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Caffeine can make brain more efficiently and quickly: it is useful during the day for concentration but it block to sleep. Furthermore, it decreases restoration of brain.

effects of caffeine on brain is more powerful to young people than order people because young has higher density of adenosine receptors.

*Adenosine: a molecule that gradually accumulates in the brain throughout the day, causing a feeling of fatigue.

Biological approach

reason: caffeine physically upgrade fuction of brain

Jimin Ham

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How does coffee affect a sleeping brain?

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Coffee can help you stay awake. But what does caffeine actually do to your brain once you’re asleep? Using AI, a team of researchers has an answer: it affects the brain’s ‘criticality’.

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Minh Thy

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2025/06/250611084115.htm

description: human brains undergo actions that makes people think that they're hungry due to the 'meal engram' created by the brain. The 'meal engram' are specialized in storing data of the experience of consumption, which helps with human study and for them to explore the reason of 'human eating disorder', or more other neurological / psychological recovery. The research team used advanced technology to observe the behaviors of the lab rats as they eat their food, which they have found out that the meal memory neuron communicates with a brain region. The hunger and eating behavior region of the brain was blocked, so the lab rats overate and forgot where the meals were eaten.

approaches:

-mainly biological and strongly cognitive

-adequate in social-cultural

reason:

my reason is that is a biological scientific experiment that was held to study how the neurons transmit information to the brain. This helps the researchers to improve or maybe find a way to solve problems in the current lives since this is the period of technology. For cognitive, i think that it also relates since its about the mental action that requires processing, which the experiment is strongly leaning to that side. I think it does not relate to social culture much because it could it relates to society and culture.

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"Meal memory" neurons help the brain remember eating times and foods. When they're disrupted, overeating can result-hinting at new ways to manage obesity and diet. Credit: Shutterstock

Researchers identify "meal memory" neurons in laboratory rats that could explain why forgetting lunch leads to overeating.

Scientists have discovered a specific group of brain cells that create memories of meals, encoding not just what food was eaten but when it was eaten. The findings, published today in Nature Communications, could explain why people with memory problems often overeat and why forgetting about a recent meal can trigger excessive hunger and lead to disordered eating.

During eating, neurons in the ventral hippocampus region of the brain become active and form what the team of researchers call "meal engrams" -- specialized memory traces that store information about the experience of food consumption. While scientists have long studied engrams for their role in storing memories and other experiences in the brain, the new study identified engrams dedicated to meal experiences.

"An engram is the physical trace that a memory leaves behind in the brain," said Scott Kanoski, professor of biological sciences at the USC Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences and corresponding author of the study. "Meal engrams function like sophisticated biological databases that store multiple types of information such as where you were eating, as well as the time that you ate."
Distracted eating implications
The discovery has immediate relevance for understanding human eating disorders. Patients with memory impairments, such as those with dementia or brain injuries that affect memory formation, may often consume multiple meals in quick succession because they cannot remember eating.

Furthermore, distracted eating -- such as mindlessly snacking while watching television or scrolling on a phone -- may impair meal memories and contribute to overconsumption.

Based on the experiment's findings, meal engrams are formed during brief pauses between bites when the brain of laboratory rats naturally survey the eating environment. These moments of awareness allow specialized hippocampal neurons to integrate multiple streams of information.

Kanoski said it can be assumed a human's brain would undergo a similar phenomenon. When someone's attention is focused elsewhere -- on phone or television screens -- these critical encoding moments are compromised. "The brain fails to properly catalog the meal experience," said Lea Decarie-Spain, postdoctoral scholar at USC Dornsife and the study's first author, "leading to weak or incomplete meal engrams."
Mechanism of 'meal memories'
The research team used advanced neuroscience techniques to observe the brain activity of laboratory rats as they ate, providing the first real-time view of how meal memories form.

The meal memory neurons are distinct from brain cells involved in other types of memory formation. When researchers selectively destroyed these neurons, lab rats showed impaired memory for food locations but retained normal spatial memory for non-food-related tasks, indicating a specialized system dedicated to meal-related information processing. The study revealed that meal memory neurons communicate with the lateral hypothalamus, a brain region long known to control hunger and eating behavior. When this hippocampus-hypothalamus connection was blocked, the lab rats overate and could not remember where meals were consumed.
Eating management implications
Kanoski said the findings could eventually inform new clinical approaches for treating obesity and weight management. Current weight management strategies often focus on restricting food intake or increasing exercise, but the new research suggests that enhancing meal memory formation could be equally important.

"We're finally beginning to understand that remembering what and when you ate is just as crucial for healthy eating as the food choices themselves," Kanoski said.

In addition to Kanoski, other study authors include Lea Decarie-Spain, Cindy Gu, Logan Tierno Lauer, Alicia E. Kao, Iris Deng, Molly E. Klug, Alice I. Waldow, Ashyah Hewage Galbokke, Olivia Moody, Kristen N. Donohue, Keshav S. Subramanian, Serena X. Gao, Alexander G. Bashaw and Jessica J. Rea of USC; and Samar N. Chehimi, Richard C. Crist, Benjamin C. Reiner and Matthew R. Hayes from the University of Pennsylvania's Perelman School of Medicine; and Mingxin Yang and Guillaume de Lartigue from the Monell Chemical Senses Center; and Kevin P. Myers from the Department of Psychology at Bucknell University.

The study was supported by a Quebec Research Funds Postdoctoral Fellowship (315201), an Alzheimer's Association Research Fellowship (AARFD-22-972811), a National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship (DK105155), and a National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases grant (K104897).

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nervous system; obesity; diet and weight loss; brain tumor; memory; neuroscience; intelligence; brain injury

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Scientists found the brain glitch that makes you think you're still hungry

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A team of scientists has identified specialized neurons in the brain that store "meal memories" detailed recollections of when and what we eat. These engrams, found in the ventral hippocampus, help regulate eating behavior by communicating with hunger-related areas of the brain.

# data[].attributes.body
Description: Scientists have discovered a specific group of brain cells that create memories of meals. Not just of what food was eaten but also of when. While eating, neurons in the ventral hippocampus of the brain become active and form what the team calls a “meal engram” a specialized memory trace that stores information about the experience of consuming food.

Approach: Biological

Reason: It is memory linked, especially in the process of remembering what you eat. Diet affects the structure and function of memory, which in turn affects memory ability. Balanced nutrition helps the brain function effectively. While an unscientific diet can harm the brain, impairing memory and learning ability.

Recourse: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2025/06/250611084115.htm

Name of the student: Van Anh

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
"Meal memory" neurons help the brain remember eating times and foods. When they're disrupted, overeating can result-hinting at new ways to manage obesity and diet. Credit: Shutterstock

Researchers identify "meal memory" neurons in laboratory rats that could explain why forgetting lunch leads to overeating.

Scientists have discovered a specific group of brain cells that create memories of meals, encoding not just what food was eaten but when it was eaten. The findings, published today in Nature Communications, could explain why people with memory problems often overeat and why forgetting about a recent meal can trigger excessive hunger and lead to disordered eating.

During eating, neurons in the ventral hippocampus region of the brain become active and form what the team of researchers call "meal engrams" -- specialized memory traces that store information about the experience of food consumption. While scientists have long studied engrams for their role in storing memories and other experiences in the brain, the new study identified engrams dedicated to meal experiences.

"An engram is the physical trace that a memory leaves behind in the brain," said Scott Kanoski, professor of biological sciences at the USC Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences and corresponding author of the study. "Meal engrams function like sophisticated biological databases that store multiple types of information such as where you were eating, as well as the time that you ate."
Distracted eating implications
The discovery has immediate relevance for understanding human eating disorders. Patients with memory impairments, such as those with dementia or brain injuries that affect memory formation, may often consume multiple meals in quick succession because they cannot remember eating.

Furthermore, distracted eating -- such as mindlessly snacking while watching television or scrolling on a phone -- may impair meal memories and contribute to overconsumption.

Based on the experiment's findings, meal engrams are formed during brief pauses between bites when the brain of laboratory rats naturally survey the eating environment. These moments of awareness allow specialized hippocampal neurons to integrate multiple streams of information.

Kanoski said it can be assumed a human's brain would undergo a similar phenomenon. When someone's attention is focused elsewhere -- on phone or television screens -- these critical encoding moments are compromised. "The brain fails to properly catalog the meal experience," said Lea Decarie-Spain, postdoctoral scholar at USC Dornsife and the study's first author, "leading to weak or incomplete meal engrams."
Mechanism of 'meal memories'
The research team used advanced neuroscience techniques to observe the brain activity of laboratory rats as they ate, providing the first real-time view of how meal memories form.

The meal memory neurons are distinct from brain cells involved in other types of memory formation. When researchers selectively destroyed these neurons, lab rats showed impaired memory for food locations but retained normal spatial memory for non-food-related tasks, indicating a specialized system dedicated to meal-related information processing. The study revealed that meal memory neurons communicate with the lateral hypothalamus, a brain region long known to control hunger and eating behavior. When this hippocampus-hypothalamus connection was blocked, the lab rats overate and could not remember where meals were consumed.
Eating management implications
Kanoski said the findings could eventually inform new clinical approaches for treating obesity and weight management. Current weight management strategies often focus on restricting food intake or increasing exercise, but the new research suggests that enhancing meal memory formation could be equally important.

"We're finally beginning to understand that remembering what and when you ate is just as crucial for healthy eating as the food choices themselves," Kanoski said.

In addition to Kanoski, other study authors include Lea Decarie-Spain, Cindy Gu, Logan Tierno Lauer, Alicia E. Kao, Iris Deng, Molly E. Klug, Alice I. Waldow, Ashyah Hewage Galbokke, Olivia Moody, Kristen N. Donohue, Keshav S. Subramanian, Serena X. Gao, Alexander G. Bashaw and Jessica J. Rea of USC; and Samar N. Chehimi, Richard C. Crist, Benjamin C. Reiner and Matthew R. Hayes from the University of Pennsylvania's Perelman School of Medicine; and Mingxin Yang and Guillaume de Lartigue from the Monell Chemical Senses Center; and Kevin P. Myers from the Department of Psychology at Bucknell University.

The study was supported by a Quebec Research Funds Postdoctoral Fellowship (315201), an Alzheimer's Association Research Fellowship (AARFD-22-972811), a National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship (DK105155), and a National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases grant (K104897).

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.keywords[]
nervous system; obesity; diet and weight loss; brain tumor; memory; neuroscience; intelligence; brain injury

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Scientists found the brain glitch that makes you think you're still hungry

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
A team of scientists has identified specialized neurons in the brain that store "meal memories" detailed recollections of when and what we eat. These engrams, found in the ventral hippocampus, help regulate eating behavior by communicating with hunger-related areas of the brain.

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Description: Alzheimer's is an ever-increasing problem around the world, leading to millions experience hardships caused by memory loss. For many years in science, the cause of disease has been unknown with scientists only being able connect it to aging. But now, University of Virginia School of Medicine scientists has been investigating the possibility that Alzheimer's is caused, at least in part, by the immune molecule called STING's attempts to fix DNA damage in the brain. The research had made the conclusion that blocking the STING molecule protected lab mice from mental decline. Furthermore, STING is the leading candidate for Alzheimer's, which makes it an attractive target for scientists to develop new treatments on.

Approach: Biological

Reason: The scientists deployed brain procedures to block the STING molecules from creating harmful inflammation and protect nearby neurons from damage and improve memory function in Alzheimer's model mice.

Source: https://rb.gy/su8x6h

Name: Ken

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Immune system discovery reveals potential solution to Alzheimer’s

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
A new way of thinking about Alzheimer’s disease has yielded a discovery that could be the key to stopping the cognitive decline seen in Alzheimer’s and other neurodegenerative diseases, including ALS and Parkinson’s.

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Description: In Waseda University, Japan, a group of researches investigated the complexities of the human-AI interactions whilst the future of the technology is still in question. A self-report scale was hence devised. It helped researchers associate the psychological dynamics to the concepts of attachment anxiety and avoidance. The knowledge proves to be informative to the continuation of the research and to the ethical modeling of AI software as well as policy.

Approach: Cognitive

Reason: The research correlates human-AI relationships to the previous studies of interpersonal dynamics concerning emotional attachment. Their self-report scale reveals the psychological tendencies of humans towards AI, hence being a cognitive approach.

Name: Gigi

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Attachment theory: A new lens for understanding human-AI relationships

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Human-AI interactions are well understood in terms of trust and companionship. However, the role of attachment and experiences in such relationships is not entirely clear. In a new breakthrough, researchers from Waseda University have devised a novel self-report scale and highlighted the concepts of attachment anxiety and avoidance toward AI. Their work is expected to serve as a guideline to further explore human-AI relationships and incorporate ethical considerations in AI design.

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Description:

After observing abnormal brainwave patterns that correlate to chronic nerve pain, researchers developed an app to regulate the signals to normal. The results of pain relief were comparable to or greater than the alternative opioids. Most of the technology used was custom-built with feedback from participants. The research team hopes to expand its capabilities to treat chronic spinal pain.

Approach:

The team used biological approaches, observing the patients' brain waves with EEG systems and comparing them to those without neuropathic pain. After discovering that they all shared a common pattern, they developed an app that would monitor the participants' brainwaves and change the visuals shown on the app accordingly.

Reason:

The research team decided to investigate with a biological approach because the underlying reason and factor for the patients' condition (neuropathic pain) was biological (brainwaves).

Article:

https://tinyurl.com/3p5hnazc

Name: Kim

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Description:

Approach:

Reason:

Name of the student: