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Anne Hutchinson began to preach her own ideas that went against the religious doctrines of the time. Her beliefs were seen as unorthodox during this time. She was taken to court and banished from the Massachusettes Bay Colony.

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The Toleration Act of 1689 was passed by the Parliament of England. after the Glorious Revolution. This act gave religious freedom to most Protestant dissenters that inlcuded Baptists, Quakers, and Presbyterians.

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In colonial Massachusettes, hundreds of people were accused of being witches. This occured during 1692 through 1693. 30 people were found guilty and 19 were hung. 14 of the 19 were women.

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Located in San Diego, the mission still stands. 

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The First Catholic Mission was Founded by Father Serra (1769)

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The First Catholic Mission was Founded by Father Serra (1769)

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In 1769, Father Junipero Serra founded the first Catholic Mission out of the 21 that were built. This marked the start of the expedition.

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The Industrial Revolution: The Industrial Revolution came about the late 18th century which would change where people resided. People began to move into more urbanized areas rather than living in rural areas. During this time, advances in science and technology were at an all time high which made some people question themselves and their faith.

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During this time period, the cult of Domesticity came about. It was a belief system that revolved around the difference of a woman's and man's role. In this belief system, women were believed to be the ones in charge of the home. The women were in charge of making the home a beautiful and ‘pure’ place. It was an ideal to help women purify their children and husbands that would return home from work. These men usually worked in the city and were involved in a fast-paced life outside the home so when they would go home it was expected for the wife to provide a welcoming and non stressful home for the men. The Cult of Domesticity further encouraged the standards that women should stay at home cooking, cleaning, and taking care of children while the men worked. This would encourage many women to demand a change. Many women didn’t want to be tied down to these expectations as they were capable of doing more. And that is what they did, they showed the men they were capable of conducting meetings, discussions, gatherings, and speeches. These women got together to discuss what they can do to make a change.

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The Declaration of Independece was signed in 1776. This would be the document that delared seperation of the 13 collonies from England.

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The Second Great Awakening began in 1795 and lasted until 1835. It was a period of Protestant Revivals and reforms. The Awakening is divided into three phases: the first, second, and third. Each phases had different goals.

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The Temoerance Movement began in the ealry 1800s and it was initially started by the churches. The movement dedicated to the idea of abstinence and this would ultimatley lead to Prohibition. Prohibition would be where the consumption or sell of alcohol became illegal.

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The American Holiness Movement is a Christian movement that began in the 1830s. This movement spread among Protestant churches and followed the doctrine of what was known as santification. The movement attracted many in America but particularly the Quakers.

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Henry David Thoreau a famous philospher during this time period. Thoreau is recognized for many of his works such as his book “Self-Reliance.”

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Transcendentalism was the philosophical idea that people have knowledge about themselves and the world around them that "transcends" or goes beyond what they can see, hear, taste, touch or feel. This knowledge comes through intuition and imagination not through logic or the senses. People can trust themselves to be their own authority on what is right. It originated from Unitarianism which was a religious movement that dominated Boston in the early 19th century. The philosophy of Transcendentalism came about in the 1830s in the United States. When talking about this philosophy and this time period we often talk about the famous philosophers, Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau. Emerson and Thoreau were the two most famous and influential transcendentalists. Margaret Fuller was also a very influential transcendentalists that would be the first advocate of feminism. Transcendentalists started their own Transcendental Club located in Cambridge Massachusetts. This club was established in 1836 in an effort to spread their ideals.

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The Reform Movement began in the early 1840s. The first Reform Congregation was in Baltimore in 1842. The movement brought many German immigrants to America and brought along their reformed Judaism. The first American Reform Jewish religious group in the United States was the Reformed Society of Israelites, which was organized in 1824 in Charleston, SC.

Isaac Mayer Wise was the organizer of the Jewish Reform Movement in America. He arrived in America in 1846 from Bohemia. Wise was in search of religious freedom so he founded the first Jewish seminary in the U.S. known as the Hebrew Union College located in Cincinnati. His intentions are for more religious freedom and social mobility for Jews in America. He wanted Jews to integrate and fit more into society. David Einhorn is also an important figure in the Reform movement who wanted religious freedom. Einhorn was a rabbi that came from Bavaria. Einhorn also wanted to help Jews integrate into the society they were a part of. Einhorn and Wise shared fairly similar views and intentions for the Jewish community.

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Several women gave speeches such as  Elizabeth Cady Stanton. 

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The Seneca Falls Convention took place in Seneca Falls, New York in July of 1848.  It was the first known Woman’s Rights Convention, where 300 plus women showed up. These women fought for the social, civil and religious rights of women.

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Men and Religion Forward Movement (1911-1912)

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Men and Religion Forward Movement (1911-1912)

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The Men and Religion Forward Movement began in 1911 and lasted until 1912. This movement. The goal of this movement was to gather and recruit men for Protestant churches. Many of the men were threatened by women that worked in the missions and wanted a less emotional apect in their services.

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The Chistian Conservation Congress at Carnegie Hall- Hathi Trust- from The Independent, vol 72 (1912)

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The Temperance movement was also a big part of the 1920s. It was a movement that encouraged the abstinence of alcohol. This movement would result in the ratification of the 18th amendment on January 16 of the year 1919. The 18th amendment took effect a year later and it banned the production and consumption of alcoholic beverages. The main idea of this amendment was to reduce criminal activity and move to a more progressive type of society but instead, “bootlegging, or the illegal distillation and sale of alcoholic beverages, became widespread.” It was until 1933 when the amendment was repealed by the ratification of the 21st amendment.

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A group of women demanding the right to vote.

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The 19th Amendment was passed in 1920 and it gave women the right to vote. This was something women were fightinng for years and it was a direct result of the suffrage movement.

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The Scopes Trial was the trial of a teacher named John Scopes who had been teaching about human evolution. At this time it was considered a violation to teach about this because it went against the teachings of the Bible regarding human creation. The Scopes Trial is important to the history of American Religion. It demonstrated how religion and laws can clash and also have an influence on one another. It shows how conflicts and disagreement can come up and influence the laws. The Scopes Trial would change Fundamentalism and its ideals by empowering it. Laws and other issues would not just be based from a religious perspective as it always had been since the beginning of American history.

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Native American Occupation of the Alcatraz Island (1969)

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Native American Occupation of the Alcatraz Island (1969)

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In 1969, Native Americans moved into the Island after the Islands prison closed down years prior. On November 9th of 1969, several Native Americans from the Bay Area moved onto the Island to edevelop it as a school and cultural center. They would inhabit the island for 19 months.

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Since the mid-1960s, American Indians had been on a mission to break into Alcatraz. After the famed prison shuttered its doors in 1963, Bay Area Native Americans began lobbying to have the island redeveloped as an Indian cultural center and school. Five Sioux even landed on Alcatraz in March 1964 and tried to seize it under an 1868 treaty that allowed Indians to appropriate surplus federal land.

These early efforts all failed, but reclaiming "the Rock" became a rallying cry for Indians, many of whom viewed the island as a symbol of government indifference toward the Indigenous population.

When an October 1969 fire destroyed San Francisco's American Indian Center, an activist group known as "Indians of All Tribes" set their sights on the unused land at Alcatraz. A handful of protestors first journeyed to the island on November 9, 1969, under the leadership of Mohawk college student Richard Oakes. They only stayed for a night before the authorities removed them, but Oakes stressed that the landing had been a symbolic act. "If a one-day occupation by white men on Indian land years ago established squatter's rights," he told The San Francisco Chronicle, "then the one-day occupation of Alcatraz should establish Indian rights to the island."

Indians of All Tribes made a final attempt to seize Alcatraz in the early morning hours of November 20, 1969-this time with an occupation force of 89 men, women and children. After sailing through San Francisco Bay under cover of darkness, the Indians landed at Alcatraz and claimed the island for all the tribes of North America.

Ignoring warnings that their occupation was illegal, they moved into the old warden's house and guards' quarters and began personalizing the island with graffiti. A message appeared on the water tower reading: "Peace and Freedom. Welcome. Home of the Free Indian Land." Other buildings were tagged with slogans like "Red Power" and " Custer Had It Coming."

The Indians' first official proclamation to the public followed shortly thereafter in a manifesto addressed to "The Great White Father and All His People." In it, the activists stated their intentions to use the island for an Indian school, cultural center and museum. They claimed Alcatraz was theirs "by right of discovery," but they sarcastically offered to buy it for "$24 in glass beads and red cloth"-the same price that Indians supposedly received for the island of Manhattan. The activists added that they didn't mind that the island was underdeveloped or lacked fresh water, since most of them had already endured similar conditions on government Indian reservations.

Wary of the fallout that could accompany an attempt to remove the Indians by force, President Richard Nixon's administration opted to bide its time and leave the occupiers alone as long as they remained peaceful. Government officials later journeyed to the island on multiple occasions to negotiate, but their diplomatic efforts bore little fruit. The activists were adamant that they would settle for nothing less than the deed to Alcatraz Island, while the Government Services Administration and other agencies maintained that a land transfer was impossible.

As the two sides debated, the Indians continued settling into their new home. "We all had things to offer each other," resident Luwana Quitquit later remembered. "Brotherhood. Sisterhood." Native American college students and activists flocked to join the protest, and the population of Alcatraz often swelled to more than 600 people.

A governing council was formed, and the island soon had its own clinic, kitchen, public relations department and even a nursery and grade school for its children. A security force dubbed the "Bureau of Caucasian Affairs" (a riff on the much-hated "Bureau of Indian Affairs") patrolled the shoreline to watch for intruders, and a Sioux named John Trudell hopped behind the mic to broadcast radio updates under the banner of "Radio Free Alcatraz."

Other activists supported the occupation by shuttling supplies and visitors from a mainland base at San Francisco's Pier 40. The Indians issued a call for contributions, and by the end of 1969, canned goods, clothes and thousands of dollars in cash had poured in from donors across the country. Celebrities including Anthony Quinn, Jane Fonda and Merv Griffin all visited the island and lent their support, and the rock band Creedence Clearwater Revival even gave the Indians a boat, which was christened the "Clearwater."

For most of late 1969, the occupation proceeded better than activists like Richard Oakes could have ever imagined. By early 1970, however, life on the island had begun to change. Many of the movement's college students and organizers had to leave Alcatraz to return to school, and they were often replaced by vagrants who cared more about living rent-free than fighting for the protest's original cause. "Our biggest problems are freelance photographers and the hippies," Oakes said at the time. "They stay and eat up our stores, then leave. Then we have to clean up after them." Drugs and alcohol-both originally banned on the island-were soon circulating freely among certain members of the population.

The leadership crisis only worsened after Richard Oakes' young stepdaughter fell to her death from one of the prison's stairwells in January 1970. Oakes and his wife left Alcatraz in the wake of the accident, leaving groups of warring activists to fight it out for control of the island. By May, the government had concluded that there was little hope of resolving the situation diplomatically, and the Nixon administration cut all remaining power to Alcatraz in an effort to force the Indians out. Only a few weeks later, a fire tore across the island and destroyed several of Alcatraz's historic buildings. The Indians claimed the blaze was an accident or perhaps even the work of outside provocateurs, but it still came as a major blow to morale.

Despite increasingly squalid living conditions and flagging outside support, a few holdouts continued to live on the Rock for another year. "I don't want to say Alcatraz is done with," former occupier Adam Fortunate Eagle lamented to The San Francisco Chronicle in April 1971, "but no organized Indian groups are active there. It has turned from an Indian movement to a personality thing." Citing a need to restore Alcatraz's foghorn and lighthouse, government officials finally quashed the occupation on June 11, 1971, when armed federal marshals descended on the island and removed the last of its Indian residents. By then, the occupation force had dwindled to a skeleton crew of only six men, five women and four children.

While the last of protestors were forced to leave the island in defeat, the 19-month occupation had succeeded in galvanizing Indian activists. Indian rights organizations-many of them staffed by Alcatraz veterans-later staged occupations and protests at Plymouth Rock, Mount Rushmore, the Bureau of Indian Affairs and dozens of other sites across the country. Federal officials also started listening to calls for Indian self-determination. Even as the Alcatraz protest was still underway in July 1970, President Richard Nixon had given a speech saying, "The time has come...for a new era in which the Indian future is determined by Indian acts and Indian decisions." The U.S. government later returned millions of acres of ancestral Indian land and passed more than 50 legislative proposals supporting tribal self rule.

Alcatraz opened as a national park in 1973, where graffiti by its Native Americans occupiers can still be seen on several of the complex's buildings. The National Park Service even had some of the slogans preserved or repainted when they restored the island's water tower in 2012. The Rock has also continued to serve as a focal point of Native American social campaigns. A pair of nationwide protest walks in 1978 and 1994 both began at the island, and since 1975, people have met at Alcatraz every November for an "Un-Thanksgiving Day" celebrating Indian culture and activism.

HISTORY Vault: Native American History

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When Native American Activists Occupied Alcatraz Island | HISTORY

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In 1969, a group of rebel activists took over America's most notorious prison for more than 19 months.

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The New Age Movement began in the the late 1960s and spread throughout the world. It was started by the American theosophist David Spangler. It was a new era of humanity that seeked changes from what was previously going on in the world such as communism, miltiarism, and selfishness. Many apart of the movement wanted it to be an era of love and healing. The movement also seeked spiritual awakenings of the population and international peace which they believed would bring an end to racism, poverty, sickness, hunger, and war.

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Native American Activists climbed Mt. Rushmore and occupied the site as a form of protest. They were protesting against the government and the many treaties they disregarded throughout history. They also declared the site to be historical and belonged to Native Americans. The land was never given back and in the 1980s the United States supreme court offered the Sioux Tribe $105 million dollars for the lost of their land but the tribe refused.

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Although religion played an important role for the American people, it was still not encouraged to be a part of the government. This was put into the first amendment but this clause has been interpreted differently throughout the past 100 years. There are several U.S. Supreme court cases that have demonstrated these challenges of different interpretations. One of these court cases was Lemon v. Kurtzman that occured in 1971. In this court case, the Court established a three-pronged test for laws dealing with religious establishment. To be constitutional a statute must have “a secular legislative purpose,” and it must have principal effects that neither “advance nor inhibit religion, and it must not foster “an excessive government entanglement with religion.”