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President Harry Truman declared the U.S. would support nations resisting communism, leading to military and economic aid for Greece and Turkey. This set the stage for the Korean and Vietnam wars. However, it strengthened NATO and U.S. global influence. The policy shaped the American foreign relations for decades. This policy helped communism stop spreading.

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After World War II, Europe was badly damaged, and many countries needed help. The U.S. created the Marshall Plan, giving over $12 billion to Western Europe to rebuild and stop communism. The Soviet Union and its allies refused the help, increasing tensions and worsening the Cold War. The plan helped Europe recover quickly and strengthened U.S. alliances. It also set the stage for future foreign aid programs, making America a global leader.

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When the Soviet Union blocked access to West Berlin, the U.S. and its allies launched a huge airlift. Over 200,000 flights brought food, fuel, and medicine to the people. The blockade failed and was lifted in 1949, giving the U.S. a win. The airlift made the divide between East and West bigger and helped create West Germany. It showed that non-military actions could fight Soviet pressure.

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The Korean War was the first major fight of the Cold War. It started when North Korea invaded South Korea to make it communist. After three years of fighting, a ceasefire was signed in 1953, but Korea stayed divided. The war made tensions between the U.S. and the Soviet Union worse. North and South Korea are still technically at war today, with a strong border between them.

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During the Cold War, Americans feared communism and accused many people of being communists. Senator Joseph McCarthy became well-known for making harsh accusations against government workers without proof. Many people lost their jobs and reputations, and some even went to jail. The fear spread to Hollywood, where actors and writers were blacklisted. Eventually, McCarthyism lost support, but it still affects how we think about civil rights and government power today.

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In 1957, the Soviet Union launched Sputnik, which scared Americans and made them worry about losing in technology. To catch up, the U.S. created NASA in 1958 and focused more on science and education. The U.S. won a big victory in 1969 when they landed astronauts on the Moon. This led to new technology in communications, satellites, and computers. The race between the U.S. and the Soviet Union helped start modern space exploration and private space companies.

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In October 1962, the U.S. found Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba, bringing the world close to war. President Kennedy set up a naval blockade and demanded the missiles be removed. For 13 tense days, the U.S. and Soviet leaders talked to avoid war. The crisis ended when the Soviets agreed to remove the missiles if the U.S. promised not to invade Cuba and secretly removed missiles from Turkey. This led to better communication between the U.S. and the Soviet Union, including a direct "hotline."

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The U.S. joined the Vietnam War to stop communism from spreading. The war was brutal, with lots of fighting, bombing, and many civilian deaths. At home, people protested, and there was a lot of division and mistrust of the government. The U.S. left in 1973, and by 1975, North Vietnam took over the South and made the country communist. The war led to changes in U.S. military rules, like ending the draft and limiting the president’s power to start wars.

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For nearly 30 years, the Berlin Wall separated East and West Berlin. In November 1989, protests in East Germany caused the wall to open. People from both sides tore it down and celebrated. The fall of the wall ended communist rule in Eastern Europe. A year later, Germany was reunited, ending Cold War tensions in Europe.

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By the late 1980s, the Soviet Union had many problems. Gorbachev tried to fix it, but his plans didn’t work. Eastern European countries became free from Soviet control, and communism ended in the region. In December 1991, the Soviet Union broke up, and the U.S. became the only superpower. This ended the Cold War and led to new problems like terrorism and cyber warfare.