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This is the first stage in psychosocial development from Erikson’s theory. The stage lasts from birth to around 18 months. This is the most important stage in a child’s life as it shapes their view of the world and their personality. In the text it states, “Erikson’s first stage in psychosocial development, in which infants develop a sense of the reliability of people and objects” (Martorell p. 130). This stage is where a child learns to trust, or mistrust their caregivers. Emma developed trust at this age because she was given the proper care and attention that she needed. When Emma was hungry, she was fed. When she cried, she was comforted. When she communicated, she was heard. She was comforted and cared for during this stage, which led her to develop trust in her caregivers. Her mother nurtured and comforted her, which allowed her to feel safe and secure to progress into the next stage of development. She resolved this stage with trust.

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Autonomy VS Shame and Doubt (18 months-3 years)

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Autonomy VS Shame and Doubt (18 months-3 years)

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This is the second stage in Erikson’s theory. This stage lasts from 18 months, to about 3 years of age. According to Erikson, this stage is focused on developing a greater sense of self control. Children lean towards a need for independence, whereas in the first stage, they were completely dependent on their caregivers. In Emma’s second stage, she learned potty training, which aided in her independence. She also was given more choice in things such as what to eat, with limitations, and which toys she played with. In the text the author states, “toddlers need adults to set appropriate limits, and shame and doubt help them recognize the need for those limits” (Martorell p. 154). Emma was also given a safe environment to experiment that allowed her to make mistakes and learn from outcomes. She was not punished for accidents, and was guided in her growth. She resolved this stage with autonomy.

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| This is the 3rd stage in Erikson’s theory for psychosocial development. This stage occurs typically during preschool years. In this stage, children begin to claim their power and control in the world by play, and other social interaction. Imagination is very important in this stage, along with freedom and encouragement to play and express themselves. By doing this, they have the opportunity to feel guilt, which is a feeling of shame or embarrassment when failing to complete a task successfully. But, if children experience more guilt than initiative, they will resist trying new things due to fear of failure. In the text it states, “children balance the urge to pursue goals with reservations about doing so” (Martorell p. 210). In Emma’s life, she participated in sports, which gave her initiative to try new things. She also started school, which gave her responsibility. Along with that, she started experimenting with things such as riding a bike, climbing trees, and reading. These things gave her the opportunity to fail, but also to succeed. When she did succeed, she was given initiative to try even more new things. She resolved this stage with initiative.

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| This is the 4th stage in Erikson’s theory in psychosocial development. This typically occurs between the ages of 6 and 11. In this stage, social interaction is very important. School can aid in self-concept by making children feel capable. Grades can give feedback on skills and performance. During interaction with friends, children can discover how their abilities compare to their peers. Confidence can increase by finding that their abilities are better than other kids, and they are more talented in specific areas. They might also find that other kids are better at certain skills than they are. Children who do well in school progress though this stage, while children who struggle in school could be slower in their development through this stage. The textbook states, “children must learn the productive skills their culture requires or else face feelings of inferiority” (Martorell p. 275). Emma did well in school, and was encouraged by her parents and teachers. She struggled with math, but found that her strengths were in writing, sports, and music. She was tutored to help with her struggles. This gave her confidence to progress into the next stage of development. She resolved this stage with industry.

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| This is the 5th stage in Erikson’s theory of development. This stage is usually from ages 11 through 18. This stage is where adolescents explore independence and develop a sense of self. A major question they ask is, “who am I.” As children become teenagers, they go through a sense of confusion and face insecurities about their role in society. They can experiment with different roles, activities, and behaviors. Erikson states that this is very important, as is can help with discovering their identity and direction in life. Children who are not allowed to experiment can experience feeling insecure, isolated, and disappointed in themselves. In the text it states, “Identity forms as young people resolve three major issues: the choice of an occupation, the adoption of values to live by, and the development of a satisfying sexual identity” (Martorell p. 264). Emma was able to develop a sense of identity by meeting new people, stopping gymnastics, experimenting with new hobbies, starting college, and getting her first job. She found that she no longer enjoyed gymnastic, which gave her the opportunity to explore other interests. She started scrapbooking, changed her music taste, found a love for social work, and started to set a foundation for her future. She has a set of values to live by, and has her sexual identity. All of these helped her to develop a sense of identity, and helped her move into the next stage of development. She resolved this stage with identity.

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| This is the 6th stage in Erikson’s theory. This stage is usually in the age range of 18 through 40. The main conflict in this stage is creating intimate and loving relationships. Struggling in this stage can lead to loneliness and isolation. Erikson believed that creating these relationships is key to a person’s emotional well-being. To accomplish intimacy, one has to be willing to share vulnerable parts of themselves with others, along with being open to listening and excepting those parts from other people. Isolation can occur for a number of reasons. Some of those reasons include childhood neglect, divorce of a partner, fear of commitment, fear of intimacy, past relationships, or trouble with one’s self. Emma has not passed this stage in her development. She has difficulty trusting others, which caused a strain in her personal relationships. The text states, “women develop identity through intimacy, not before it” (Martorell p. 265). She is still developing her identity, which could be a reason as to why she hasn’t developed intimacy. In her past, she has delt with troubled relationships, divorce of her parents, fear of commitment, and fear of intimacy. In order to develop onto the next stage, she would need to be open to being intimate with other people. She also needs to avoid negative self-talk, determine what she likes, build social skills, and practice self- disclosure. An event that could progress her to the next stage of development is meeting a partner, and starting a long term, romantic relationship.

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| This is the 7th stage in Erikson’s theory. This stage occurs after the intimacy vs isolation stage. Adults in this stage strive to create or nurture things that will outlast them. These things could include raising children and mentoring others. People in this stage are searching for ways to be remembered, and how they can contribute to the next generation. These things are forms of generativity. Stagnation can happen when a person fails to get involved with others, takes no effort to improve themselves, or is too self-centered. An event that could progress Emma through this stage is having children. By doing this, she would be contributing to the next generation, finding a way to be remembered, and taking more responsibility in her life. This would give Emma something to be proud of, and a greater meaning to her life. She is also finding a way to make progression in her life.

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This is the 8th stage in Erikson’s theory. This stage happens after the Generativity VS Stagnation stage. In this stage, people begin to question if they lived a meaningful and satisfying life. Integrity allows one to have acceptance in their action, along with a feeling of wholeness, peace, success, and wisdom. Despair refers to looking back on life with a feeling of regret, shame, or disappointment. This can lead to depression, hopelessness, bitterness, etc. This stage is usually triggered by retirement, loss of a spouse, or a major shift in life roles. Those who feel proud of their accomplishment will feel a sense of integrity. An event that could lead Emma into this stage is retirement from her career. Emma will be able to feel integrity by making long lasting commitments and relationships in her life. She will have a better change of avoiding despair by starting early. She can work on practicing gratitude, becoming more spiritual, creating intimate relationships, and reframing her negative thoughts.