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Inference is a "foundational skill" — a prerequisite for higher-order thinking and 21st century skills (Marzano, 2010)
Inference can be defined as the process of drawing of a conclusion based on the available evidence plus previous knowledge and experience.

Activity : Each group is to choose one picture and come up with an inference based on the following questions:
a) What is going on in this picture?
b) What do you see that makes you say that?
c) What more can you find?

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A) What is going on in this picture?
I see a guy diving into a river full of foam.

B) What do you see that makes you see that?
Because there's two conditions of river which one is full of foam and the other one is clear.

C) What more can you find?
I can see a bridge and looks like some festive is going on because there are flowers on the side. Other than that, I think the location is in India. Last but not least, I think the guy is extremely flexible.

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a) What is going on in this picture ?
- railway located near plantation area (banana trees )
- laying on the train rail
- protesting
- They could be demanding certain rights or/and support from higher authority

b) What do you see that makes you say that?
Laying on the rail, as a group, putting their lives at stake. This is usually done when people protest radically/extremely.

c) What more can you find?
Multicultural protestors, from all age.
- The issue they are facing is affecting people from all races and all layers of age
- Demand could possibly directly related to the existence of the railway
laying on the railway, railway is located in the middle of a plantation area
- we assumed that the people are plantation workers and they are protesting regarding issues related to the plantation that has been affecting them. (the railway is an easier access for them to protest as it is very near to the plantation area.

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A) What is going on in this picture?
I see the sheep are running away from something

B) What do you see that makes you see that?
There is a missile bomb fired towards the sheep.

C) What more can you find?
Blue Lights from top, An empty space.

Conclusion
We assumed that there is a drama on going in a theatre where the sheep are running away from the missile bomb that is fired towards them.

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a) There is a homeless woman chilling at the diary section in groceries store.
- Theres also a man behind picking or choosing the milk to buy so they are in diary section of the groceries store.

b) It is because she's using reused items such as scruffy comforter, broken trolly and scattered clothes. Due to the price list stated in the picture, they used dollar currency. So maybe the store in USA.

c) Assumption: The reason why she choose groceries store to live instead of anywhere else is because she is holding on to her memory of going to grocery shopping together every week with her family members.
- Maybe because she can easily access to her daily essential needs for instance, food and drink.

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Write the inference from the following sentences.

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https://www.sfbar.org/blog/legal-writing-tip-choose-the-active-voice/#:~:text=In%20active%20voice%2C%20the%20subject,s%5D%20into%20the%20sentence.%E2%80%9D

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Edit the following sentences for wordiness.
1. I am writing you in regard to your email dated 4th March 2021.
2. John is a person who succeeds at everything he does.
3. Sarah left in an abrupt manner.
4. Owing to the fact that he was ill, Barry did not go to work.
5. Many people here in the city of Louisville enjoy sky diving.
6. Students use the library for research purposes.
7. She lives in the vicinity of Damansara Utama.
8. He acted in a suspicious manner.
9. In the last few days, she recently decided to attend law school.
10. He studied abroad in France.

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What is the action?
Who is doing it?
Objects?

1.     The board made an announcement about the plan to reduce its debt.

2.     The negotiations on the deal involve both parties.

3.     The meeting will require the involvement of all main players.

4.     We are open to working together to find solutions to the problem.

5.     Why are you refusing to take part in the questioning regarding the bankruptcy.

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TASK OF THE DAY
Work in your project groups and watch this video on Passive voice. From the video, identify:
a) Why do we use passive voice in English?
b) Provide examples of where we can find passive voice being used.
c) Identify the steps in changing an active sentence to a passive sentence.
d) Find an article/website/blog/social media post that uses passive voice.
Post your answers & the article in Padlet. Please identify your groups.

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How to use the Passive Voice 😅 English Grammar Lesson

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passive voice

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Resources page for passive voice

Notes on passive voice

Quizzes - multiple choice / short answer

Passives multiple choice quiz 1
Mulitple-choice quiz illustrating the difference between passive and active forms.

Passive or active? Wine making
Fifteen sentences describing the process of wine making. The user must choose either an active or passive form.

Use and forms of the passive voice
Ten-question multiple-choice quiz with feedback

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Advanced level passive voice quiz focusing on style, the position of new and given information in sentences and the choice of active or passive verbs.

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Submit the article/post that you have found and extract the Passive Voice from the article/post.

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Chief Justice: Judges must be faithful to Federal Constitution, resolute in upholding rule of law

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Chief Justice: Judges must be faithful to Federal Constitution, resolute in upholding rule of law

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https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2022/09/14/chief-justice-judges-must-be-faithful-to-federal-constitution-resolute-in-upholding-rule-of-law

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PUTRAJAYA: Judges, in all circumstances, must be faithful to the Federal Constitution and be resolute in upholding the rule of law.

Chief Justice Tun Tengku Maimun Tun Mat said this in her speech at the reference proceedings held on Wednesday (Sept 14) to honour the memory of former Lord President, the late Tun Dr Mohamed Salleh Abas.

She said the year 1988 would always be remembered as the darkest chapter in the history of the Malaysian judiciary, as its independence, vouchsafed by the Federal Constitution, was stunned by the removal of Tun Salleh as Lord President.

"It infamously led to the upheaval of the nation's judicial system and a shattering blow to the judiciary and the Constitution," she said.

Tengku Maimun said the 1988 episode should be taken as a lesson by the judges because, despite attempts to undermine the independence of the judiciary, judges must, in all circumstances, be faithful to the Federal Constitution and be resolute in upholding the rule of law.

The 1988 Malaysian constitutional crisis, or 1988 judicial crisis was a series of events that began with the United Malays National Organisation (Umno) party elections in 1987 and ended with the suspension and eventual removal of Tun Salleh from his seat.

He was appointed to the post in 1984 until his removal in 1988, following a clash with then prime minister Tun Dr Mahathir Mohamad over Umno, as he wanted to maintain the independence of the judiciary in what is dubbed as the constitutional crisis.

Tun Salleh was sacked along with five other senior judges in the Supreme Court, as the highest court was called then.

In paying her tribute to Tun Salleh, Tengku Maimun said the former Lord President was a great and courageous legal luminary as he had staunchly defended the Federal Constitution and championed the judiciary's independence to his very end.

She said Tun Salleh had said that judges ought to observe and respect the concept of separation of powers for judges should not encroach into the domain of the executive or the legislative branches of the government.

Tengku Maimun said Tun Salleh, who valiantly defended the role of the judiciary, had acknowledged that it is the role of the judiciary to invalidate any acts of the executive or the legislative using prerogative writs or declarations should they transgress their powers beyond the limits granted to them by the Federal Constitution.

She said during Tun Salleh's tenure as Lord President, the Malaysian judiciary was hailed as a model for other countries in terms of the independence of credibility of the judiciary.

Seven months before his passing, the judiciary invited Tun Salleh to the Palace of Justice for a hi-tea to commemorate him as a special feature in the Malaysian Judicial Yearbook, she said.

Tengku Maimun said, in one of his many interviews, that Tun Salleh repeatedly said that it had always been his last wish and fervent hope to address the Bench or at the very least, to have a simple do to mark his departure as the Lord President.

"For the past few decades since his removal, he said there was no closure for him as he never got the chance to bid goodbye to the court staff, the judiciary and the legal fraternity. The evening ended with a simple send-off ceremony for Tun Salleh," she said.

"Little did we know that that evening was our final parting with our last goodbye to Tun Salleh," she added.

The reference proceeding was chaired by Tengku Maimun, who sat on the bench with Court of Appeal President Tan Sri Rohana Yusuf, Chief Judge of Malaya Tan Sri Azahar Mohamed and Chief Judge of Sabah and Sarawak Datuk Abang Iskandar Abang Hashim.

Deputy Minister in the Prime Minister's Department in charge of Parliament and Law Datuk Mas Ermieyati Samsudin and 39 family members of Tun Salleh were present at the reference proceeding, a time-honoured tradition held in remembrance of departed members of the legal fraternity.

Attorney-General Tan Sri Idrus Harun and the Malaysian Bar president Karen Cheah, as well as Tun Salleh's grandaughter Nuralissa Norrazak, also delivered their speeches in his honour.

Tun Salleh, who hailed from Kampung Raja, Besut in Terengganu, died at the age of 91 on Jan 16 last year at the Sultanah Nur Zahirah Hospital in Kuala Terengganu, two days after he was tested positive for Covid-19.

He served as Lord President of the Federal Court for four years from 1984 before being removed in 1988 during a constitutional crisis where he fought to preserve the independence of the judiciary when Tun Dr Mahathir Mohamed was the prime minister.

He then joined politics and contested and won the Jertih state seat under the PAS ticket in Terengganu in 1999.

After quitting politics, Tun Salleh practised law and appeared frequently in the Federal Court and Court of Appeal. - Bernama

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Chief Justice: Judges must be faithful to Federal Constitution, resolute in upholding rule of law

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PUTRAJAYA: Judges, in all circumstances, must be faithful to the Federal Constitution and be resolute in upholding the rule of law. Chief Justice Tun Tengku Maimun Tun Mat said this in her speech at the reference proceedings held on Wednesday (Sept 14) to honour the memory of former Lord President, the late Tun Dr Mohamed Salleh Abas.

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Johnny Depp and Amber Heard defamation trial: Summary and timeline

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Although their marriage lasted a matter of months, Depp and Heard’s relationship spanned more than a decade.

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Supply Bill 2023 set for first reading today | New Straits Times

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KUALA LUMPUR: The Supply Bill 2023 is expected to be tabled for the first reading in the Dewan Rakyat today.

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https://m.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20220915000723

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A Hallyu festival featuring all things Korean Wave will take place across Seoul next month, the Culture Ministry announced on Thursday.

The "2022 Korean Culture Festival" is scheduled to kick off on Oct. 1 in areas around Gwanghwamun Square in central Seoul and Jamsil Sports Complex in southern Seoul.

With a theme of exploring a cultural journey of Hallyu on planet "THE-K," the festival aims to offer a chance to experience various aspects of Korean culture, ranging from traditions, food, and beauty, to dramas and music as well.

On Sept. 30, the eve of the festival, a tradition-meets-modern show with a traditional ink-and-wash croquis painting performance at Gyeongbokgung will kick off the eight-day festival.

A K-drama-themed gala show will open the festival on Oct. 1 in the Gwanghwamun area. Singers including Kyuhyun of boy band Super Junior and Paul Kim will perform original soundtrack songs from drama series such as "Itaewon Class," "The Red Sleeve" and "My Liberation Notes."

From Oct. 2 to Oct. 8, a fair for Hallyu fans will take place at Gwanghwamun Square and Jamsil, offering a venue for the visitors to have a hands-on experience exploring Korean food, beauty and fashion.

"THE-K Stage" will be held throughout the festival at both sites, with K-pop bands Pentagon, Brave Girls, Viviz and CIX.

On Oct. 7, K-pop acts including NCT Dream and StayC will perform at "THE-K Concert" at the Olympic Stadium in Jamsil. In collaboration with American music and entertainment magazine Billboard, the "K-Billboard Awards" will highlight the achievements of K-pop artists who have made their names on the Billboard Chart.

The festival will wrap up with a parade around the Gwanghwamun Square area.

For those who cannot visit the sites in person, the festival will be broadcast live online through the K-Culture Festival's official YouTube channel every day during the festival.

The "2022 Korean Culture Festival" is jointly hosted by the MCST and the Korean Foundation for International Cultural Exchange.

By Hwang Dong-Hee ( hwangdh@heraldcorp.com)

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Hallyu festival of Korean culture to take place next month

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A Hallyu festival featuring all things Korean Wave will take place across Seoul next month, the Culture Ministry announced on Thursday. The "2022 Korean Culture Festival" is scheduled to kick off on Oct. 1 in areas around Gwanghwamun Square in central Seoul and Jamsil Sports Complex in southern Seoul.

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Learning Objectives

1. Understand the different tools speakers can use to gain their audience's attention.

2. Name some common mistakes speakers make in trying to gain attention.

As you know by now, a good introduction will capture an audience's attention, while a bad introduction can turn an audience against a speaker. An attention-getter is the device a speaker uses at the beginning of a speech to capture an audience's interest and make them interested in the speech's topic. Typically, there are four things to consider in choosing a specific attention-getting device:

1. Appropriateness or relevance to audience

2. Purpose of speech

3. Topic

4. Occasion

First, when selecting an attention-getting device, you want to make sure that the option you choose is actually appropriate and relevant to your specific audience. Different audiences will have different backgrounds and knowledge, so you should use your audience analysis to determine whether specific information you plan on using would be appropriate for a specific audience. For example, if you're giving a speech on family units to a group of individuals over the age of sixty-five, starting your speech with a reference to the television show Gossip Girl may not be the best idea because the television show may not be relevant to that audience.

Second, you need to consider the basic purpose of your speech. As discussed earlier in this text, there are three basic purposes you can have for giving a speech: to inform, to persuade, and to entertain. When selecting an attention-getter, you want to make sure that you select one that corresponds with your basic purpose. If your goal is to entertain an audience, then starting a speech with a quotation about how many people are dying in Africa each day from malnutrition may not be the best way to get your audience's attention. Remember, one of the basic goals of an introduction is to prepare your audience for your speech. If your attention-getter differs drastically in tone from the rest of your speech (e.g., dying in Africa when you want your audience to laugh), the disjointedness may cause your audience to become confused or tune you out completely.

Your third basic consideration when picking an attention-getting device is your speech topic. Ideally, your attention-getting device should have a relevant connection to your speech. Imagine if a speaker pulled condoms out of his pocket, yelled "Free sex!" and threw the condoms at the audience in the beginning of a speech about the economy. While this may clearly get the audience's attention, this isn't really a good way to prepare an audience for a speech about bull and bear markets. Not every attention-getter is appropriate for a given topic. Instead, a speaker could start this speech by explaining that "according to a 2004 episode of 60 Minutes, adults in the United States spend approximately $10 billion annually on adult entertainment, which is roughly the equivalent to the amounts they spend attending professional sporting events, buying music, or going out to the movies" (Leung, 2004). Notice how effective the shocking statistic is in clearly introducing the monetary value of the adult entertainment industry.

The last consideration when picking an attention-getting device involves the speech occasion. Different occasions will necessitate different tones, or particular styles or manners of speaking. For example, a persuasive speech about death and dying shouldn't be happy and hilarious. An informative speech on the benefits of laughing shouldn't be dull, dreary, and depressing. When selecting an attention-getter, you want to make sure that the attention-getter sets the tone for the speech.

Now that we've explored the four major considerations you must think of when selecting an attention-getter, let's look at a range of different attention-getters you may employ. Miller (1946) discovered that speakers tend to use one of eleven attention-getting devices when starting a speech. The rest of this section is going to examine these eleven attention-getting devices.

Reference to Subject

The first attention-getting method to consider is to tell your audience the subject of your speech. This device is probably the most direct, but it may also be the least interesting of the possible attention-getters. Here's an example:

We are surrounded by statistical information in today's world, so understanding statistics is becoming paramount to citizenship in the twenty-first century.

This sentence explicitly tells an audience that the speech they are about to hear is about the importance of understanding statistics. While this isn't the most entertaining or interesting attention-getter, it is very clear and direct.

Quotation

Another way to capture your listeners' attention is to use the words of another person that relate directly to your topic. Maybe you've found a really great quotation in one of the articles or books you read while researching your speech. If not, you can also use a number of sources that compile useful quotations from noted individuals. Probably the most famous quotation book of all time is Bartlett's Familiar Quotations ( http://www.bartleby.com/100), now in its seventeenth edition. Here are some other websites that contain useful databases of quotations for almost any topic:

Quotations are a great way to start a speech, so let's look at an example that could be used for a speech on deception:

Oliver Goldsmith, a sixteenth-century writer, poet, and physician, once noted that "the true use of speech is not so much to express our wants as to conceal them."

Anecdote

Another device you can use to start a speech is to tell an anecdote related to the speech's topic. An is a brief account or story of an interesting or humorous event. Notice the emphasis here is on the word "brief." A common mistake speakers make when telling an anecdote is to make the anecdote too long. Remember, your entire introduction should only be 10 to 15 percent of your speech, so your attention-getter must be very short.

One type of anecdote is a real story that emphasizes a speech's basic message. For example, here is an anecdote a speaker could use to begin a speech on how disconnected people are from the real world because of technology:

In July 2009, a high school girl named Alexa Longueira was walking along a main boulevard near her home on Staten Island, New York, typing in a message on her cell phone. Not paying attention to the world around her, she took a step and fell right into an open manhole (Whitney, 2009).

A second type of anecdote is a parable or fable. A parable or fable is an allegorical anecdote designed to teach general life lessons. The most widely known parables for most Americans are those given in the Bible and the best-known fables are Aesop's Fables ( http://www.aesopfables.com). For the same speech on how disconnected people are with the real world because of technology, the speaker could have used the Fable of The Boy and the Filberts:

The ancient Greek writer Aesop told a fable about a boy who put his hand into a pitcher of filberts. The boy grabbed as many of the delicious nuts as he possibly could. But when he tried to pull them out, his hand wouldn't fit through the neck of the pitcher because he was grasping so many filberts. Instead of dropping some of them so that his hand would fit, he burst into tears and cried about his predicament. The moral of the story? "Don't try to do too much at once" (Aesop, 1881).

After recounting this anecdote, the speaker could easily relate the fable to the notion that the technology in our society leads us to try to do too many things at once.

While parables and fables are short and entertaining, their application to your speech topic should be clear. We'll talk about this idea in more detail later in this chapter when we discuss how to link your attention-getter explicitly to your topic.

Startling Statement

The eighth device you can use to start a speech is to surprise your audience with startling information about your topic. Often, startling statements come in the form of statistics and strange facts. The goal of a good startling statistic is that it surprises the audience and gets them engaged in your topic. For example, if you're giving a speech about oil conservation, you could start by saying, "A Boeing 747 airliner holds 57,285 gallons of fuel." You could start a speech on the psychology of dreams by noting, "The average person has over 1,460 dreams a year." A strange fact, on the other hand, is a statement that does not involve numbers but is equally surprising to most audiences. For example, you could start a speech on the gambling industry by saying, "There are no clocks in any casinos in Las Vegas." You could start a speech on the Harlem Globetrotters by saying, "In 2000, Pope John Paul II became the most famous honorary member of the Harlem Globetrotters." All four of these examples came from a great website for strange facts ( http://www.strangefacts.com).

Although startling statements are fun, it is important to use them ethically. First, make sure that your startling statement is factual. The Internet is full of startling statements and claims that are simply not factual, so when you find a statement you'd like to use, you have an ethical duty to ascertain its truth before you use it. Second, make sure that your startling statement is relevant to your speech and not just thrown in for shock value. We've all heard startling claims made in the media that are clearly made for purposes of shock or fear mongering. As speakers, we have an ethical obligation to avoid playing on people's emotions in this way.

Question

Another strategy for getting your audience's attention is to ask them a question. There are two types of questions commonly used as attention-getters: response questions and rhetorical questions. A response question is a question that the audience is expected to answer in some manner. For example, you could ask your audience, "Please raise your hand if you have ever thought about backpacking in Europe" or "Have you ever voted for the Electoral College? If so, stand up." In both of these cases, the speaker wants her or his audience to respond. A rhetorical question , on the other hand, is a question to which no actual reply is expected. For example, a speaker talking about the importance of HIV testing could start by asking the audience, "I have two questions that I'd like you to think about. How many students on this campus have had sexual intercourse? Of those who have had sex, how many have been tested for HIV?" In this case, the speaker does not expect the audience to give an estimate of the numbers of students that fit into each category but rather to think about the questions as the speech goes on.

Humor

Humor is another effective method for gaining an audience's attention. Humor is an amazing tool when used properly. We cannot begin to explain all the amazing facets of humor within this text, but we can say that humor is a great way of focusing an audience on what you are saying. However, humor is a double-edged sword. If you do not wield the sword carefully, you can turn your audience against you very quickly. When using humor, you really need to know your audience and understand what they will find humorous. One of the biggest mistakes a speaker can make is to use some form of humor that the audience either doesn't find funny or finds offensive. Think about how incompetent the character of Michael Scott seems on the television program The Office, in large part because of his ineffective use of humor. We always recommend that you test out humor of any kind on a sample of potential audience members prior to actually using it during a speech.

Now that we've warned you about the perils of using humor, let's talk about how to use humor as an attention-getter. Humor can be incorporated into several of the attention-getting devices mentioned. You could use a humorous anecdote, quotation, or current event. As with other attention-getting devices, you need to make sure your humor is relevant to your topic, as one of the biggest mistakes some novices make when using humor is to add humor that really doesn't support the overall goal of the speech. So when looking for humorous attention-getters you want to make sure that the humor is nonoffensive to your audiences and relevant to your speech. For example, here's a humorous quotation from Nicolas Chamfort, a French author during the sixteenth century, "The only thing that stops God from sending another flood is that the first one was useless." While this quotation could be great for some audiences, other audiences may find this humorous quotation offensive (e.g., religious audiences). The Chamfort quotation could be great for a speech on the ills of modern society, but probably not for a speech on the state of modern religious conflict. You want to make sure that the leap from your attention-getter to your topic isn't too complicated for your audience, or the attention-getter will backfire.

Reference to Occasion

The last device we mention for starting a speech is to refer directly to the speaking occasion. This attention-getter is only useful if the speech is being delivered for a specific occasion. Many toasts, for example, start with the following statement: "Today we are here to honor X." In this case, the "X" could be a retirement, a marriage, a graduation, or any number of other special occasions. Because of its specific nature, this attention-getter is the least likely to be used for speeches being delivered for college courses.

Key Takeaways

In developing the introduction to your speech, begin by deciding upon a statement to capture the audience's attention.

Attention-getters can include references to the audience, quotations, references to current events, historical references, anecdotes, startling statements, questions, humor, personal references, and references to the occasion.

Exercises

1. Make a list of the attention-getting devices you might use to give a speech on the importance of recycling. Which do you think would be most effective? Why?

2. You've been asked to deliver a speech on the use of advertising in children's media. Out of the list of ten different possible attention-getting devices discussed in the chapter, how could you use four of them to start your speech?

References

Aesop (1881). Aesop's fables. New York, NY: Wm. L. Allison. Retrieved from http://www.litscape.com/author/Aesop/The_Boy_and_the_Filberts.html

Leung, R. (2004, September 5). Porn in the U.S.A.: Steve Kroft reports on a $10 billion industry. Retrieved from http://www.cbsnews.com.

Miller, E. (1946). Speech introductions and conclusions. Quarterly Journal of Speech, 32, 181-183.

Whitney, L. (2009, July 13). Don't text while walking? Girl learns the hard way. CNET News Wireless. Retrieved from http://news.cnet.com/8301-1035_3-10285466-94.html

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9.2 The Attention-Getter: The First Step of an Introduction

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Understand the different tools speakers can use to gain their audience's attention. Name some common mistakes speakers make in trying to gain attention. As you know by now, a good introduction will capture an audience's attention, while a bad introduction can turn an audience against a speaker.

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Paraphrasing is the most important tool for sharing the research of others as relevant to your own study.  When you paraphrase, you state someone else’s idea in your own words.

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–We use modal verbs to express something that can probably, certainly, or possibly happen.
Modal verbs help when speaking about ability, making requests and offers, asking permission, and more.

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No more mistakes with MODALS! 3 Easy Rules

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1. Form
Subject + Modals + Main Verb
Sheila can improve her skills.
She must pay RM 100 to get her car.
2. Here is a table to help you understand the differences in modals

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CAN vs COULD