dispersed.

3. Powder A would have the best flowability. Powder A has coarse crystals or large particles, so the particles are less likely to stick together. Larger particles usually flow more smoothly into the tablet machine because they have lower surface attraction compared to fine powder.

4. If Powder C is chosen, several problems may occur:

- Poor flowability may happen because very fine particles tend to stick together and form clumps. This can make it difficult for the powder to flow evenly into the tablet die.

- Dose variation may occur because clumping can cause uneven distribution of the drug. Some tablets may receive more drug, while others may receive less.

- Tablet weight variation may occur because poor flow affects how much powder enters the tablet machine each time.

- Sticking and caking may also happen because fine powder has high surface area and stronger particle attraction.

So, even though Powder C dissolves quickly, it may cause problems during tablet manufacturing.

5. Smaller particle size increases the surface area of the drug. This allows the drug to dissolve faster.

So:

Fine particles = faster dissolution
Large particles = slower dissolution

6. Drug absorption usually depends on how fast the drug dissolves. If the drug dissolves faster, it can become available for absorption more quickly.

So, smaller particles may improve absorption and give a faster onset of action, especially for poorly soluble drugs.

7. Large particles usually have better flow because they are heavier and less sticky.

Fine particles usually have poor flow because they can stick together, form clumps, and block smooth movement into the tablet machine.

So:

Coarse particles = good flow
Fine particles = poor flow

8. Good dose uniformity means each tablet contains the correct and consistent amount of drug.

If the powder flows poorly or clumps together, the drug may not be evenly distributed. This can cause some tablets to contain too much drug and others too little.

Very large particles may also separate from smaller particles during mixing, causing segregation.

Therefore, a suitable and controlled particle size is needed to maintain good dose uniformity.

9. The best choice is a combination of particle sizes, not A only or C only. Use Powder B as the main powder, with a controlled amount of Powder C to improve dissolution. This gives better overall tablet performance.