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Sultan Mehmed II conquered Constantinople, marking a decisive victory for the Ottoman Empire. The city was renamed Istanbul and became the new capital of the Ottoman Empire. This conquest ended the Byzantine Empire and established the Ottomans as a major power bridging Europe and Asia.

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1526: Battle of Panipat establishes Mughal Empire

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1526: Battle of Panipat establishes Mughal Empire

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Babur, descendant of Timur and Genghis Khan, defeated Ibrahim Lodi to establish the Mughal Empire in India. Using superior military tactics and artillery, Babur's victory marked the beginning of one of India's most prosperous and culturally rich periods.

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1556: Forbidden City becomes center of Ming Dynasty

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1556: Forbidden City becomes center of Ming Dynasty

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The Forbidden City in Beijing served as the imperial palace of 24 emperors during the Ming and Qing dynasties. This architectural marvel represents the pinnacle of Chinese palace architecture and symbolized the supreme power of the emperor.

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1603: Tokugawa Ieyasu establishes shogunate in Edo

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1603: Tokugawa Ieyasu establishes shogunate in Edo

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After winning the Battle of Sekigahara, Tokugawa Ieyasu established his shogunate in Edo (modern-day Tokyo). This began the Edo period, marking 250 years of peace and isolation in Japan, with significant cultural and economic development.

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1631: Construction begins on the Taj Mahal

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1631: Construction begins on the Taj Mahal

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Emperor Shah Jahan commissioned the Taj Mahal as a mausoleum for his beloved wife Mumtaz Mahal. This architectural masterpiece represents the height of Mughal architecture and demonstrates the empire's wealth and artistic sophistication.

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1682: Peter the Great moves capital to St. Petersburg

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1682: Peter the Great moves capital to St. Petersburg

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Peter the Great began the construction of St. Petersburg as his 'window to the West,' making it the new capital of the Russian Empire. This city symbolized Russia's modernization and its emergence as a European power.

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The failed Ottoman siege of Vienna marked the empire's furthest expansion into Europe. This event signaled the beginning of a gradual decline in Ottoman military power, though the empire would remain significant for centuries to come.

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1644: Qing Dynasty establishes control in Beijing

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1644: Qing Dynasty establishes control in Beijing

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The Manchu-led Qing Dynasty captured Beijing, overthrowing the Ming Dynasty. This marked the beginning of the last imperial dynasty of China, which would rule until 1912. Under the Qing, China reached its largest territorial extent.

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Taj Mahal, Dharmapuri, Forest Colony, Tajganj, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India

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Taj Mahal, Dharmapuri, Forest Colony, Tajganj, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India

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Taj Mahal, Dharmapuri, Forest Colony, Tajganj, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India

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Here's a quick overview of what the chapter entails.

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Which empire are you the most interested to learn about? I exempted the Chinese dynasties since we've discussed them some in previous chapters.

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Which empire are you the most interested to learn about?